The use of 3,3′,4′,5‐tetrachlorosalicylanilide as a chemical uncoupler to reduce activated sludge yield

To determine whether chemical additions can be used to reduce sludge production in biological wastewater treatment, 3,3′,4′,5‐tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) was added to activated sludge cultures as a metabolic uncoupler. Batch tests confirmed that TCS is an effective chemical uncoupler in reducing the sludge yield at concentrations greater than 1.0 mg dm^?3; a TCS concentration of 1.0 mg dm^?3 reduced sludge yield by approximately 50%. Substrate removal capability and effluent nitrogen concentration were not affected adversely by the presence of TCS when dosed every other day in a range of 2.0–3.6 mg dm^?3 during the 40‐day operation of activated sludge batch cultures. Such sludge growth reduction was associated with the enhancement of microbial activities in terms of the specific oxygen uptake rate and dehydrogenase activity. Sludge settleability of the treated and control samples was qualitatively comparable and not significantly different. Filamentous bacteria continued to grow in sludge flocs only in the control reactor at the end of the 40‐day trial. These results suggest that TCS treatment of activated sludge systems may reduce excess sludge yield. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

生物预酸化处理明胶废水对活性污泥减量化的作用

明胶废水具有高钙、高COD等特点而难于处理。通过对明胶废水进行生物预酸化处理,研究了活性污泥法处理明胶废水过程中COD去除率、MLSS、MLVSS以及无机灰分的变化。结果表明,经过生物预酸化处理后,明胶废水的p H由11.8降至7.4左右,COD由1 058 mg/L降至671 mg/L。后续活性污泥法处理过程中,与未进行生物预酸化处理相比,MLSS、MLVSS呈明显下降趋势,最终COD去除率达到90%;同时由于反应器维持在较低的p H下运行,避免了曝气生成CaCO_3沉淀,污泥无机灰分减少。生物预酸化处理对污泥减量化有明显贡献。     

固(片)碱生产工艺的改进

在熬制固（片）碱生产过程中,增加一个“移料”操作,使融碱的沉降过程移到新增的“沉降出锅槽”中进行,不再占用锅时,以大幅度提高产量、降低煤耗。     

一体化活性污泥处理工艺中泡沫的形成和控制

城市污水处理厂采用的一体化活性污泥法处理污水工艺较易受到泡沫干扰,主要成因是丝状微生物异样快速生长,其中pH值、温度、溶解氧浓度等是影响泡沫的主要因素。可采用喷洒水、投加化学试剂、降低细胞平均停留时间和调节pH值等方法进行控制。     

Analysis of final settling tank in relation to control of metal inhibition in the activated sludge process

The design choices for the bioreactor and the final cell separator or settler in an activated sludge process are interrelated. Any physical or chemical disturbance in the bioreactor and subsequent use of parameters to control the disturbance will affect the performance of the settler. This paper shows how these factors can be integrated into a design concept leading to an optimum settler size. Mathematical relationships between sludge solids concentration, recycle, ratio, and sludge settling velocity in relation to metal inhibition have been derived, and the utility of a rational analysis of final settling tank thickening performance has been demonstrated. First laboratory batch sediment tests are used to characterize sludge sedimentation, then the mathematical expressions are used to estimate the performance of the final settling tank.     

完全混合活性污泥法处理含海水污水时基质降解与生物增长量之间的关系

介绍了采用完全混合活性污泥系统处理含海水污水,研究了基质降解与生物增长量之间的关系。结果表明,微生物产率系数随着污水中海水比例的增大而增长。     

Role of Cu(II) and Zn(II) species on the anaerobic digestion of synthetic activated sludge

The effect of different concentrations of copper or zinc on the anaerobic biodegradability of sludge has been investigated. An attempt has been made to correlate the metal forms with the performance of the digester. The presence of organically-bound copper is indicative of the deteriorated condition of the digester. However, an increased HNO₃ extractable fraction is associated with the failure of the zinc-spiked digesters.     

工业废水活性污泥法设计参数和计算公式的探讨

工业废水种类繁多,并且大部分工业废水的水质特性与城镇污水之间存在较大差别,适用于城镇污水处理设计的参数和计算公式不一定适用于工业废水。对我国现行废水处理设计规范中活性污泥法的主要设计参数进行了汇总,分析了这些规范中存在的一些不足之处,包括以BOD5表征有机物含量的合理性,以泥龄法计算生化池容积和剩余污泥量的局限性,以及A/O法缺氧池(区)容积规定存在的误区等,并对工业废水处理的设计提出了建议。     

Effects of Fe(III) on floc characteristics of activated sludge

The effects of Fe(III) on floc characteristics of activated sludge were investigated in nine parallel sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). The results showed that Fe(III) improved the quality of organic matters in the effluent of reactors. Concentrations of Fe(III) up to 23.8 mg dm^?3 decreased suspended solids and turbidity in effluent but overdosage resulted in deterioration of these parameters. Activated sludge floc size measurements indicated that Fe(III) led to a shift in the size distribution from large to small flocs. Concentrations of Fe(III) less than 23.8mg dm^?3 did not significantly change the proportion of larger flocs, but overdosage of Fe(III) markedly decreased the fraction of larger flocs and produced a large number of smaller flocs, which may be responsible for the deterioration of effluent suspended solids and turbidity. Scanning electronic microscopic (SEM) observation suggested high Fe(III) concentrations lead to significant changes in floc morphology and reduction of filamentous microorganisms available for the formation of large aggregates. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Utilisation of immobilised activated sludge for the biosorption of chromium (VI)

The objective of this investigation was to study the biosorption of Cr (VI) on immobilised activated sludge (IAS) and calcium alginate (CA) using batch system. The optimal pH for Cr (VI) biosorption by IAS and CA was 2.0 and 4.0, respectively. Equilibrium was attained at approximately 120 min for both biosorbents. For both biosorbents, the equilibrium biosorption capacity (mg/g) increased as the initial metal ion concentration increased and the concentration of biosorbent decreased. The rate of biosorption onto IAS and pure CA (as mg/g) increased from 5.02 to 87.66 and 4.97 to 79.09 as the concentration of Cr (VI) ions increased from 10 to 1000 mg/L, respectively. In the case of biosorbent concentration, as the concentration of IAS and pure CA increased from 1 to 20 g/L, the equilibrium uptake (q_e) decreased from 21.33 to 1.57 and 19.41 to 1.38 mg/g, respectively. The biosorption data showed that the Langmuir model was more suitable than the Freundlich model. Also, the results indicated that the pseudo‐second order model was the most suitable for Cr (VI) biosorption onto IAS and CA. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

Analysis and simulation of the sludge profile dynamics in a full‐scale clarifier

A one‐dimensional clarifier model was assessed for its capability to describe dynamic full‐scale sludge concentration profiles by using the settling properties calibrated with batch settling curve data collected by a SettloMeter^®. These sludge concentration profiles and batch settling tests formed part of a detailed one‐month measuring campaign on a full‐scale wastewater treatment plant; the measurements showed a daily variation in settling properties. Using the settling properties obtained from batch settling tests and a one‐dimensional model without dispersion, the dynamics of the full‐scale clarifier were analysed and the need for dispersion clearly shown. The parameters of the dispersion model were estimated from the full‐scale sludge concentration profiles. The settling properties of activated sludge can be automatically determined by fitting the model to the on‐line batch settling curve measurements and are needed as input to the one‐dimensional model. This model can therefore be used for operation and control. The dispersion model parameters have to be determined from dynamic sludge concentration profiles but are assumed to be constant for a specific clarifier. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Characterization and modelling of denim‐processing wastewaters for activated sludge

The study involved characterization of denim‐processing wastewaters, mainly to generate the necessary experimental data for the modelling and evaluation of the activated sludge process. The striking feature of the wastewater quality was the excessive suspended solids content requiring effective removal before biological treatment. COD fractionation was, however, typical for a textile effluent in general, with a biodegradable fraction of 90%, a readily biodegradable COD ratio of 20%, a predominantly soluble slowly biodegradable fraction of 55–60% and negligible particulate inert COD. Hydrolysis was identified as the significant step in the biodegradation kinetics with rate coefficients quite specific to plant operation. Evaluation of the hydrolysis kinetics showed that the magnitude of the slowly biodegradable COD could be reduced with a higher hydraulic detention time, effectively improving the quality of the soluble effluent. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Addition of activated carbon to batch activated sludge reactors in the treatment of landfill leachate and domestic wastewater

Leachate from a municipal landfill was combined with domestic wastewater and was treated in batch activated sludge systems. The effectiveness and applicability of the addition of Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) to activated sludge reactors was investigated. Isotherm tests were carried out with PAC in order to estimate the extent of adsorption of organic matter onto PAC. Then, in activated sludge reactors COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) removal and nitrification were studied both in the absence and presence of PAC for comparison purposes. In both cases, Oxygen Uptake Rates (OUR) were measured with respect to time in order to investigate substrate removal and change in microbial activity. Addition of PAC to activated sludge increased COD removal by removing mainly the non‐biodegradable fraction in leachate. The COD decreases in batch reactors were best expressed by a first‐order kinetic model that incorporated this non‐biodegradable leachate fraction. With added PAC, nitrification was also enhanced. But in all of the batch runs a significant accumulation of NO₂ ‐N took place, indicating that the second step of nitrification was still inhibited. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

华南地区低有机质污泥碱性厌氧产酸(VFAs)性能机理与菌群分析

目前,我国利用剩余污泥产挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)的碳源化研究主要集中在对华东和北方地区污水厂污泥的利用,而采用华南地区污水厂剩余污泥进行产酸的研究较少,且对其开展实际现场产酸特性的研究更是少见报道。采用半连续式厌氧产酸反应器,对广东省肇庆市鼎湖区污水处理厂剩余污泥产挥发性脂肪酸的系统特性进行了试验研究。研究结果表明,系统在碱性条件下(pH 10.0)具有良好的水解产酸性能。VFAs对应的COD(VFAs-COD)占SCOD的比重较大,平均占比73.89%,高于现有同类研究结果2%~15%。同时仅伴随着少量的多糖和蛋白质积累(对应的COD占SCOD的比重为5%~15%)。乙酸为主要的VFAs组成成分,平均占比51.43%,系统优势菌几乎全部为产酸菌,包括Acetoanaerobium sp.、Clostridiales bacterium Z-810、Proteinivorax tanatarense strain Z-910、Tissierella sp.,其中Acetoanaerobium sp.、Clostridiales bacterium Z-810在同类研究中暂无报道。系统产酸过程中可实现33.5%的污泥减量率。     

改良氧化沟活性污泥ORP的调控及对磷吸收/释放的影响

对改良的Carrousel氧化沟活性污泥的氧化还原电位(ORP)变化进行了研究,结果表明,在非严格厌氧状态下磷难以释放,同时ORP也不会降低。在外加有机物且厌氧的条件下,新鲜污泥的ORP会明显降低,一般可以达到-80～-150 mV,且存在显著的磷释放,ORP降低的程度与有机物的浓度和种类无明显关系。微生物活性降低后,外加挥发性脂肪酸,ORP不会显著降低,说明对于EBPR系统来说,ORP的高低取决于微生物厌氧代谢的速率。     

Ca2+对序批式生物反应器活性污泥性能的影响

二价阳离子能够中和活性污泥表面负电荷,影响微生物活性和生物絮凝性能。本文采用序批式生物反应器（SBR）考察Ca²⁺对污泥活性和污泥絮体表面性质的影响,利用红外光谱和三维荧光光谱分析胞外聚合物（EPS）组分和结构的变化,揭示Ca²⁺与污泥疏水性和zeta电位之间的联系,明确Ca²⁺在生物絮凝中的作用。结果表明：在进水COD、TN和NH₄⁺-N分别为420mg/L、40mg/L和35mg/L的条件下,当Ca²⁺浓度达到160mg/L时,COD、NH₄⁺-N和TN去除率最高（分别为96.7%、90.02%和73.2%）,DHA活性和耗氧呼吸速率（OUR）达到最大,分别为124mgTF/L和3.1mg/（min·L）。Ca²⁺促进了污泥微生物EPS的生成,增大了EPS中蛋白质含量。Ca²⁺与EPS表面带负电的官能团形成架桥,吸附桥联的Ca²⁺中和EPS表面的负电荷,减少了污泥表面负电荷之间的静电斥力,使污泥絮体保持稳定;同时增大了污泥表面的疏水性,改善了污泥的絮凝性和沉降性。     

Effect of process parameters on the energy requirement in ultrasonical treatment of waste sludge

Mechanical treatment methods are used as pre-treatment methods in order to enhance the efficiency of conventional sludge treatment processes and the sludge becomes more suitable for its complete treatment. The ultrasound is an alternative method among other methods, but because of its high energy requirement it should be optimized before utilization. This work gives the optimized parameters such as sonication time, sonication power (these parameters are the two factors which play part for energy calculations), type of sludge, cooling requirements and solid content in the sludge solution. Even if the previous researchers prefer to use the energy (specific energy usually), we have found out that both the sonication time and the sonication power have individual importance. For municipal sludge the main conclusion can be summarized as: “high power-short retention time” is more effective than “low power-long retention time”. As this phenomenon may alter from sludge to sludge, various combinations of power and retention time should be tried while keeping the volume small and the concentration below a certain level. The process should be performed at moderate temperatures and the efficiency increases if the sludge is as homogeneous as possible.