撞击流气化炉内颗粒停留时间分布的随机模拟

根据多喷嘴对置式气化炉流场测试,将气化炉划分为若干区域,运用时间离散、状态离散的马尔可夫链随机模型,模拟了气化炉内颗粒相的停留时间分布(RTD)。当颗粒在撞击区和射流区间的回流比为0.5,向下撞击流股区和管流区为平推流模型,其他区域按全混流模型处理时,模拟值与实验值吻合较好。随着进料流量的增大,平均停留时间减小,量纲1方差减小;随着回流比的增加,平均停留时间增大;气固两相平均停留时间接近,但RTD存在一定差异。     

气流床气化炉的CPFD数值模拟

利用CPFD(computational particle fluid dynamics)模拟方法对三维、全尺寸的气流床气化炉进行了模拟计算,建立起了适用于CPFD模拟方法的气化模拟模型。模拟结果与实验数据相一致,说明模型基本准确且CPFD模拟方法适用于气流床气化过程的模拟。借由CPFD模拟方法给出了颗粒相在气化炉中的具体反应历程及颗粒停留时间的概率分布;结果表明,在单喷嘴顶喷的气化炉中,同时存在颗粒相的轴向流动短路及返混,短路主要发生在炉中心区域;颗粒在炉中心区域反应剧烈而边壁区域反应则很缓慢,而且从气化炉流出的第一股短路颗粒主要由充分反应了的粉煤颗粒构成。     

Thermophoresis effects on gas-particle phases flow behaviors in entrained flow coal gasifier using Eulerian model

A numerical model based on the Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid approach is used to simulate the gasification of coal char inside an entrained flow gasifier. In this model, effects of thermophoresis of coal char particles are thoroughly investigated. The thermophoresis is due to the gas temperature gradient caused by absorpted heat of coal char gasification. This work, firstly, calculates the gas temperature gradient and thermophoretic force at1100 °C,1200 °C,1300 °C and 1400 °C wall temperatures. Then, the changes of particle volume fraction and velocity in the gasifier are studied in the simulation with thermophoresis or not. The results indicate that considering the particle thermophoresis has some effects on the calculation of particle volume fraction in the gasifier, especially at wall temperature of 1400 °C, and the maximum particle volume fraction variance ratio reaches up to 1.38% on wall surface of the gasifier. These effects are mainly caused by large gas temperature gradient along the radial direction of the gasifier. For the particle velocity, the changes are small but can be observable along radial direction of the gasifier, which has good agreement with the distributions of radial gas temperature gradient and thermophoretic force. These changes above may have certain effects on gasification reaction rates in this Eulerian model. So the change of gasification reaction rates in the simulation with thermophoresis or not is studied finally.     

Modeling of the Residence Time Distribution and Application of the Continuous Two Impinging Streams Reactor in Liquid‐Liquid Reactions

The two‐phase monosulfonation of toluene, as an example of liquid‐liquid reactions, has been conducted in a continuous two impinging stream reactor (TISR). The extent of reaction under different operating conditions has been determined. A comparison has been made between the performance capability of the TISR and that of continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR). Under identical conditions, including mean residence time, temperature, feed compositions and phase ratio, the impinging stream reactor has shown a higher efficiency. Finally, a stochastic model, based on Markov chain processes has been developed for the TISR, which describes the flow pattern and the residence time distribution (RTD) within the reaction system. The RTD model, combined with the kinetic expression, has been applied to calculate the conversion of toluene in the reactor. The predicted values for toluene conversion have been compared with those determined experimentally.     

Markov chain model of residence time distribution in a new type entrained-flow gasifier

A continuous-time Markov chain has been used to establish the residence time distribution (RTD) model in a new type entrained-flow gasifier, which is called entrained-flow gasifier with opposed multi-burner. According to the measurement results of the flow fields in the gasifier, the state transfer diagram of Markov chain formed in the case of the flow fields are simplified. The results show that this method is feasible in modeling the flow system which consists of ideal mixing cells and plug flow regions. The flow pattern of the gasifier is closed to continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The established model has been applied to forecast the RTD in the industrial gasifier.     

Opposed multi-burner gasification technology:Recent process of fundamental research and industrial application

Opposed multi-burner (OMB) gasification technology is the first large-scale gasification technology developed in China with completely independent intellectual property rights.It has been widely used around the world,involving synthetic ammonia,methanol,ethylene glycol,coal liquefaction,hydrogen production and other fields.This paper summarizes the research and development process of OMB gasi-fication technology from the perspective of the cold model experiment and process simulation,pilot-scale study and industrial demonstration.The latest progress of fundamental research in nozzle atomiza-tion and dispersion,mixing enhancement of impinging flow,multiscale reaction of different carbona-ceous feedstocks,spectral characteristic of impinging flame and particle characteristics inside gasifier,and comprehensive gasification model are reviewed.The latest industrial application progress of ultra-large-scale OMB gasifier and radiant syngas cooler (RSC) combined with quenching chamber OMB gasifier are introduced,and the prospects for the future technical development are proposed as well.     

撞击气流床气化炉内雾化过程中颗粒运动特性

基于实验室规模的撞击气流床气化炉,以水煤浆为原料进行气化实验,采用高温内窥镜及工业相机组成的可视化成像系统,在操作条件下,对水煤浆雾化过程进行拍摄。运用图像处理算法来识别和检测所得图像中的颗粒信息,利用颗粒示踪算法对颗粒进行轨迹测算。对颗粒的平均粒径、速度及角度进行统计分析。结果表明,喷嘴出口射流区内平均粒径主要集中在325～375 μm,相较于原煤颗粒较大;大部分颗粒速度集中在1～2 m·s^-1且运动过程中速度变化不大;大部分颗粒运动方向不随时间而变化,呈简单直线运动;颗粒轨迹呈现以喷嘴为起始点的扇形射线。     

撞击流气化炉内气粒两相流动的数值模拟

对撞击流气化炉内气粒两相流动进行了三维数值模拟。在Euler坐标系中计算气相流场,在Lagrange坐标系中跟踪颗粒运动轨迹,考虑了熔融灰渣颗粒间的碰撞合并、反弹。模拟结果与冷模流场测试数据、热模实验现象一致。通过考察不同工况下的流场计算发现：增加喷嘴以上直段高度使流场更对称,物料停留时间增加,若同时提高入口气速将使颗粒在炉壁的沉积量增加;模拟结果与热模实验都表明撞击形成的强烈湍流和火焰主要集中在撞击中心;颗粒碰撞合并使炉内颗粒选择性团聚,但炉内颗粒浓度分布整体比较合理;Stokes数为0.19的小颗粒跟随性较好,较大Stokes数颗粒不易被流场控制,且对流场具有较大的影响。     

渣油气化中炭黑生成过程剖析

对渣油气化中炭黑的生成过程进行了剖析，定性考察了停留时间分布、混合和雾化对炭黑生成过程的影响。基于对双通道渣油气化喷嘴喷雾性能和炉内停留时间分布的研究，提出了炭黑的颗粒分布模型。     

双出口分级气流床气化炉内颗粒速度和浓度分布

煤炭分级利用是煤炭高效低碳利用的主要途径之一,提出一种同时制备热解气和合成气的分级气流床气化炉,炉体上部为煤热解室,下部为煤焦气化室。采用PV6M颗粒测速仪对气化炉内固体颗粒的速度和浓度分布进行测量,并运用CFD软件对气化炉内气固两相流场进行模拟。结果表明,在射流发展区域与射流碰撞后的折射流发展区域,颗粒速度较高;边壁区域颗粒速度较低且出现回流现象。在惯性和气流曳力作用下,热解室内大部分颗粒自流进入气化室。热解室上部径向颗粒浓度中心高边壁低;气化室下部径向颗粒浓度中心低边壁高。热解室与气化室进气量比、喷嘴角度及颗粒直径等对气化炉出口颗粒流出量分配有重要的影响。热解室进气量增大,颗粒从热解室出口流出占比先减小后增大;热解喷嘴偏转角与颗粒Stokes数增大,颗粒从热解室出口流出占比减小。     

双出口分级气流床气化炉内颗粒速度和浓度分布

煤炭分级利用是煤炭高效低碳利用的主要途径之一,提出一种同时制备热解气和合成气的分级气流床气化炉,炉体上部为煤热解室,下部为煤焦气化室。采用PV6M颗粒测速仪对气化炉内固体颗粒的速度和浓度分布进行测量,并运用CFD软件对气化炉内气固两相流场进行模拟。结果表明,在射流发展区域与射流碰撞后的折射流发展区域,颗粒速度较高;边壁区域颗粒速度较低且出现回流现象。在惯性和气流曳力作用下,热解室内大部分颗粒自流进入气化室。热解室上部径向颗粒浓度中心高边壁低;气化室下部径向颗粒浓度中心低边壁高。热解室与气化室进气量比、喷嘴角度及颗粒直径等对气化炉出口颗粒流出量分配有重要的影响。热解室进气量增大,颗粒从热解室出口流出占比先减小后增大;热解喷嘴偏转角与颗粒Stokes数增大,颗粒从热解室出口流出占比减小。     

下吸式固定床气化炉的气化过程及气化特性模拟分析

为研究下吸式固定床气化炉内多相反应流场对气化过程的影响,基于Fluent软件,建立欧拉-拉格朗日模型追踪秸秆颗粒运动,P1模型模拟气化过程的辐射传热过程,同时耦合化学反应,对下吸式秸秆气化炉气化特性进行了分析.结果表明:燃料系数0.26,秸秆颗粒粒径13 mm,在距离燃烧器底部出口 4.85 m处,秸秆挥发分开始与气化...     

Effect of biomass particle size and air superficial velocity on the gasification process in a downdraft fixed bed gasifier. An experimental and modelling study

A one-dimensional stationary model of biomass gasification in a fixed bed downdraft gasifier is presented in this paper. The model is based on the mass and energy conservation equations and includes the energy exchange between solid and gaseous phases, and the heat transfer by radiation from the solid particles. Different gasification sub-processes are incorporated: biomass drying, pyrolysis, oxidation of char and volatile matter, chemical reduction of H₂, CO₂ and H₂O by char, and hydrocarbon reforming. The model was validated experimentally in a small-scale gasifier by comparing the experimental temperature fields, biomass burning rates and fuel/air equivalence ratios with predicted results. A good agreement between experimental and estimated results was achieved. The model can be used as a tool to study the influence of process parameters, such as biomass particle mean diameter, air flow velocity, gasifier geometry, composition and inlet temperature of the gasifying agent and biomass type, on the process propagation velocity (flame front velocity) and its efficiency. The maximum efficiency was obtained with the smaller particle size and lower air velocity. It was a consequence of the higher fuel/air ratio in the gasifier and so the production of a gas with a higher calorific value.     

水煤浆气化炉内飞灰的形成机理

基于实验室规模的多喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化炉,利用SEM、马尔文激光粒度仪和XRD表征气化炉内飞灰的粒径分布和组成,并分析了气化炉内飞灰的形成机理。结果表明,喷嘴平面处飞灰与气化炉出口处飞灰的粒径分布及化学组成存在显著差异,不同气化阶段飞灰的形成机理也不同。气化燃烧阶段飞灰的形成机理为部分固定碳燃烧和外在矿物转化,而在焦炭气化反应阶段,飞灰的形成机理为焦炭破碎和内在矿物释放及转化。     

二次氧量对分级气化炉气化特性的影响

分级给氧气流床气化炉具有碳转化率高、炉内混合过程强烈、喷嘴附近温度较低等优点。本文采用CFD数值模拟的方法研究了二次氧量变化对气化炉运行特性的影响,分析比较了不同二次给氧量下相交射流火焰特性的变化,及相交射流对煤气化炉炉内整体混合过程、煤气化特性的影响。发现当二次给氧量下降时,受炉内回流流场的影响,二次火焰明显随回流发生偏斜,壁面温度升高。当二次给氧量小于总给氧量的8%时,其射流动量不足以影响主射流产生的宏观流场。     

鼓泡流化床内高灰煤气化过程的颗粒尺度特性研究

基于多相流体质点网格方法(MP-PIC)对高灰煤在三维鼓泡流化床气化过程进行了数值模拟研究。在欧拉-拉格朗日框架下将气相和固相分别视作连续介质和离散相处理。首先,将模拟得到的出口处气体组分结果与实验数据进行对比,实验数据与模拟结果具有良好的一致性。其次,研究了煤颗粒在气化炉内的温度、传热系数、速度和停留时间,从颗粒尺度揭示了鼓泡流化床气化炉内的颗粒分布特性和气固流动特征。结果表明:在气化炉入口附近煤颗粒与床层温差最大,传热系数最大;由于流化床内强非线性的气固流动,床中煤温度和传热系数的空间分布不均匀;煤颗粒和床料的瞬时速度具有稳定的波动幅度,其中垂直方向速度波动最明显,且煤颗粒的瞬时速度比床料的瞬时速度略大;由于颗粒间的剧烈碰撞,延长了煤颗粒停留时间。此外,对鼓泡流化床中煤气化过程颗粒尺度的研究,有助于深入了解固体颗粒的流动行为以及气固相相互作用特性,对鼓泡流化床反应器的设计优化具有重要意义。     

Numerical simulation of the bubbling fluidized bed coal gasification by the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF)

A new numerical model based on the two-fluid model (TFM) including the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF) and complicated reactions has been developed to simulate coal gasification in a bubbling fluidized bed gasifier (BFBG). The collision between particles is described by KTGF. The coal gasification rates are determined by combining Arrhenius rate and diffusion rate for heterogeneous reactions or turbulent mixing rate for homogeneous reactions. The flow behaviors of gas and solid phases in the bed and freeboard can be predicted, which are not easy to be measured through the experiments. The calculated exit values of gas composition are agreed well with the experimental data. The relationship between gas composition profiles with the height of gasifier and the distributions of temperature, gas and solid velocity and solid volume fraction were discussed.     

多喷嘴对置式气化炉内颗粒挥发分火焰可视化研究

基于实验室规模多喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化炉及其可视化装置,研究了气化炉喷嘴平面非射流区颗粒挥发分燃烧过程。结合图像处理技术,在气化条件下对粒径小于300 μm颗粒挥发分火焰尾迹形态及变化过程进行分析。研究结果表明,颗粒挥发分火焰非典型包络型火焰,而是形成挥发分火焰尾迹。颗粒挥发分尾迹形态受颗粒脱挥发分所处阶段和颗粒相对于气流的运动状态的影响,随时间不断变化。颗粒挥发分最大火焰尺寸随颗粒粒径增加而增加。气流床气化还原性气氛条件下颗粒挥发分燃烧时间较颗粒在富氧气氛中燃烧时间显著增加。     

Application of Markov Chain Analysis and Tanks-in-Series Model in Mathematical Modeling of Impinging Stream Dryers

In spite of the fact that the principles of impinging stream reactors have been developed for more than half a century, the performance analysis of such devices, from a viewpoint of the mathematical modeling, has not been investigated extensively. In this study two models are proposed to describe the drying performance of particulate materials in two-impinging stream dryers. The models are developed based on the Markov chain analysis and the tanks-in-series model. The required parameters for each model are determined by using RTD data obtained in a two-impinging stream dryer and the governing equations are solved numerically. Comparison of the results of the models with available experimental data shows that the stirred tanks-in-series model successfully explains the drying behavior in impinging stream dryers. Nevertheless, the results of the model that is developed based on the Markov chain analysis are not in exact agreement with corresponding experimental data because of the extremely short residence time of the particles inside the dryer. Also, the effects of some operating parameters on the performance of such dryers are investigated. The results indicate that the drying efficiency of the dryer increases when solid-to-gas flow rate ratio, initial moisture content, and diameter of the particles decrease and when the temperature of the carrier gas increases.     

Numerical study on the coal gasification characteristics in an entrained flow coal gasifier

The coal gasification process of a slurry feed type, entrained-flow coal gasifier was numerically predicted in this paper. By dividing the complicated coal gasification process into several simplified stages such as slurry evaporation, coal devolatilization and two-phase reactions coupled with turbulent flow and two-phase heat transfer, a comprehensive numerical model was constructed to simulate the coal gasification process. The k– turbulence model was used for the gas phase flow while the Random-Trajectory model was applied to describe the behavior of the coal slurry particles. The unreacted-core shrinking model and modified Eddy break-up (EBU) model, were used to simulate the heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions, respectively. The simulation results obtained the detailed information about the flow field, temperature and species concentration distributions inside the gasifier. Meanwhile, the simulation results were compared with the experimental data as a function of O₂/coal ratio. It illustrated that the calculated carbon conversions agreed with the measured ones and that the measured quality of the syngas was better than the calculated one when the O₂/coal ratio increases. This result was related with the total heat loss through the gasifier and uncertain kinetics for the heterogeneous reactions.