Experiments on lightning protection for automatic weather stations using artificially triggered lightning

This paper focuses on the voltages electromagnetically induced by the multiple return strokes involved in a triggered lightning on an overhead power line and a vertical signal line of an automatic weather station (AWS), and the backflow currents and residual voltages in a surge protection device (SPD) embedded in the power line. Pulses of voltage on the overhead power line corresponding to the return strokes with the peak currents ranging from −6.67 to −26.47 kA showed bipolar features. Subpeaks and main peaks ranged from 0.99 to 4.47 kV and from −4.98 to −10.31 kV, respectively. The voltage waveforms corresponding to the return strokes on the vertical signal line of wind speed were of two types: with and without a subpeak after the main peak. All the main peaks, with the peak value from −0.41 to −3.10 kV, were ‘V’ shaped. A significant relationship exists between the peak currents of the return strokes and the 10–90% average gradients of the voltages. The peaks of currents through the SPD ranged from −0.22 to −1.64 kA. The durations of residual voltages ranged from 0.6 to 5.9 ms, average value being 2.1 ms. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Modeling of a buried conductor for an electromagnetic transient simulation

The paper has proposed a distributed‐line model of a buried bare conductor with horizontal and vertical configuration by assuming an artificial insulator outside of the bare conductor so that the characteristic impedance and the propagation velocity of the buried conductor is evaluated as an insulated conductor (cable) by the cable constants/parameters of the EMTP. A shunt admittance is added to the conductor at every short distance to represent currents flowing into the earth from the original bare conductor. The admittance circuit and the parameters are evaluated either by experimental results or by published references of grounding electrodes. The model circuit has been applied to simulate transient currents and voltages on horizontal and vertical buried conductors, and the simulation results are compared with the measured results. It has been observed that the simulation results of the currents agree satisfactorily with the measured results, but the results of the voltages do not seem satisfactory. The reason for this has been discussed based on the measured results. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Equivalent Circuit of Distribution Line for Lightning‐Induced Voltage Analysis Using Analytical Formulas

This paper proposes an equivalent circuit at a transition point of distribution line for lightning‐induced voltage analysis. The lightning‐induced voltages caused by a piecewise linearly varying lightning current are expressed by analytical formulas. The equivalent circuit is represented by resistors and current sources, which are known from past history and given by the lightning‐induced voltage on an infinite‐length line. Transient voltages and currents at the transition point are accurately obtained in small computation time using the equivalent circuit. Thus, the proposed equivalent circuit is very convenient for analyzing the lightning‐induced effect in complicated electric power networks. This paper presents an example of EMTP data cards to use the proposed equivalent circuit in the EMTP.     

Lightning-induced voltage on an overhead wire dependent on groundconductivity

Lightning-induced voltage waveforms on an overhead wire are analyzed by solving the Telegrapher's equation, in combination with numerical calculations of electric fields from return stroke currents as inducing sources. Based on an equivalent circuit newly developed for an explanation of this method, the roles of the vertical and horizontal electric fields in generating the induced voltage are studied, respectively. By numerical calculations, it is pointed out that the crest value of the lightning-induced voltage waveform at the end of the line is greatly affected by the ground conductivity and the lightning striking points. The accuracy of the computed results is ensured by comparison with the experimental results obtained from a geometrical model on a finitely conducting ground     

Transient stability considering dynamic load in bulk power system with high DG penetration

Transient stability may be seriously affected when a large number of distributed generators (DG) stop simultaneously during voltage sag. It is necessary to analyze accurately the dynamics of bulk power systems with high DG penetration. In this paper, transient stability is studied by analyzing power‐angle curves of generators while considering load dynamics and model order reduction at lower voltages. Based on the analysis, a decrease in the load internal resistance after voltage sag causes transient instability of generators. The phenomenon is confirmed through simulation using a one‐machine and one‐load model. This paper also suggests that the simulation results might be misled by traditional bulk power system modeling such as using the static load model and ignoring impedance at lower voltages. As for the numerical simulation, a large level of DG stoppage leads to transient step out in a bulk power system, and the stability is greatly improved by DG voltage regulation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 162(2): 20– 29, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20608     

DC Fault Clearing Characteristics of a Bulk Power VSC HVDC Transmission System using DC Circuit Breakers

Development of wind power generation resources is considered in Japan. However, long‐distance transmission lines are necessary to utilize the wind power because most of the wind power resources are distant from load centers. A voltage source converter based high voltage dc transmission (VSC HVDC) system is an option to realize their effective use. A VSC HVDC system equipped with dc circuit breakers has been considered to clear the dc line faults promptly. However, the fault clearing characteristics by the dc circuit breakers have not been analyzed very well for the system with the long distance overhead transmission line. This paper focuses on a fault clearing in the VSC HVDC system with long‐distance overhead line by the dc circuit breaker using a new fault detection method. A 2.4‐GW bipolar VSC HVDC system with 600‐km overhead transmission line is modeled and its operation performance is verified by computer simulations. The simulation results demonstrate the detailed fault clearing characteristics with the long transmission line. Moreover, specifications required for the dc circuit breakers are considered in terms of operation delay, peak current, and absorbed energy.     

Voltage sag compensation with minimum energy injection by use of a micro‐SMES

This paper presents a method to compensate voltage sags with minimum energy injection for a series‐connected voltage restorer using a micro‐SMES. A circuit for extracting the fundamental symmetrical components from sag voltages and a minimum energy injection algorithm is described. Simulations of voltage sag compensation have been carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC for various faults. The simulation results confirm the validity of the proposed method and show the possibility of reducing the size of energy storage devices. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(3): 70–80, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10047     

特高压双回路GIL感应电压电流计算分析

气体绝缘线路(GIL)回路间电磁感应关系不同于架空导线,线路中存在GIL将会影响感应电压、电流的计算结果,从而影响线路地刀的选型。文中以同塔双回架空线和GIL混合特高压线路为例,研究回路间电磁感应的计算。首先对GIL进行电气参数计算,并理论推导混合线路感应电压、电流计算公式;其次利用EMTP-ATP仿真验证理论分析结果,分别仿真研究了GIL在母线位置、在线路中间以及不含GIL 3种工况下的感应电压、电流变化规律,并分析了GIL在线路中间时感应电流大幅度增加的原因;最后研究了GIL在线路中长度占比的不同对感应电压、电流的影响。研究结果可为含GIL的混合线路地刀选型提供理论计算参考。     

Role of an overhead ground wire in the generation of lightning-induced voltage over lossy ground

The role of an overhead ground wire on the generation for lightning-induced voltage on a multiconductor line associated with a vertical return-stroke channel is studied based on numerical calculation. The induced voltage is calculated by a method in which the tangential component of the electric field to the wire is looked upon as an inducing source. The analyzed multiconductor line consists of three phase wires and an overhead ground wire having one or two earthing points. The influence of the overhead ground wire on the induced voltage is dependent on the direction of a return stroke, as well as the ground conductivity. When a return stroke is on the side of a power distribution line, the induced voltage decreases with a decrease in the earthing resistance of the overhead ground wire, irrespective of the ground conductivity. When a return stroke is close to an end of a distribution line, the influence of the overhead ground wire is dependent on the ground conductivity. In this case, the voltage induced on overhead wires over lossy ground sometimes increases with the presence of an overhead ground wire having only one earthing point. This effect can be avoided by adding earthing points to the overhead ground wire. © 1998 Scripta Technica. Electr Eng Jpn, 121(4): 18–27, 1997     

500 kV同塔双回输电线路感应电压和感应电流建模分析

考虑到同塔双回输电线路一回运行、一回停运时,在停运线路上可能产生较大的感应电压和感应电流,对检修人员和设备产生一定的安全隐患。为了研究不同运行工况下的感应电压和感应电流,利用ATP EMPT软件建立了500 kV同塔双回架空输电线路仿真模型;计算分析了线路长度、输送功率、运行电压和土壤电阻率对感应电压和感应电流的影响;最后,利用混合差分进化-粒子群优化算法对上述影响因素与感应电压和感应电流进行多变量拟合。结果表明：线路长度对电磁感应电压、静电感应电流和电磁感应电流影响较大;输送功率对电磁感应电压和电磁感应电流影响较为显著;运行电压对静电感应电压、电磁感应电压、静电感应电流和电磁感应电流均有影响,几乎均成正比关系;土壤电阻率对电磁感应电压和电磁感应电流有一定影响。通过多元拟合分析,建立了上述影响因素与感应电压和感应电流的函数关系,为后续工程中感应电压、感应电流的估算提供了参考。     

Experimental verification of a dynamic voltage restorer capable of significantly reducing energy‐storage element requirements

This paper deals with a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) characterized by installing the shunt converter at the load side. The DVR can compensate for the load voltage when a voltage sag appears in the supply voltage. An existing DVR requires a large capacitor bank or other energy‐storage elements such as double‐layer capacitors or batteries. The DVR presented in this paper requires only a small DC capacitor intended for smoothing the DC‐link voltage. Moreover, three control methods for the series converter are compared and discussed to reduce the series‐converter rating, paying attention to the zero‐sequence voltages included in the supply voltage and the compensating voltage. Experimental results obtained from a 200‐V, 5‐kW laboratory system are shown to verify the viability of the system configuration and the control methods. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(3): 73–82, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20460     

Surge analysis of the tank of a gas-insulated line using lumped constant circuits

Surge voltages evaluated by a digital analysis method, for example, electromagnetic transients program (EMTP) and by an analog analysis method (transient network analyzer: TNA) are compared with experimental results on a scaled model of a gas insulated line. From the results, it is confirmed that the analog analysis method has a satisfactory accuracy and its computing speed is quite high. The error caused by the lumped element modeling of the gas insulated line is comparatively small, and the line is not necessary to be treated as a distributed parameter line. The lumped element model is advantageous to understand the mechanism of the transient characteristic of the induced transient voltage. A simple equivalent circuit of the gas insulated line is proposed and its accuracy is confirmed by a comparison with the calculated result obtained by an accurate line method. The transient overvoltages of the tank and across the insulated flange can be analytically calculated using the equivalent model.     

中压配电网电力线载波通信信道建模

电力线载波通信是智能配电网通信技术的重要选择之一。而中压配电网结构复杂,分支众多,存在电缆-架空线混合型线路,使得载波信号在其上的传输特性难以预估。结合中压配电网结构特点,提出一种载波信号在混合型配电网络中的信道建模方法。首先,在中压配电网的实际拓扑结构及线路类型基础上,定义了载波信号的传输线管道。然后,结合多导体传输线理论和行波理论,推导各传输线管道的传播矩阵及各节点的散射矩阵,并根据网络拓扑关系列写整个网络的电压方程。最后,由电压方程可求得在信源节点激励下全网任意节点的电压响应。该建模方法不受网络拓扑结构及线路类型限制,具有很强的适应性及可移植性。计算及电路仿真结果表明了方法的正确性及有效性。     

An equivalent‐circuit modelling on vertical and horizontal integrations for MOS flat‐band voltage simulation

The fixed oxide charge will cause the MOS capacitor (MOS‐C) flat‐band voltage to shift. We can observe the potential distribution to determine the MOS‐C flat‐band voltage. However, the potential distribution can be obtained from the integration of the electric field distribution. The integration of the electric field distribution is classified into the vertical and horizontal integrations. In this paper, we use the equivalent‐circuit model to demonstrate the flat‐band voltage of the non‐ideal MOS‐C. The equivalent‐circuit model of Poisson's equation includes two fixed charges Q′_f1 and Q′_f2 in the oxide layer region. Because the horizontal integration method is the superposition method, the equivalent‐circuit model for the horizontal integration is divided into 3 types. Hence, the flat‐band voltage for the horizontal integration is equal to the sum of the V_G1, V_G2, and V_G3 for the flat‐band condition. By comparison, the simulation results of the horizontal integration method approximate to the vertical integration method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A three‐phase constant‐current source using an immittance converter

The term immittance converter refers to an impedance–admittance converter. The immittance converter has an input impedance that is proportional to the admittance of the load connected across output terminals. In this converter, the output current is proportional to the input voltage and the input current is proportional to the output voltage. Consequently, it converts a constant‐voltage source into a constant‐current source and a constant‐current source into a constant‐voltage source. It is well known that the quarter wavelength transmission line shows immittance conversion characteristics. However, it has a very long line length for the switching frequency, and is not suitable for power electronics applications. We thus proposed immittance converters that consist of lumped elements L, C and show improved immittance conversion characteristics at a resonant frequency. A three‐phase constant‐current source is proposed in this paper. It is possible to realize this by a simple circuit using an immittance converter. In this paper, circuit operation, characteristic equations, and results of simulation are described. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 151(4): 47–54, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20078     

A three‐phase voltage‐source PWM inverter system characterized by sinusoidal output voltage with neither common‐mode voltage nor normal‐mode voltage

This paper deals with an inverter system integrating a small‐rated passive EMI filter with a three‐phase voltage‐source PWM inverter. The purpose of the EMI filter is to eliminate both common‐mode and normal‐mode voltages from the output voltage of the inverter. The motivation of this research is based on the well‐known fact that the higher the carrier or switching frequency, the smaller and the more effective the EMI filter. An experimental system consisting of a 5‐kVA inverter, a 3.7‐kW induction motor, and a specially designed passive EMI filter was constructed to verify the viability and effectiveness of the EMI filter. As a result, it is shown experimentally that both three‐phase line‐to‐line and line‐to‐neutral output voltages look purely sinusoidal as if the inverter system were an ideal variable‐voltage, variable‐frequency power supply when viewed from the motor terminals. This results in complete solution of serious issues related to common‐mode and normal‐mode voltages produced by the inverter. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 145(4): 88–96, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10206     

A mixed‐mode KHN‐biquad using DVCC and grounded passive elements suitable for direct cascading

In this paper a mixed‐mode (input and output signals can be current or voltage) Kerwin–Huelsman–Newcomb (KHN) biquad with low/high input impedance and high/low output impedance depending on the type of the corresponding signal (current/voltage) is presented. The circuit is constructed using three differential voltage current conveyors (DVCCs), two grounded capacitors and three grounded resistors. The circuit simultaneously provides bandpass (BP), highpass (HP) and lowpass (LP) responses when the output is current and notch, BP and LP responses when the output is voltage. The notch and allpass responses can be obtained by connecting appropriate output currents directly without using additional active elements. Because of the low input and high output impedance of the circuit for current signals and the high input and low output impedance for voltage signals, it can be used in cascade for realizing higher‐order filters. SPICE simulation results are given to verify the theoretical analysis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new decoupling method for double‐circuit transmission lines with asymmetrical parameters

The six‐sequence component method is widely used in short‐circuit calculation of double‐circuit lines. However, this method can be used to decouple only two parallel transmission lines whose parameters are exactly the same. In this paper, a new sequence component method is introduced to deal with the lines whose parameters are not exactly the same. Mutual impedances between phases of the same line are decoupled first, and then the zero‐sequence mutual impedances between different lines are decoupled. Six new independent components are obtained after decoupling. System impedances are modified based on the relationship between voltages and currents of the new sequence components and the traditional sequence components. According to the boundary conditions of the faults, the characteristics of new sequence components are studied, and the corresponding sequence networks are discussed. According to the combined sequence network, new sequence currents can be calculated, and the phase currents can be obtained easily from the new sequence currents by a transformation matrix. PSCAD simulation results demonstrate that the short‐circuit calculation method proposed in this paper is appropriate and practical to deal with the two parallel transmission lines with different parameters and partially coupled transmission lines. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Induced voltages on fence wires and pipelines by AC powertransmission lines

A method is developed for calculating the induced voltages on fence wires/pipelines underneath AC power transmission lines. The method is based on the charge simulation technique and takes into account the disturbances of the electric field and potential due to the presence of the fence wire/pipeline underneath the line. The calculated values of the induced voltage on fence wires are compared with those measured before. Induced voltages on pipelines underneath 230- and 380-kV lines are measured, correlated to the calculated values and discussed in the light of electric field induction on objects adjacent to AC power transmission lines     

A multilevel PWM strategy suitable for high‐voltage motor direct drive systems with consideration of the adverse effect of dead time

Recently, high‐voltage motor direct drive systems have been put to practical use, and various multilevel PWM strategies have also been proposed. This paper describes a multilevel PWM strategy [our group calls it the Carrier Phase Selection Method (CPS)] that has the lowest line voltage harmonic distortion in order to prevent the degradation of high‐voltage motor winding insulations. This method takes the adverse effect of dead time into consideration, and it controls the shift direction of a carrier phase. Therefore, a favorable output waveform without instantaneous voltage surges is achieved even if the line voltage level changes. Moreover, the switching transitions across all switching devices are well‐balanced, so the utilization of inverter unit cells is equalized. This is an important factor when designing the entire system. Based on simulation and experimental results, it is shown that this CPS method is particularly effective in high‐voltage motor direct drive systems. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(2): 77–88, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20474