Influence of locally-selected yeast on the chemical and sensorial properties of Albariño white wines

The use of selected yeast strains with improved or novel properties may promote wines with special and original quality attributes. In this paper, changes in the chemical composition (aroma compounds and polyphenols) and sensorial properties of Albariño white wines elaborated with the same must and selected yeast (named as 1, 2 and 3) have been studied in comparison with wines subjected to non-inoculated fermentation (control wine). The results indicated that yeast strain can significantly influence the aroma and polyphenol composition of the wines. Wines elaborated with strain 1 had a higher concentration of terpenes and norisoprenoids, which are compounds closely associated with the fruity and fresh character of Albariño white wines. These same wines had a lower concentration of flavan-3-ols, closely associated with the astringency and bitterness of the wine and the lowest browning potential. The formal sensory analysis conducted by 8 trained judges showed that wines elaborated with strain 1 were preferred by the tasting panel. Therefore, the selection of yeast strains could offer the possibility to modulate sensorial attributes related with the aroma and phenol composition in Albariño white wines.     

Polyphenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Galician Monovarietal Wines from Native and Experimental Non-Native White Grape Varieties

Galicia region (Northwestern Spain) wine production is mainly focused to high-quality white wines. The polyphenolic composition and the antioxidant activity have been determined to characterize the wines obtained from white grape varieties (Albariño, Branco Lexitimo, Caiño blanco, Godello, Loureiro, Torrontes, and Treixadura) grown in Galician protected production areas, and the wines elaborated with non-native varieties experimentally grown in Galicia (Chardonnay, Gewürztraminer, Pinot blanc, Pinot gris, Riesling, and Sauvignon blanc). Since Albariños are the varietal wines with the highest production and commercialization extension, we have studied their polyphenolic composition as a function of the production subarea. Three vintage years (2010, 2011, and 2012) have been considered to account for climate variability. Liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometry detection was used to obtain the phenolic profiles. Wines from native grapes could be fully discriminated by their phenolic composition, with only Albariño being partially confused with other varietal wines. Albariño wines produced in O Rosal and Ribera do Ulla could be clearly differentiated, whereas Condado do Tea and Val do Salnés wines were partially confused. The polyphenolic profile was enough to differentiate the wines obtained from non-native grapes. The total polyphenols content and the antioxidant activity of white wines elaborated in Galicia were comparable, although significant differences were found among varieties.     

Effect of Short Ageing on Lees on the Mannoprotein Content,Aromatic Profile,and Sensorial Character of White Wines

In Albariño white wines, aging of wines on lees is a technique not used or only used empirically by some producers to obtain a distinctive character in the final wine. This study analyzes the influence of a short aging on lees on the chemical and sensorial parameters of this young white wine. Albariño grape must was inoculated with a locally selected yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1) and the effect of a short aging on lees was studied during different times (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 d). Mannoprotein content and the aromatic profile were determined and a sensorial analysis of the wines was conducted. Results showed that aging time was correlated with the concentration of some key aroma compounds and mannoproteins in Albariño wines. The best sensorial character was obtained in wines aged 20 d on lees. Further aging times decreased the sensorial quality of Albariño wine and modified its volatile profile and mannoprotein concentration.     

Effect of terroir on the volatiles of Vitis vinifera cv. Albariño

The effect of terroir on volatiles of Vitis vinifera cv Albariño was studied. Twelve commercial Albariño wines from Galicia, Spain, were analysed. The content of varietals and fermentative volatile compounds was determined by gas chromatography. The numerous significant differences found for most of the aromatic compounds studied show the influence of the terroir. The Albariño wines from northern Galicia showed the highest total concentration of volatiles analysed. The volatile components showing the greatest differences in Albariño wines from different areas were terpenes and higher alcohols. Among the terpenes found, geraniol was markedly abundant in the north, while nerol and linalool were most abundant in the south. Among the alcohols, 2‐phenyl ethanol and benzyl alcohol showed the highest concentrations in the south and in the north, respectively. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis revealed two clearly defined main groups of Albariño wines from different terroirs. Albariño wines from the south were more heterogenic than those of the north. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of yeast mannoproteins in the aroma improvement of white wines

Abstract: In the present work, 3 different yeast strains (1, 2, and 3) were used to elaborate white wines using Albariño must. The concentration of polymeric mannose was determined using a method based on the mannoprotein precipitation, hydrolysis and analysis of sylylated mannose derivatives by gas chromatography. Wines elaborated with the strain 1 (W1) presented a higher mannoprotein concentration than the other wines. The analysis of the volatile composition of wines showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among them, being W1 which presented the highest concentration of aroma compounds, mainly terpens and norisoprenoids. The sensorial analysis of wines also showed that W1 had the best quality. The results obtained from this work demonstrate that mannoproteins could be involved in the behavior observed. Some evidences were obtained using a model wine, where 2 major terpens in W1 were preferentially retained by the colloids rich in mannoproteins released by strain 1. Practical Application: White wines elaborated with yeast strains overproducing mannoproteins could have better quality than others. Mannoproteins could contribute to aroma enhancement of Albariño white wines     

杏汁发酵与杏皮渣发酵对杏酒香气质量的影响

为优化杏酒的发酵工艺,提高杏果的综合利用价值,减少资源浪费和环境污染,以杏汁和杏皮渣为原料,分别加入两种酵母进行发酵,比较发酵工艺对杏酒基本理化指标、香气物质和感官特性的影响。采用4 种发酵工艺,工艺1为杏汁＋酵母BV818,工艺2为杏汁＋酵母CECA,工艺3为杏皮渣＋酵母BV818,工艺4为杏皮渣＋酵母CECA。用气相色谱-质谱测定杏酒中的香气物质,并对杏酒进行感官评价。在杏酒中共检测出41 种香气物质,包括酯类29 种、醇类5 种、醛类2 种和萜烯类5 种,其中酯类物质种类最多,且含量最高,占香气总量的72.7%。在工艺1～4的酒样中,香气总量分别为14 765.27、15 034.37、12 580.27 μg/L和7 347.61 μg/L,用杏汁发酵的杏酒中香气总量显著高于用杏皮渣发酵的杏酒。在4 种工艺酒样中均能检出且气味活性值大于1的香气物质为杏酒的特征香气物质,共有6 个,分别为辛酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、芳樟醇、癸酸乙酯和丁酸乙酯。主成分分析结果显示,工艺2的酒样与乙酸异戊酯、丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯和芳樟醇5 种特征香气物质处于同一象限,说明该酒样具有杏酒的典型香气特征。感官评价结果显示,杏酒具有杏、桃、柑橘、苹果、梨等果香和槐花、金银花等花香,采用工艺2酿造的杏酒,感官评分最高。结论：用杏汁发酵的杏酒,香气物质含量较高,以果香和花香为主,酒体轻盈,口感清爽,而用杏皮渣发酵的杏酒,总酚含量较高,香气复杂,酵母味明显,酒体饱满。本研究为杏酒发酵工艺的优化提供技术支持,也为进一步研究杏酒香气物质的合成提供理论依据。     

Influence of several enzymatic treatments on aromatic composition of white wines

Albariño wines were treated enzymatically at industrial scale, and the effect of both aromatic extracting and clarifying enzymes on the aroma were evaluated and compared. A commercial enzyme (Endozym cultivar) was added during maceration to two musts; clarification enzyme (Depectil clarification) was added to other two wines after fermentation (control wines), and in other four wines were applied the both commercial enzymatic treatments (Endozym cultivar and Depectil clarification, or Rapidase Xpress and Depectil clarification). Volatile compounds were analysed by gas-chromatography (FID and mass spectrometric detection) and by sensory analysis. All the wines, independently of the type of enzyme, presented different aromatic characteristics in comparison to the control wines, above all the wines obtained from the enzyme applied during maceration which showed the highest contents in varietal compounds and in other desirable compounds, such as benzene derivatives, ethyl esters or phenylethyl acetate. The employ of maceration and clarification enzymes as a whole seemed not be suitable because this combination could be cancel the released aromas by the glycosidase enzyme during the pellicular contact. Principal component analysis of chemical data corroborated these effects, because a very clear and good differentiation was achieved between the wines treated only with the maceration enzymes (glycosidase activity) opposite to the wines subjected to the other enzymatic treatments. These results are also closely related to the sensory analysis, which indicated that the glycosidase enzymatic treatment seemed to be effective for the improvement of the aroma of Albariño wines.     

Volatile profile and differentiation between Albariño wines from different origins

Commercial Albariño wines from different subzones of Certified Brand of Origin ‘Rías Baixas’ (NW Spain) were analysed over four consecutive harvests. The contents of monoterpenes, volatile phenols, alcohols, sulphur compounds, acetates, fatty acids and ethyl esters were determined by gas chromatography (flame ionisation detector and flame photometric detector) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. These white wines presented high concentrations of free monoterpenes, volatile phenols, acetates, and ethyl esters, while the levels of sulphur compounds, known as default compounds, were very low. All the wines were elaborated from Albariño grapes, but they were produced by different enological practices, such as skin contact and by carrying out malolactic fermentation or not. No significant differences were found between wines from the same subzone and from different vintages. The results obtained, and confirmed by Principal component and linear discriminant analysis, showed a differentiation among these wines as a function of the Galician subzone of origin.     

Volatile aroma and sensory analysis of black raspberry wines fermented by different yeast strains

Robus coreanus Miquel is a small berry fruit used for Korean black raspberry (KBR) wine‐making. Twelve different yeast strains were investigated by laboratory‐scale fermentation to develop a wine with a high flavour quality. Volatile aroma compounds from the wines were analysed using headspace–solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and sensory evaluation was performed to evaluate the flavour characteristics. The volatile aroma compounds that mostly contributed to the flavour of KBR wines were those related to fruity (esters) and floral (terpenes) aromas. Fifteen out of the 67 identified volatile compounds showed higher odour activity values than other compounds in the wines, and these compounds were considered as important contributors to the final aromas of the wine. Additionally, the KBR wine fermented by the M1 yeast strain had the highest sensory preference because of higher fruity and floral aroma characters compared with other wines. In addition to the M1 strain, the other yeast strains that produced favourable sensory characteristics included Enoferm CSM, Uvaferm VRB, Lalvin ICV GRE, Lalvin ICV Opale and LevureSeche Active. Of these strains, the M1 strain produced a particularly excellent black raspberry wine, and thus could be applied for further large‐scale production of black raspberry wines. It is also expected that this work will expedite research on the production of high‐quality black raspberry wines with beneficial physicochemical properties, functionality and good sensory characteristics. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling