Einfluss der Netztopologie der künstlich neuronalen Netze auf das Ergebnis der Abschätzung zyklischer Kennwerte

Several estimation methods have been developed to estimate the cyclic material parameters out of the static material properties. Most of these methods are based on empirical equations. Increasing numbers of input‐ and influencing parameters lead to an rising effort for determining these equations and the accuracy decreases. For this reason new suitable methods are sought to estimate the cyclic material behaviour. A very promising approach is the application of the artificial neural networks, which can derive self‐depended a relationship between in‐ and output parameters. Static parameters such as yield strength, tensile strength …? etc., which can rapidly be determined used as input parameters. The output parameters are the cyclic material parameters of the strain‐life curve and stress‐strain curve according to the Manson‐Coffin‐Basquin‐ and Ramberg‐Osgood curve. Many different artificial neural networks with different structures and complexity can be applied. In this paper the influence of the topology of an artificial neural network on the estimation accuracy will be investigated. Based on the results of a reference artificial neural network it will be shown, that more complex topologies in the network do not lead inevitably to better estimations.     

Optimisation methods for the determination of cyclic material parameters from strain controlled uniaxial fatigue tests

Four new methods are presented for the determination of cyclic strain-life curves according to Manson/Coffin/Basquin/Morrow and of cyclic stress–strain curves according to Ramberg/Osgood from results of strain controlled uniaxial fatigue tests. The material parameters are assessed by combined linear regressions of linearised parts of these curves with the method of least squares either in strain–stress-life space or in stress–strain and strain-life planes. The compatibility terms are applied as constraints. Experimental data from fourteen test series of magnesium die-casting alloys AE42, AM50, and AZ91 at different elevated temperature levels between 30 °C and 140 °C is used exemplarily. The four new methods and two methods known from literature, which lack combined linear regression, are valuated with six different measures, which are based on the remaining absolute deviation. The comparison shows that the method that combines the linear regressions of the plastic part of the cyclic stress–strain curve and the elastic and plastic part of the strain-life curve in an optimisation leads to the best results.     

Fatigue behaviour of welded joints from magnesium alloy (AZ31) according to the local strain concept

In the present study, the results of fatigue tests with the magnesium alloy AZ31 (ISO‐MgAl3Zn1) in the material states base metal, heat affected zone and weld metal obtained under strain control at room temperature within a range from 2·10² to 5·10⁶ cycles are presented. The fatigue behaviour was characterized by the Coffin–Manson–Basquin equations and the stress – strain behaviour by the Ramberg–Osgood equation. The data can be used to assess welded magnesium joints according to the local strain concept.     

A study of compatibility between two classical fatigue curve models based on some selected structural materials

The paper contains a proposal for the classification of some selected constructional materials starting from the material properties as assumed according to the models based on the Manson–Coffin–Basquin (MCB) and Ramberg–Osgood (RO) laws. These laws are commonly used for strain-based fatigue life assessments. Three methods for determination of fatigue material constants occurring in the MCB and RO models, namely, the conventional, numerical and 3D methods, were used. The compatibility between the parameters derived from the aforementioned models was checked by evaluating the fatigue results for five groups of selected constructional materials.     

Monotonic and low cycle fatigue behaviour of 2024‐T3 aluminium alloy between room temperature and 300 °C for designing VAWT components

In the present study, the results of the monotonic tension tests and low cycle fatigue tests performed on aluminium alloy EN AW‐2024‐T3 under various operating temperatures are presented in order to assess the fatigue behaviour of the aluminium alloy under evaluated temperatures. Monotonic tests were performed to determine the influence of temperature on mechanical properties of the material. The aim of cyclic tests was to acquire the parameters required for Manson–Coffin equation in order to plot strain–fatigue life curves. Moreover, stress–strain behaviour of the alloy and the cyclic hardening behaviour were evaluated using Ramberg–Osgood equation. Finally, P_SWT‐damage parameters for each temperature have been calculated for further investigation of the effects of the temperature on fatigue life using acquired data while taking the account of mean stress effect into calculations. Variations in the experimental data due to various test temperatures are presented for both monotonic and cyclic tests.     

Global‐local fatigue assessment of an ancient riveted metallic bridge based on submodelling of the critical detail

Increasing traffic demands (ie, load intensity and operational life) on ancient riveted metallic bridges and the fact that these bridges were not explicitly designed against fatigue make the fatigue performance assessment and fatigue life prediction of riveted bridges a concern. This paper proposes a global‐local fatigue analysis method that integrates beam‐to‐solid submodeling, elastoplastic of material in local region, and local fatigue life prediction approach. The proposed beam‐to‐solid submodeling can recognize accuracy local stress/strain information accompanying with the global structural effect on the fatigue response of local riveted joints. The fatigue life is predicted based on cumulative damage rule, local strains, and number of cycles with consideration of traffic data, where the relation between the fatigue life and local strain is derived according to the Basquin and Manson‐Coffin law. Besides, the elastoplastic of material is considered. The proposed methodology for fatigue life prediction based on local strain parameter and the Palmgren‐Miner linear damage hypothesis is implemented in a case study of an ancient riveted bridge.     

A Novel Method to Predict the Low-Cycle Fatigue Life

Since fatigue failure commonly occurs in mechanical equipment, the prediction of the fatigue life is important to ensure safety in the running cycle of production. In this paper, a method is proposed to predict the low-cycle fatigue life. The accuracy of the proposed method is compared to the strain energy criterion and Coffin–Manson/Basquin equation with three different materials. The results indicate that accuracy of the proposed method is similar to the strain energy criterion and Coffin–Manson/Basquin equation in predicting the low-cycle fatigue life.     

Fatigue assessment and fatigue life calculation of quenched and tempered SAE 4140 steel based on stress–strain hysteresis, temperature and electrical resistance measurements

In this paper, mechanical stress–strain-hysteresis, temperature and electrical resistance measurements are performed for the detailed characterization of the fatigue behaviour of quenched and tempered SAE 4140 steel used for many applications in the automotive industry. Stress-controlled load increase and constant amplitude tests (CATs) were carried out at ambient temperature on servo-hydraulic testing systems. The applied measurement methods depend on deformation-induced changes of the microstructure in the bulk material and represent the actual fatigue state. The plastic strain amplitude, the change in temperature and the change in electrical resistance can be equally used for an assessment of baseline fatigue properties in generalized cyclic deformation curves as well as in generalized Morrow and Coffin–Manson curves. On the basis of comprehensive experimental fatigue data, the physically based fatigue life calculation method ‘PHYBAL’ based on the generalized Basquin equation was developed. S–N (Woehler) curves calculated with ‘PHYBAL’ using data from only three fatigue tests agree very well with the conventionally determined ones.     

An analytically formulated structural strain method for fatigue evaluation of welded components incorporating nonlinear hardening effects

An analytically formulated structural strain method is presented for performing fatigue evaluation of welded components by incorporating nonlinear material hardening effects by means of a modified Ramberg‐Osgood power law hardening model. The modified Ramberg‐Osgood model enables a consistent partitioning of elastic and plastic strain increments during both loading and unloading. For supporting 2 major forms of welded structures in practice, the new method is applied for computing structural strain defined with respect to a through‐thickness section in plate structures and cross section in piping systems. In both cases, the structural strain is formulated as the linearly deformation gradient on their respective cross sections, consistent with the “plane sections remain plane” assumption in structural mechanics. The structural strain‐based fatigue parameter is proposed and has been shown effective in correlating some well‐known low‐cycle and high‐cycle fatigue test data, ranging from gusset‐to‐plate welded plate connections to pipe girth welds.     

Fatigue life calculation of SAE 1050 and SAE 1065 steel under random loading

In this investigation, stress-controlled fatigue tests with SAE 1050 and SAE 1065 specimens were performed under single step and random loading to study fatigue mechanisms with particular attention to microstructural details. The applied plastic strain amplitude, temperature and electrical resistance measurements depend on deformation-induced changes of the microstructure and represent the actual fatigue state of the investigated steels. A new test procedure combines any kind of load spectra with periodically inserted single step sequences to measure the plastic strain amplitude, the temperature and the electrical resistance. The average values of the measuring sequences are plotted as function of the number of cycles in cyclic ‘deformation’ curves and represent the summation of microstructural changes caused by random loading. Electrical resistance measurements allow to detect the proceeding fatigue damage even in the load-free state. On the basis of comprehensive experimental fatigue data the physically based lifetime calculation method “PHYBAL” using generalized Morrow, Coffin–Manson and Basquin equations was developed for single step and random loading. S–N (Woehler) curves calculated with “PHYBAL” agree very well with experimentally determined lifetimes.     

Nonlinear mode III crack stress fields for materials obeying a modified Ramberg‐Osgood law

In this paper, an analytical study is carried out on the work‐hardening, elastic‐plastic stress distributions in a cracked body under antiplane shear deformation. A modified Ramberg‐Osgood law is introduced to describe the material behaviour, and stress and strain fields are derived in closed form. Compared with the conventional Ramberg‐Osgood formulation, the new law includes the effect of a new parameter, κ, which allows the transition from the ideally elastic behaviour (low stress regime) to the power law behaviour (large stress regime) to be controlled, thus providing 1 more degree of freedom to better fit the actual behaviour of engineering materials. A discussion is carried out on the features of stresses and strains close to and far away from the crack tip.     

等通道转角挤压Al一Mg—Si—Sc合金的低周疲劳行为

针对经过常规热挤压的Al-0．8%Mg-O．6％Si一0．3%ASc合金进行不同道次和路径的等通道转角挤压,采用的等通道转角挤压工艺为1道次和2道次A路径、＆路径和C路径。对等通道转角挤压制备的Al－0．8%Mg－0．6％Si－0．3％Sc合金进行应室温低周疲劳实验,研究了等通道挤压Al一0．8%Mg－0．6％Si－0．3％Sc合金的疲劳行为。结果表明,在低周疲劳加栽条件下,等通道转角挤压Al—Mg—Si—Sc合金可表现为持续循环硬化或初期循环硬化后期循环稳定。合金的弹性应变幅、塑性应变幅与断裂时的栽荷反向周次之间的关系可分别用Basquin和Coffin－Manson公式描述。     

A multi‐axial low‐cycle fatigue life prediction model considering effects of additional hardening

It is generally accepted that the additional hardening of materials could largely shorten multi‐axis fatigue life of engineering components. To consider the effects of additional hardening under multi‐axial loading, this paper summarizes a new multi‐axial low‐cycle fatigue life prediction model based on the critical plane approach. In the new model, while critical plane is adopted to calculate principal equivalent strain, a new plane, subcritical plane, is also defined to calculate a correction parameter due to the effects of additional hardening. The proposed fatigue damage parameter of the new model combines the material properties and the angle of the loading orientation with respect to the principal axis and can be established with Coffin‐Manson equation directly. According to experimental verification and comparison with other traditional models, it is clear that the new model has satisfactory reliability and accuracy in multi‐axial fatigue life prediction.     

A low-cycle fatigue life prediction model of ultrafine-grained metals

A (high strain) low‐cycle fatigue (LCF) life prediction model of ultrafine‐grained (UFG) metals has been proposed. The microstructure of a UFG metal is treated as a two‐phase ‘composite’ consisting of the ‘soft’ matrix (all the grain interiors) and the ‘hard’ reinforcement (all the grain boundaries). The dislocation strengthening of the grain interiors is considered as the major strengthening mechanism in the case of UFG metals. The proposed model is based upon the assumption that there is a fatigue‐damaged zone ahead of the crack tip within which the actual degradation of the UFG metal takes place. In high‐strain LCF conditions, the fatigue‐damaged zone is described as the region in which the local cyclic stress level approaches the ultimate tensile strength of the UFG metal, with the plastic strain localization caused by a dislocation sliding‐off process within it. The fatigue crack growth rate is directly correlated to the range of the crack‐tip opening displacement. The empirical Coffin–Manson and Basquin relationships are derived theoretically and compared with experimental fatigue data obtained on UFG copper (99.99%) at room temperature under both strain and stress control. Good agreement is found between the model and the experimental data. It is remarkable that, although the model is essentially formulated for high strains (LCF), it is also found to be applicable at low strains in the high‐cycle fatigue (HCF) regime.     

Evaluation of low cycle fatigue life in AZ31 magnesium alloy

Magnesium alloys are attracting engineers for their practical application to structural components. Here fatigue properties, which is essential for structural use, have been examined on extruded AZ31 bar under uniaxial cyclic loading by both strain and stress controlled conditions. Adding fatigue tests with mean stresses under stress controlling conditions, fatigue life evaluation method has been discussed along with the analysis of cyclic stress–strain behavior. The specimen is easy to yield in compression by twinning. This leads to the asymmetric hysteresis curves. It also tends to deform quasi-elastically during unloading from compression; this makes the plastic strain amplitude smaller to the maximum one in the hysteresis curve. These asymmetric features fairly disappear at half-life in the stress controlled tests. The fatigue lives and deformation characteristics can be expressed nicely by Manson–Coffin type equation. On the contrary, the strain controlled tests retain the asymmetry till the end and produce tensile mean stresses. The fatigue lives are unsuccessfully evaluated by the above equation. Various mean stress correction models for cubic metals are not operative in magnesium alloys. A new model has been devised adding a correction term of −σ_m/2E to the above mentioned Manson–Coffin type equation. Strain controlled test, as it retains pyriform shape till the end, could be evaluated more accurately with the maximum plastic strain amplitude in the hysteresis curve.     

Proposal of an alternating bending technique for evaluating low‐to‐high cycle fatigue of structural steels

This paper proposes an alternating bending technique for evaluating fatigue life in the low‐to‐high cycle fatigue regime. A method was developed for estimating the stress, elastic strain, and plastic strain ranges of a plastically deformed specimen subjected to alternating bending with consideration of stress and strain distributions. To evaluate its effectiveness, fatigue testing was conducted using a specimen made of a steel used for pressure vessels. The stress, elastic strain, and plastic strain ranges could be obtained during cyclic bending. The elastic strain amplitude life and plastic strain amplitude life curves were linear in a log–log plot in the low‐to‐high cycle fatigue regime. Hence, the fatigue life under alternating bending could be evaluated using the proposed strain‐based approach. However, these curves could not be predicted using equations with parameters obtained from tensile testing, such as the universal slope method, due to the strain gradient in the specimen.     

Modification of fatigue strain‐life equation for sheet metals considering anisotropy due to crystallographic texture

The fatigue behaviour of cold rolled and annealed sheet metals are influenced by the anisotropy of mechanical properties due to crystallographic texture. However, the existing fatigue strain‐life models are primarily meant for isotropic material behaviour. In the present work, the Coffin‐Manson equation for strain‐life is modified to include the effect of anisotropy using phenomenological plasticity models. It is observed that the variation of strain hardening exponent is critical to model the strain‐life behaviour. Variation of strain hardening exponent with orientation is modelled using existing anisotropic yield criteria. The prediction of fatigue life using the proposed model correlates well with the experimental results of Al6061‐T6 along different orientations. The proposed model can be used to predict the fatigue properties along any orientation from the fatigue data along one orientation and monotonic mechanical properties along longitudinal, transverse and diagonal directions.     

Influence of Ramberg–Osgood fitting on the determination of plastic displacement rates in creep crack growth testing

This paper investigates the effect of the Ramberg–Osgood (R‐O) fitting procedures on plastic displacement rate estimates in creep crack growth testing, via detailed two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional finite‐element analyses of the standard compact tension specimen. Four different R‐O fitting procedures are considered: (i) fitting the entire true stress–strain data up to the ultimate tensile strength, (ii) fitting the true stress–strain data from 0.1% strain to 0.8 of the true ultimate strain, (iii) fitting the true stress–strain data only up to 5% strain and (iv) fitting the engineering stress–strain data. It is found that the first two fitting procedures can produce significant errors in plastic displacement rate estimates. The last two procedures, on the other hand, provide reasonably accurate plastic displacement rates and thus should be recommended in creep crack growth testing. Several advantages of fitting the engineering stress–strain data over fitting the true stress–strain data only up to 5% strain are discussed.     

A parametric study on fatigue strength of spot‐weld joints

Fastening elements usually lead to high stress concentrations; fatigue failure thus becomes the most critical failure mode for a fastening element itself or the region around it under fluctuating stresses. A designer should seek the ways of increasing fatigue strength of a joint to ensure the safety of the whole structure. Resistance spot welding is the most preferred method to join metal sheets. The design variables for spot‐weld joints affecting their strengths are basically sheet thickness, spot‐weld nugget diameter, number of spot welds and the joint type as exemplified in tensile shear (TS), modified tensile shear (MTS), coach peel (CP) and modified coach peel (MCP) specimens. In this study, the effects of these parameters on the fatigue life of spot‐weld joints have been investigated. For this purpose, one of the most reliable fatigue assessment models, Coffin–Manson approach, was used. In order to accurately determine the stress and strain states, a nonlinear finite element analysis was carried out taking into account plastic deformations, residual stresses developed after unloading and contacting surfaces. The results provide designers with some guidelines to foresee the impact of design changes on fatigue strength of spot‐weld joints.