Effect of Diacylglycerol on Postprandial Serum Triacylglycerol Concentration: A Meta-analysis

Diacylglycerol (DAG) supplementation has been shown to be associated with the reduction of postprandial triacylglycerol (TAG) concentration, although the extent of the association is uncertain. We quantitatively examined the effect of dietary DAG on postprandial serum TAG concentration by conducting a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Potential papers were initially searched for in the electronic databases of Medline, Embase and Cochrane library. Inclusion criteria required the trial to be randomized with DAG as the treatment group, and TAG as the control group. Information was extracted independently by two investigators and the effect of DAG on postprandial TAG concentration was examined in Review Manager 4.2. Seven papers were included in the statistic pooling. DAG supplementation reduced the increment of postprandial TAG concentration significantly at postprandial 2 h (Weighted mean difference (WMD) −0.07 mmol/L; 95% CI −0.13 to 0.00 mmol/L; P = 0.05), 4 h (WMD −0.15 mmol/L; 95% CI −0.24 to −0.06 mmol/L; P = 0.002) and 6 h (WMD −0.14 mmol/L; 95% CI −0.23 to −0.05 mmol/L; P = 0.002). Linear regression showed that the effect of DAG was positively correlated with the daily dosage at 2 h (P = 0.095) and 6 h (P = 0.053) after lipid loading. In conclusion, compared with TAG oil, DAG reduced the postprandial serum TAG concentration at 2 h, 4 h and 6 h postprandial and was positively correlated with daily dosage.     

Catalytic hydroprocessing of cottonseed oil in petroleum diesel mixtures for production of renewable diesel

The conversion of the esters included in refined cottonseed oil into hydrocarbon molecules compatible with petroleum diesel, which are named renewable diesel, has been studied at conventional hydrotreatment conditions. The vegetable oil was fed in mixture with desulphurized petroleum diesel to the hydrotreater containing a conventional CoMo/Al₂O₃ hydrotreatment catalyst. Conversion of esters was determined in the temperature range of 305-345 °C, at 30 bar and for 5 h⁻¹ < WHSV < 25 h⁻¹. Catalyst deactivation was followed for a period of 450 h in operation. A simple kinetic model of ester conversion suitable for scale-up and simulation studies has been tested.     

利用植物油脂合成香料

利用可再生的天然油脂替代有限的石油资源制备高附加值的精细化学品,已引起世界各国的高度重视。本文介绍了从植物油脂出发合成大环麝香、内酯、脂肪酸酯及脂肪醛等香料,旨在为天然油脂的深加工提供依据。     

Basestock Oils for Lubricants from Mixtures of Corn Oil and Synthetic Diesters

Environmentally friendly vegetable oils and their derivatives represent alternatives to mineral-based lubricants. Vegetable oils have high biodegradability and low production costs. Their poor thermo-oxidative stability and poor low temperature properties are disadvantages in their use as lubricant basestocks. In our study we used corn oil and diester mixtures, which become lubricants when additives are introduced. These mixtures of corn oil and di-2-ethylhexyl-adipate (DOA) and di-2-ethylhexyl-sebacate (DOS) offer a wide range of kinematic viscosities, pour points lower than −39 °C and flash points over 218 °C. The diameters of wear scars measured under four-ball testing (40 daN) are less than 0.90 mm and the copper strip corrosion test result is 1a. The differential scanning calorimetry study and thermogravimetric study under nitrogen atmosphere and in synthetic air are reported. From these studies a higher thermal stability was observed for corn oil than for diester oils. The thermo-oxidative instability occurred at temperatures higher than 350 °C. The low production cost of corn oil and its mixtures with diesters makes them an attractive alternative to mineral oil lubricants.     

Chemical recycling of post-consumer PET: Alkyd resins synthesis

The recycling of post-consumer poly(ethylene terephtalate) (PET) is a worldwide concern due to its environmental impact and the large and increasing volume of these materials produced by society. We use post-consumer PET in alkyd resin synthesis for coatings, replacing a fraction of phthalic anhydride (PA) and ethylene glycol (EG) of conventional synthesis for post-consumer PET.     

Synthesis and properties of boron-containing soybean oil based thermosetting copolymers

The first example of boron-containing soybean oil based copolymers was prepared from soybean oil, styrene, divinylbenzene and 4-vinylphenyl boronic acid by cationic polymerization using boron trifluoride etherate as initiator. Soxhlet extraction and NMR spectroscopy indicate that the copolymers consist of a crosslinked network plasticized with varying amounts of oligomers and unreacted oil. The thermal degradation mechanism was studied and the thermal, dynamomechanical and flame retardant properties of these materials were examined. Thermosets with glass transition temperatures ranging from 43 to 60 °C, which are thermally stable below 350 °C and with LOI values from 23.7 to 25.6 were obtained. The LOI tests indicate that the flame retardant properties of vegetable oil can be improved by adding boron covalently bonded to the polymer.     

Soybean oil-based,aqueous cationic polyurethane dispersions: Synthesis and properties

A variety of soybean oil-based, aqueous cationic polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) have been successfully synthesized from methoxylated soybean oil polyols (MSOLs) with hydroxyl functionalities ranging from 2.4 to 4.0. The effects of the hydroxyl functionality of the MSOLs on the particle size of the PUDs and the thermal and mechanical properties of the resulting polyurethane films have been carefully investigated by Fourier transform infrared, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis and measurement of the mechanical properties. The particle size diameter of the PUDs ranges from 45 to 115 nm. The resulting polyurethane films are thermally stable up to 200 °C and exhibit tensile stress–strain behavior ranging from elastomeric polymers to ductile plastics, depending on the hydroxyl functionality of the MSOLs. This work provides a new way of utilizing biorenewables for the preparation of value-added polymers with high performance, contributing to a sustainable chemical industry.     

Comprehensive Two‐Dimensional Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Different Types of Vegetable Oils

Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC‐TOFMS) was applied for detailed characterization of fatty acid profile of 8 vegetable oils. Due to enhanced selectivity and sensitivity characteristics, the GC×GC method yielded more reliable quantification results compared to one dimensional gas chromatography, especially for medium‐chain fatty acids and odd‐carbon number fatty acids, which are present only at trace level. All problematic positional counterparts of unsaturated fatty acids (e.g. C21:0–C20:3 ω6, C20:3ω3–C20:4 ω6 and C20:5 ω3–C22:0), which commonly coeluted in the case of 1D gas chromatography, were baseline resolved. The specific compounds were found for particular vegetable oils, such as γ‐linolenic acid for hempseed oil, heneicosylic acid and tricosylic acid for olive pomace oil, and nervonic acid for mustard oil.     

Direct conversion of triglycerides to olefins and paraffins over noble metal supported catalysts

Deoxygenation of methyl esters and triglycerides was studied for production of either α-olefins or diesel components. The reactions were carried out in a reactive distillation fashion in which products are quickly removed from the reaction mixture in flowing He. The effects of He flow rate, reaction temperature, active component and support were studied. PtSnK supported on silica was found to be the best catalyst for selective production of α-olefins. Palm kernel oil and coconut oil were also deoxygenated to produce α-olefins or diesel components, depending on reaction conditions.     

Effects of oil type on products obtained by cracking of oils and fats

This paper deals with cracking of vegetable oils and animals fats in the presence of zeolite catalysts, the objective being preparation of liquid products similar in their properties to fossil diesel. The effects of oil/fat type on the liquid condensate yields and parameters were monitored. The tests were carried out with rapeseed, sunflower, soybean and jatropha oils as well as with used frying oils. Liquid condensates with yields of 85 to 90% relative to the input oil were obtained at temperatures of 350 to 440 °C applied for the period of 20 to 30 min in the presence of zeolite catalysts NaY and clinoptilolite. The input oil types had no significant effect on the yields and characteristics of the treated condensate. In this respect, used frying oils (UFO) as a feed material match other types of fresh oils and fats. Treated condensates blended with fossil diesel (5-7% of the condensate by volume) are compliant with the EN 590 standard and can thus be used as a component of diesel fuels.     

Synthesis of Urethane Derivatives of Mono- and Diacylglycerols for Use as HPLC Standards in the Enantiomeric Separation

This paper presents a convenient method for the preparation of reference standards for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) used in stereospecific analysis of triacyl-sn-glycerols via monoacylglycerol or diacylglycerol intermediates. In the analysis, these partial acylglycerols are separated into their respective positional and enantiomeric isomer classes by chiral HPLC as their 3,5-dinitrophenylurethane derivatives or by silicic acid HPLC as their (S)- or (R)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl urethane derivatives. In this study, these urethane derivative standards were synthesized by the following novel procedure: first, partial urethane derivatives of glycerol were prepared by carbamoylation of glycerol with isocyanates; secondly, the products were separated into positional isomer classes by silicic acid HPLC, and; finally, a fatty acid was added to the partial urethanes using N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The identities of the resulting urethane derivatives of glycerol were verified by mass spectrometry and HPLC. This new procedure is advantageous in that standard urethane derivatives of partial acylglycerols can be synthesized from no more than 50 μg of fatty acids. This benefit is especially important in the case of rare and expensive fatty acids, such as very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, tetracosahexaenoic acid, and hexacosaheptaenoic acid, found in marine lipids.     

Effect of Deep-Fat Frying on Phytosterol Content in Oils with Differing Fatty Acid Composition

The objective of this study was to determine the fate of phytosterols in vegetable oils with varying fatty acid composition used for frying. High oleic sunflower (HOSun), corn (Corn), hydrogenated soybean (HSBO), expeller pressed soybean (ESBO), and expeller pressed low-linolenic acid soybean oil (ELLSBO) were used for frying potato chips in a pilot plant-scale continuous fryer. The same oils, and regular soybean oil (SBO) were also used in intermittent batch frying of tortilla chips. Phytosterols were measured in oils collected at various times during frying by GC to determine their loss. The formation of polymerized triacylglycerides (PTAGs) and total polar compounds (TPC) were analyzed to determine the extent of oil degradation. In the continuous frying system, phytosterol loss ranged between 4 and 6% in ESBO, ELLSBO, HOSun, and Corn, with no loss in HSBO. PTAGs and TPC were highest in ESBO and ELLSBO, followed by Corn, HOSun, and HSBO. In the batch frying experiment, phytosterol loss ranged from 1 to 15%, and was highest in Corn followed by SBO and HSBO. There was no significant loss of phytosterols in ESBO, ELLSBO, and HOSun. Formation of PTAGs and TPC during batch frying was highest in SBO and ESBO, followed by Corn, ELLSBO, HOSun, and HSBO. In conclusion, phytosterol loss in both the continuous fryer and in the batch frying system appeared to be unrelated either to fatty acid composition, or to the extent of oil degradation. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the US Department of Agriculture.     

Heterogeneous Hydrogenation of Vegetable Oils: A Literature Review

Hardening of vegetable oils is reviewed from an engineering point of view. The present review focuses on kinetics of the hydrogenation and relevant transport and adsorption steps. It aims to contribute to accelerate new research to improve substantially on selectivities in general and a decrease of trans fatty acid content in particular.

From a comprehensive literature review, we concluded the absence of reliable, mechanistically based kinetic rate expression. Moreover, transport limitations, both intraparticle and interfacial, cannot be excluded from the vast majority of available experimental data. Therefore, future research should focus on the development of intrinsic kinetic rate expressions, which may subsequently contribute to develop new and improved hydrogenation catalysts.