Auslegung beschichteter Werkzeuge zur Umformung hochfester Aluminiumwerkstoffe

Dimensioning of coated tools for high strength aluminium forming processes For lightweight construction of security relevant parts the use of high‐strength aluminium alloys plays an increasing role. Hence, in forming processes tools are subject to severe stress. Especially abrasive wear and adhesive properties require the application of lubricants and separators. Due to environmental compatibility and enhanced energy efficiency a minimum of additives is wanted. For this reason the tribological system between tool and workpiece has to be influenced by appropriate surface treatment or coating techniques. For design of forming tools, surface properties and the resulting loading conditions have to be adapted. Appropriate coatings are selected and guidelines for the design of the forming tools are worked out by using numerical simulations.     

Herstellung HVOF gespritzter,feinststrukturierter Cermetschichten unter Verwendung von feinen WC‐12Co Pulvern

Manufacturing of HVOF sprayed, finest structured cermet coatings using fine WC‐12Co powders The continuous increase in productivity and performance of modern sheet metal forming processes combined with the employment of novel, high strength materials cause high wear on tool systems. Coating technologies like thermal spraying provide a high potential to functionalize and to protect the surface of forming tools. However, it has to be ensured that the high shape and dimensional accuracy of the tool contour is preserved after the application of a wear protective coating. This aim cannot be achieved using currently applied, thermally sprayed coating systems with conventional, coarse grained microstructure. To solve this problem, novel finest structured coatings have been developed in this study by thermal spraying of fine WC‐12Co powders using the HVOF technique. For this purpose the influence of varying HVOF combustion gas compositions on the spray process as well as on the corresponding coating properties has been investigated. Next to a high surface quality the focus was placed on achieving coatings with high hardness and corresponding high wear resistance, low porosity as well as a good adhesive strength on the substrate material.     

Kraftstoffersparnis durch Hochleistungswerkstoffe

Fuel Saving by the Use of High‐Performance Materials Due to new European regulations efficiency of modern automobiles has to be increased. Two possible ways to achieve a reduction of fuel consumption are weight reduction by light metals like aluminium and use of coatings to reduce friction losses and enable new efficient working points. An example which combines both ways is the engine of a modern automobile. More and more light alloys like AlSi are used to reduce the engine weight. Furthermore, coatings are used to maximise the weight reduction and to increase the efficiency. Thus, thermal spraying is used to avoid wear on the aluminium bores and thin coatings on piston rings deposited by means of Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) decrease the friction losses and allow low wear within this tribological contact.     

Tailoring protective coatings for all‐oxide ceramic matrix composites in high temperature‐/high heat flux environments and corrosive media

The application range of porous all‐oxide ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) can be significantly extended through deposition of protective coating systems. Typical applications include protection against erosion, wear and foreign object damage as well as a reduced permeability. Environmental barrier coatings (EBC) are mandatory in order to guarantee sufficient lifetime of the CMC components under high temperature‐, high heat flux conditions and corrosive attack (combustor liners, thermal protection systems for atmospheric reentry). Limited thermal stability of today’s oxide fibers requires additional thermal barrier functionality for EBCs in order to keep the effective CMC bulk temperatures below 1200 °C. Depending on the specific application DLR’s coating concept for all‐oxide CMCs is based on either a single reaction‐bonded aluminium oxide (RBAO) coating or a hybrid coating system consisting of a RBAO bond coat followed by an EB‐PVD YSZ/FSZ top coat and is highlighted for three case studies. Deposition techniques (magnetron sputtering, MOCVD) alternative to EB‐PVD as well as the suitability of fibrous and cellular materials for thick EBC/TBC layers are explored.     

Microstructure control in precious metal coatings for high temperature applications,obtained by metallorganic chemical vapour deposition

In most high temperature applications, efficiency increases with service temperature of the component. Especially in combustion chambers, higher efficiency is translated into less propellant consumption and therefore a lower weight and a reduction of operational cost. In these components, the use of high performance coatings may simultaneously increase the service temperature and decrease its price. From the many available coating processes, Metal organic Chemical Vapour Deposition (MO‐CVD) is one of the few capable of producing coatings of most precious metals in internal surfaces with intricate geometry. Nevertheless the microstructure control of the films is extremely complicated and characterised by the formation of dendrite structures. This morphology eliminates the coating efficiency, as it is not compact. EADS has had the chance to use the research infrastructure of the AMTT in Seibersdorf to characterise the coatings and determine how the transformation from the compact to the non‐compact microstructure takes place. The understanding of this phenomenon should allow us to develop a process able to produce 100 % dense coatings independently of the coating thickness in an industrial scale.     

Hochbelastbare kohlenstoffbasierte Mehrschichtsysteme für die Umformtechnik

Carbon based multilayer systems for highly loaded forming tools Amorphous hydrogenated carbon (metal‐free a‐C:H and metal‐containing a‐C:H:Me) films respond very sensitively to local overloads. For example during forming tool operations, hard abrasive particles and locally high stresses on the coating surface can cause crack initiation and early coating failure. Compared to the high hardness, wear resistance and excellent friction properties, in many cases the adhesion of a‐C:H films is relatively insufficient. Adhesion and overload resistance of a‐C:H and a‐C:H:Me, prepared by reactive sputtering, can be influenced in a wide range by different interlayer systems. In the present report the wear mechanism of amorphous carbon coatings and the influence of different metallic, metal nitride and metal carbide interlayers on the growth structure, the adhesion and the load resistance will be reported. Two well adapted multi‐coating systems, successfully tested for highly loaded tools and components, will be presented.     

Entwicklung hochverschleißbeständiger wolframschmelzkarbidbasierter Schichten auf Aluminiumbauteilen durch Plasma‐Pulver‐Auftragschweißen

Development of high wear‐resistant FTC‐based coatings on aluminium components using plasma transferred arc welding Nowadays, functional surfaces of components can be effectively protected from extreme wear with the help of fused tungsten carbide (FTC) coatings. The wear protection of steel components using FTC has been well known for many years. This paper presents the feasible study of improving the wear resistance of aluminium components with FTC particles using plasma powder arc welding. The FTC coatings are developed with two methods: one is the dispersion of carbide particles in aluminium and the other one is the combination of dispersing and alloying of FTC‐based composite powders. In this research, coatings within a thickness range of a few millimeters are developed with varying process parameters and compositions of the filler materials. The developed coating systems are tested with regard to their specific properties and their wear resistance. Finally, their application potential is presented.     

A Study on Medium Temperature Chemical Vapor Deposition (MT-CVD) Technology and Super Coating Materials

In this paper, the dense and columnar crystalline TiCN coating layers with very good bonding strength between a layer and another layer was deposited using Medium Temperature Chemical Vapor Deposition (MT-CVD) where CH3CN organic composite with C/N atomic clusters etc. was utilized at 700 ～ 900 ℃. Effect of coating processing parameters, such as coating temperature, pressure and different gas flow quantity on structures and properties of TiCN coating layers were investigated. The super coating mechanis mand structures were analyzed. The new coating processing parameters and properties of carbide inserts with super coating layers were gained by using the improved high temperature chemical vapor deposition (HTCVD) equipment and HT-CVD, in combination with MT-CVD technology.     

Metal incorporation strategies in DLC (fullerene-like) thin films grown by ECR-CVD

The main aim of this work is the comparison among different methods for metal incorporation in Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC, fullerene-like) Carbon for improving the tribological properties. The films have been grown by Electron Cyclotron Resonance Chemical Vapour Deposition (ECR-CVD) applying a negative bias voltage to the substrate. Structural characterization of the samples was performed by Raman spectroscopy and SEM microscopy. The tribological behaviour (friction coefficient and wear) was evaluated by pin-on-disc tests. We have dealt with several approaching methods for the introduction of metal (Cr, Mo) during the growth of carbon coatings. Metallic atoms supply has been provided in two approaches: a) by placing a target (bulk or biased-mesh) inside the deposition system (in-situ methods), or b) from nanoparticles dispersions (ex-situ). The metal-containing films present a low friction coefficient roughly similar to the reference DLC film. When in-situ methods are applied lower wear strength has been detected. Otherwise, we have seen that the incorporation of Cr nanoparticles, coming from 300 ppm ethanol dispersion, produces a significant improvement in the tribological behaviour of the sample, as shown by the severe increase in the sliding distance until coating rupture. Therefore, from the comparison among the three different methods we can infer the clear key role played by the incorporated metal nanoparticles into fullerene-like carbon films for the improvement in the tribological properties of the nanocomposites.     

TiN,TiC和Ti(C,N)涂层的性能及影响因素研究

TiN和TiC同属于NaCl形式的晶体结构,是同构互溶性的.Ti(C,N)是两者的固溶体.TiN和TiC及Ti(C,N)涂层具有优良的力学和摩擦学性能,作为硬质耐磨涂层,已用于切削刀具、钻头和模具等场合,具有广泛的应用前景.综述了国内外关于这3种涂层的研究成果.研究了影响其性能的若干因素,比较了它们的性能差异,为进一步优化涂层的性能及合理地选用涂层提供了参考.进一步的研究方向是高、低温及恶劣环境下涂层的性能以及更大载荷下涂层的摩擦学性能等.一些重要结果如下:(1)对TiN涂层而言,用CAPD比用CAIP制备时,涂层的摩擦因数小、结合强度大、硬度小;脉冲电压从550 V增大到750 V时,涂层脆性增加、结合强度减小;在多弧离子镀工艺中,500 ℃是最佳沉积温度,此时涂层的硬度和结合强度均最大.(2)对用反应磁控溅射制备的TiC涂层而言,用C2H2比用CH4制备时,涂层的硬度大;CH4分压在0.02～0.04 Pa范围内为最佳,此时TiC涂层的硬度和弹性模量最大,分别是30.9 GPa和343.0 GPa.(3)对Ti(C,N)涂层而言,随CH4:N2或C2H2:N2流量比的增大,其硬度增大;CH4:N2分压比对摩擦因数和磨损量的影响还与载荷的大小有关;TiCxN1-x涂层的硬度和弹性模量随x值而变化,当x为0.6左右时,硬度取最大值45 GPa,当x值为0.43左右时,弹性模量取最大值630 GPa.     

Minderung von Reibung und Verschleiß von Bauteilen aus Aluminium mit diamantähnlichen Kohlenstoffschichten (DLC)

Reduction of friction and wear for parts made of aluminium by diamond-like carbon coatings Reduction of friction and wear of machine parts and tools is usually achieved by separating the participating surfaces. This is predominantly done by liquid lubricants. Solid lubricant coatings replace them where hydrodynamic lubrication is not possible or not active. Among the hard and friction reducing layers diamond-like carbon films (DLC) have distinguished themselves as the most interesting representatives. They are deposited on metallic and ceramic parts in a glow discharge of a hydrocarbon gas at temperatures between 150 and 200 °C. Those low deposition temperatures, their very low dry sliding friction coefficient of 0.05 to 0.1, and an elastic recovery of 90 % differentiate them from PVD coatings to a high degree. DLC can also be deposited on light metals with thicknesses of more than 30 μm. For closed films an outstanding protection against corrosion is established. Machining and forming of light metals can be done without cooling lubricants.     

Microstructure behaviour and influence on thermally grown oxide formation of double‐ceramic‐layer EB‐PVD thermal barrier coatings annealed at 1,300 °C under ambient isothermal conditions

To resist high thermal loads in turbines effectively, turbine blades are protected by thermal barrier coatings in combination with additional air cooling. State‐of‐the‐art yttria stabilised zirconia top coats do not operate at temperatures higher than 1,200 °C. Promising candidates for alternative top coats are pyrochlores, lanthanum zirconate and gadolinium zirconate. But lifetime of pyrochlores is short because of spallation. However, combinations of yttria stabilised zirconia and lanthanum zirconate or gadolinium zirconate as multilayer systems are promising top layers operating at higher temperatures than yttria stabilised zirconia. Such thermal barrier coatings top coats as double‐ceramic‐layer systems consisting of 7 wt.% yttria stabilised zirconia and lanthanum zirconate or gadolinium zirconate were deposited by Electron Beam‐Physical Vapour Deposition. The focus of the work was set on the influence of the coating design and the microstructure variation generated at different rotating speeds on the adhesion and thermally grown oxide behaviour after isothermal oxidation at 1,300 °C. Phase formation of the thermal barrier coatings top coats was obtained using X‐ray diffraction. After isothermal oxidation tests for 50 h at 1,300 °C, both, microstructure change and the formation of the thermally grown oxide were investigated. While the pyrochlore single‐ceramic‐layer are completely spalled off, microstructure of the double‐ceramic‐layer reveals only crack initiation. The thermally grown oxide thickness was determined by means of scanning electron microscopy. A high aluminum and oxygen content in the thermally grown oxide is found using X‐ray spectroscopy. Existence of α‐phase in Al₂O₃ was proved by X‐ray diffraction. After isothermal testing, no phase transformation can be detected regarding the double‐ceramic‐layer coatings.     

Hochleistungsplasmen zur Synthese diamantähnlicher Kohlenstoffschichten

HPPMS high‐performance plasmas for the deposition of diamond‐like carbon coatings Diamond‐like carbon (DLC) coatings Diamond‐like carbon (DLC) coatings can be used in many different applications, due to their adjustable properties like hardness as wear reduction. Regarding to the synthesis of these coatings, research is upon the High Power Pulsed/Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HPPMS/HiPIMS), which in contrast to conventional processes like the Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) provides smooth coatings and therefore less postprocessing. Previous to the coating deposition in‐situ plasma analysis can be utilized to identify the process parameters. The aim relevantof this work was to identify process parameters which enable to generate a high amount and energy of carbon ions, which are required to synthesize hard DLC coatings. Regarding to the carbon ionization the promising process parameters mixture and pressure of the process gas as well as the HPPMS pulse parameters were varied. Finally, process parameters for the DLC coating deposition could be derived from these investigations.     

Plasmagestützte Beschichtung von Bauteilen bei niedrigen Temperaturen

The deposition of wear resistant coatings is possible nowadays at low temperature by the Plasma Assisted CVD process using metall organic precursors. Thus a coating of temperature sensitive materials like aluminium, magnesium and polymer at low temperature is realised. The wear resistant coatings TiCN and ZrCN were deposited on light metals at a temperature below 160°C. The mechanical properties of the layers show the potential of the coatings for parts with wear and friction. The surface hardness, the abrasive wear and the friction value are improved compared to the properties of substrate material and steel. Transparent BCN‐coatings can be used as scratch resistant coatings on polymers like polycarbonate. The layers offers good transmission by high hardness.     

Spray formed and rolled aluminium‐magnesium‐scandium alloys with high scandium content

Aluminium‐magnesium‐scandium alloys offer good weldability, high corrosion resistance, high thermal stability and the potential for high strength by precipitation hardening. A problem of aluminium‐scandium alloys is the low solubility of about 0.3 mass‐% scandium when using conventional casting methods. The solution of scandium can be raised by higher cooling rates during solidification. This was realised by spray forming of Al‐4.5Mg‐0.7Sc alloys as flat deposits. Further cooling rates after solidification should also be high to prevent coarse precipitation of secondary Al₃Sc. Therefore a cooling device was designed for the spray formed flat deposits. The flat deposits were rolled at elevated temperatures to close the porosity from spray forming. Microstructures, aging behaviour and tensile properties of the rolled sheets were investigated. Strength enhancements of about 100 MPa compared to conventional Al‐Mg‐Sc alloys were achieved.     

Verschleiß- und Korrosionsschutz durch Chrom und Chromnitrid (PVD-Abscheidung auf Al und Mg)

Wear and corrosion protection using Cr and CrN (PVD coating on Al and Mg) Investigations of the wear behaviour of uncoated Magnesium and Aluminium alloys (AZ 91hp, AlSi 7Mg) are showing very high wear rates of these materials. To improve the wear behaviour both materials were coated with 9 μm CrN using PVD (Physical Vapour Deposition) technology. The tribological behaviour of the coated light metals was tested afterwards by using a plate on cylinder tribometer. Looking at the results, wear is reduced enormously. The great number of defects in the coating of the magnesium alloy is showing almost no influence to the wear behaviour. The corrosion behaviour of chromium and chromium nitride coatings was tested on the magnesium alloy. Because of the defects in the coating, caused by defects like pores in the magnesium, only a short term protection of the alloy can be achieved. The corrosion behaviour of multilayer coatings is better than the behaviour of single layer coatings.     

Al-Zn coatings for the corrosion protection of steel

Aluminum coatings have been reported to be the most suitable for replacing toxic cadmium for the protection of steel and titanium alloys against corrosion. The relatively poor galvanic corrosion protection of aluminium coatings, however, has led to a search for a more effective coating. To this end, pure aluminium and controlled-composition Al-Zn alloy coatings were ion plated onto steel substrates. Over a range of coating conditions the aluminium and the Al-Zn alloy coatings have very similar columnar structures. They were equally successful in protecting the underlying steel. However, a simulation of the coating damage by masking the steel substrate during plating showed the galvanic corrosion protection of Al-2.5%Zn alloy coatings to be superior to that of aluminium. It is probable that this very effective sacrificial corrosion protection means that the structure of the coating is relatively unimportant and that excellent galvanic corrosion protection can be provided by low density columnar structure coatings of Al-Zn alloys.     

Verschleißfeste Beschichtungen von Aluminium‐Stahl‐Hybridstrukturen mittels thermischer Spritztechnik

Spraying of wear‐resistant coatings of aluminium‐steel‐hybrid‐structures By means of high velocity oxy fuel flame spraying of aluminium‐hybrid‐structures consisting of a Al Zn 5,5 Mg Cu 1,5 (ENAW7075) and a NiCrBSi‐coating as well as a Cr₃C₂ 25NiCr‐ coating are manufactured. The hybrid composite structures are analysed and compared with each other regarding to hardness, surface roughness, wear‐resistance and coating density.     

Elektrolytische Abscheidung von Aluminium‐Magnesium‐Legierungen aus aluminiumorganischen Komplexelektrolyten

Electrolytic Deposition of Aluminium‐Magnesium‐Alloys from Electrolytes Containing Organo‐Aluminium Complexes The galvanic deposition of pure aluminium from fluoride‐containing electrolytes has been developed further and for the first time aluminium and magnesium have been deposited from a toluene‐solution of a halide‐free organo‐aluminium complex electrolyte. The rate of incorporation of magnesium can be controlled over a wide range by either adjusting the composition of the aluminium‐magnesium anode or by using separate aluminium or magnesium anodic circuits. The current efficiency for both anode and cathode approaches 100%. The resulting coating is optically attractive and, depending upon the magnesium‐content or the cathodic current density, can be formed as a dull or polished surface. Investigations using an electron microscope show that the surface, in contrast to that of pure aluminium, consists of spherical particles. The aluminium‐magnesium coating provides excellent protection against the corrosion of magnesium components. Electrochemical investigations using, for example 25% by weight magnesium incorporation, indicate a pronounced passivity interval compared to the alloy AZ91hp. In contrast to galvanic zinc‐plated and silicate‐sealed examples, cyclic corrosion tests on screws simulating 10 years of exposure, show no corrosion.     

Einfluss der Mikrostruktur auf das Verschleiß‐ verhalten der hartanodisierten Aluminium‐legierungen EN AW‐6082 und EN AW‐7075

Microstructural effect on the wear behaviour of the hard‐anodised aluminium alloys EN AW‐6082 and EN AW‐7075 The suitability of hard‐anodising of high‐strength Al alloys (EN AW‐7075‐T651) for the fabrication of protective coatings which are also applicable on screws was investigated. A medium‐strength AlSi1MgMn alloy (AA60682‐T6), generally rated as applicable for anodising, was used as reference material. After possible setting phenomena of a screw joint, the load‐bearing surface of the screw can be subjected to an oscillating relative movement. The damaging tribological load was simulated in an oscillation wear test. The resulting wear appearances have revealed that the untreated oxide coatings on the EN AW‐6082 substrate are not capable of providing protection against tribological load. Since hot‐water sealing increases the hardness of the coating but also contains the technology‐induced risk of softening the substrate material, other tribological protection methods have been looked for. The analysis of the tribological tests (characterisation of the structure and the resulting properties of the material, measurement of the wear amount and analysis of the wear appearance) have shown that the films sealed with wax emulsion on both substrate materials are the most promising candidates for the application of devices under oscillation wear. The obtained roughness, friction coefficients and hardness values confirm the positive behaviour of the anodically oxidised EN AW‐7075‐T651 alloy under the chosen tribological load.