Chemistry and antioxidant activity of essential oil and oleoresins of black caraway (Carum bulbocastanum) fruits: Part 69

BACKGROUND: The present study describes the chemical analysis of the essential oil and oleoresins from caraway, which have been studied by using GC–MS. The paper also explains the importance of the extracted oil and oleoresins in the antioxidant activities of target plant species. RESULTS: GC–MS analysis of caraway essential oil showed 51 compounds representing about 96.6% of the total weight. The major components were dillapiole (44.6%), germacrene‐β (14.1%), nothoapiole (8.3%), and β‐selinene (6.8%), along with many other components in minor amounts. Major components in ethyl acetate and iso‐octane oleoresins are dillapiole, nothoapiole and germacrene‐β, whereas in ethanol oleoresin contains dillapiole (25%), sitosterol (21.3%) stigmasterol (9.5%) and nothoapiole (8.1%). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by various antioxidant assays such as peroxide, thiobarbituric acid and p‐anisidine values. These experiments were further supported by other complementary antioxidant assays such as ferric thiocyanate method in linoleic acid system, reducing power, and scavenging effects on 1,1′‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Both the caraway volatile oil and its oleoresins showed strong antioxidant activity in comparison with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). CONCLUSION: This study provides additional information about the chemistry and antioxidant activity of caraway. Hence, caraway may be used as natural food preservatives. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

七叶鬼灯檠挥发油及不同提取物抑菌活性的研究

研究了七叶鬼灯檠根状茎的挥发油及不同提取物的体外抑菌活性,为七叶鬼灯檠资源开发利用提供科学依据。采用滤纸片法和牛津杯法对七叶鬼灯檠根状茎挥发油及其甲醇、丙酮和乙酸乙酯提取物体外抑菌能力进行评价。结果表明,七叶鬼灯檠根状茎挥发油表现出较强的抑菌活性,对肺炎克雷伯氏菌抑制作用最强,其次为巨大芽孢杆菌和粘红酵母,抑菌圈直径分别为(29.11±0.31)、(26.77±0.35)、(26.20±0.62)mm。在不同溶剂提取物中,丙酮提取物和甲醇提取物均有明显的抑菌效果,解脂假丝酵母对提取物最敏感。七叶鬼灯檠的挥发油及提取物含有天然抑菌活性物质,具有光谱的抑菌效果,值得进一步开发利用。      

琼产艾纳香叶精油的抗氧化和抗菌活性

采用水蒸气蒸馏法收集琼产艾纳香叶精油,经过GC-MS分析,精油中45种化合物被定性检出,主要是单萜类(48.55%)和倍半萜类(39.91%),相对含量列前五位的组分分别是(-)-龙脑(28.45%)、石竹烯(22.98%)、樟脑(9.56%)、α-荜澄茄烯(8.32%)和β-蒎烯(4.32%)。经过DPPH自由基清除试验、β-胡萝卜素漂白试验和硫代巴比妥酸法试验发现精油具有较强的抗氧化活性。琼脂扩散法和琼脂稀释法证实精油对6种受试菌都有抑制活性,对金黄色葡萄球菌、假丝酵母和黄曲霉具有较好的抑制能力(MIC:625μg/mL),对大肠杆菌、李斯特氏菌和沙门氏菌也表现出了抑制能力(MIC:2 500μg/mL)。以上结果证实琼产艾纳香叶精油具有明显的抗氧化和抗菌活性,拥有成为食品和化妆品的天然抗氧化剂及抗菌剂的潜力。     

Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of essential oil from pine needle (Cedrus deodara)

The chemical composition of essential oil from pine needles (Cedrus deodara) was determined, and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were evaluated. Twenty-three components, representing 95.79% of the oil, were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The main components include α-terpineol (30.2%), linalool (24.47%), limonene (17.01%), anethole (14.57%), caryophyllene (3.14%), and eugenol (2.14%). Pine needle essential oil showed remarkable antioxidant activity in scavenging free radicals, in lipid peroxidation, and in reducing power assays. Moreover, the essential oil revealed strong antimicrobial activity against typical food-borne microorganisms, with minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values of 0.2 to 1.56 and 0.39 to 6.25 μg/mL, respectively. Transmission electron microscope observation ascertained that the bactericidal mechanism of pine needle essential oil may be the induction of cytoplasmic outflow and plasmolysis. These results suggest that the essential oil from pine needles has potential to be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in food processing. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The present study provides a theoretical basis for the potential application of essential oil from pine needles (C. deodara) to be used as a natural resource of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents in food industry.     

茶多酚-肉桂精油复合保鲜剂抗氧化活性及抑菌作用

为了研究茶多酚-肉桂精油复合保鲜剂抗氧化活性和对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用。采用体外抗氧化法测定了复合保鲜剂抗氧化能力。通过抑菌圈大小确定抑菌效果和最小抑菌浓度（MIC）,结合抑菌活力、细菌生长曲线、细胞壁完整性和细胞膜通透性,综合评价复合保鲜剂对金黄色葡萄球菌的影响。结果表明,复合保鲜剂清除DPPH自由基、羟基自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的IC50分别为4.02μg/m L、9.15μg/m L、0.61 mg/m L。复合保鲜剂能够有效抑制金黄色葡萄球菌的生长,MIC为0.5 mg/m L,且能够破坏细胞壁和细胞膜。综上所述复合保鲜剂具有很强的抗氧化活性,对金黄色葡萄球菌有很好的抑菌效果,其可能的抑菌机理是破坏细胞壁,影响细胞膜的通透性。      

蒌叶挥发油的提取及抗氧化和抑菌活性研究

采用水蒸气提取法对蒌叶挥发油进行提取,在单因素实验的基础上,以正交实验筛选最佳的提取工艺条件;同时考察蒌叶挥发油抗氧化和抑菌活性。结果表明,蒌叶挥发油提取的最佳工艺条件为:料液比m_干蒌叶粉∶V_水=50∶1000（g/m L）,超声时间为30 min,超声温度70℃,超声功率192 W,加热回流提取4 h,蒌叶挥发油的得率为2.96%。蒌叶挥发油清除DPPH·和·OH的IC₅₀分别为33.19、71.11μg/m L;挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌、大肠杆菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、四联球菌、藤黄八叠球菌、白色葡萄球菌、黑曲霉、毛霉、青霉均有明显的抗菌活性,其MIC分别为0.625、1.25、0.625、0.625、0.625、2.50、1.25、0.313、0.625、0.313 mg/m L,故蒌叶挥发油具有较强的抗氧化和抑菌活性。      

Chemical composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil of Allium sphaerocephalon L. subsp. sphaerocephalon (Liliaceae) inflorescences

BACKGROUND: Allium sphaerocephalon is a wild‐growing plant commonly used as an onion substitute. In this study the essential oil obtained from A. sphaerocephalon subsp. sphaerocephalon inflorescences was analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and also evaluated for in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The obtained results are reported for the first time and discussed with respect to the sulfur compounds detected in the essential oil. RESULTS: Ninty‐one compounds were identified, representing 91.6% (w/w) of the total oil. Major constituents of the analysed sample were shyobunol (15.3%), β‐caryophyllene (8.1%), α‐cadinol (7.8%), 3,5‐diethyl‐1,2,4‐trithiolane (isomer II, 5.9%) and δ‐cadinene (5.2%). The diluted oil had an antioxidant capacity of 160 000 ± 111 µmol α‐tocopherol acetate equivalents g^?1. Its antimicrobial activity was evaluated against five bacterial and two fungal strains using the broth microdilution assay. Among the micro‐organisms tested, the most susceptible strains were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (minimal inhibitory/bactericidal concentration = 0.08/2.5 mg mL^?1) and Aspergillus niger (minimal inhibitory/fungicidal concentration = 0.31/0.63 mg mL^?1). CONCLUSION: The results showed that the examined species had strong antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and are in accordance with the popular use of plants belonging to the genus Allium in traditional medicine, emphasising the necessity of further detailed study of the active principles in Allium species. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Assessment of hormone-like activities in Ginkgo biloba,Elettaria cardamomum and Plantago ovata extracts using in vitro receptor-specific bioassays

Medicinal plants are widely used for the treatment of diseases and for the development of new drugs. This study was designed to determine the presence of hormone-like activities dependent on the activation of human estrogen receptor alpha (hERa) and/or androgen receptor (hAR) in methanol extracts prepared from three medicinal plants historically and currently used for therapeutic purposes: Ginkgo biloba leaves (GBL), Elettaria cardamomum seeds (ECS) and Plantago ovata seeds (POS). After a solid–liquid extraction (SLE) step, their effects on hERa function were assessed in MCF-7 breast cancer cells using the E-Screen bioassay, and their ability to induce hAR-mediated reporter gene expression was evaluated using the androgen-sensitive stable prostatic PALM cell line. Unlike POS extracts, GBL and ECS extracts showed estrogenic (0.07 and 0.20 nM E₂Eq mg^–1, respectively) and anti-estrogenic (0.01 and 0.02 μM ICI182780Eq mg^–1, respectively) activities. ECS extracts evidenced androgenic activity (0.30 nM R1881Eq mg^–1) and POS extracts anti-androgenic activity (22.30 μM ProcEq mg^–1). According to these findings, these plant extracts may interfere with the endocrine system via one or more hormonal receptors, and further investigation is warranted into their role as endocrine disrupters in humans.     

The in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil and various extracts of Origanum syriacum L var bevanii

The present work examines the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the essential oil and various extracts from the herbal parts of Origanum syriacum L var bevanii. Polar subfractions of methanol extracts from both deodorised and non‐deodorised materials showed the highest DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐l‐picrylhydrazyl) radical‐scavenging activity, with IC₅₀ values of 21.40 and 26.98 µg ml^?1 respectively, whereas the IC₅₀ of the essential oil was 134.00 µg ml^?1. The antioxidant potential of the extracts appeared to be closely related to the presence of polar phenolics. However, the inhibitive effect on linoleic acid oxidation might be promoted by the presence of non‐polar phenolics, as both hexane and dichloromethane extracts showed high antioxidant activities. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was superior to those of the other extracts. Nineteen compounds representing 962 g kg^?1 of the essential oil were identified; carvacrol (669 g kg^?1) was the main component. Overall, the results suggest that the essential oil and extracts from the herbal parts of O syriacum could be used as natural preservative ingredients in the food industry. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

The essential oil from Heteropyxis natalensis harv: Its antimicrobial activities and phytoconstituents

The essential oil obtained from Heteropyxis natalensis by steam distillation was tested for antimicrobial properties. Twenty five bacterial and four fungal species were used as test organisms in this study. These included animal and plant pathogens, food poisoning bacteria and mycotoxigenic fungal strains. The essential oil exhibited considerable inhibitory activities against all the test organisms. GC–MS analysis indicated the essential oil contained 1,8-cineole, limonene, β-myrcene, α-phellandrene and α-pinene.     

GC/MS analysis and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oil of Eucalyptus radiata

BACKGROUND: The essential oil from Eucalyptus radiata leaves collected in Tunisia was extracted by steam distillation and analysed by gas chromatography/flame ionisation detection and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Its antioxidant and antiradical properties were evaluated by the 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The antimicrobial activity of the oil was examined in vitro against two plant‐pathogenic bacteria (four strains each of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi) and two plant‐pathogenic fungi (Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani). RESULTS: Thirty‐five compounds were identified and quantified in the essential oil, the major ones being 1,8‐cineole (69.53%), α‐pinene (11.94%) and trans‐pinocarveol (4.81%). Medium antioxidant activity was found in the ABTS assay (IC₅₀ = 484.3 ± 17.3 mg L^?1), whereas no significant free radical‐scavenging activity was detected in the DPPH assay (IC₅₀ > 10 000 mg L^?1). The antimicrobial assays showed that the oil exhibited a high level of activity against A. tumefaciens and R. solani, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging between 750 and 1000 µL L^?1. However, it was less efficient against P. savastanoi pv. savastanoi and F. solani. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the essential oil of E. radiata, with a high content of terpenic compounds, exhibits significant antimicrobial activity against strains of A. tumefaciens and the fungus R. solani and may therefore be useful for their control. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

牛至精油-白藜芦醇乳液的制备及抑菌活性研究

基于牛至精油具有较强的刺激性气味、白藜芦醇溶解性低,以及二者稳定性差的应用缺陷,构建以酪蛋白酸钠为乳化剂,菊粉和阿拉伯胶为稳定剂,牛至精油为油相并包埋白藜芦醇的乳液;以鼠伤寒沙门氏菌为目标微生物,探讨牛至精油、白藜芦醇、牛至精油-白藜芦醇及其乳液的抑菌效果,以及4,25℃储藏期间抑菌效果的变化,并在鲜切卷心菜中初步应用。结果表明:牛至精油和白藜芦醇对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌有很好的协同抑菌作用;2.0%菊粉/阿拉伯胶可以提高牛至精油-白藜芦醇的抑菌效果;乳液可降低二者的氧化降解速率并保护其生物活性,乳液4℃贮藏20d,25℃贮藏12d后仍有较好的抑制作用。接种鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的鲜切卷心菜在牛至精油-白藜芦醇及其酪蛋白酸钠、酪蛋白酸钠-菊粉/阿拉伯胶乳液中处理1min,8℃储藏4d后菌落数分别降低了1.52,2.04,2.67,2.98lg CFU/g。     

Antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities of three Parmelia species

BACKGROUND: Lichens are symbiotic organisms consisting of algae and fungi. They are used for human and animal nutrition and in the production of colours, perfumes and alcohol. Lichens have also been used in traditional medicine to treat diseases such as jaundice, pulmonary, stomach and cranial diseases. In this study the acetone extracts of three lichens, Parmelia caperata, Parmelia sulcata and Parmelia saxatilis, were tested for their antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer potential. RESULTS: Of the lichens tested, P. saxatilis had the highest free radical‐scavenging activity (55.3% inhibition). Moreover, all tested extracts showed effective reducing power and superoxide anion radical scavenging. Strong relationships between total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant effects of the tested extracts were observed. The extract of P. sulcata was most active in terms of antimicrobial ability, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 0.78 to 12.5 mg L^?1. All extracts were found to have strong anticancer activity, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 9.55 to 22.95 µg mL^?1. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that the tested lichen extracts exhibited strong antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer effects. This suggests that lichens may be used as possible natural antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer agents. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

甜橙精油的化学成分、抑菌和抗氧化活性研究

采用气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）对甜橙精油的挥发性成分进行分析,通过抑菌圈实验和试管二倍稀释法对其抑菌效果、最低抑菌浓度（MIC值）进行测定,采用3种方法（DPPH、ABTS和FRAP）对甜橙精油的抗氧化活性进行体外评价。结果表明:甜橙精油含有101种组分,鉴定出50种成分,主要为脂肪族（5.96%）和萜类化合物（78.39%）;甜橙精油对6种供试菌均有较明显的抑制作用,其中对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制作用最强（MIC值7.5μL/m L）,绿色木霉最弱（MIC值15μL/m L）;甜橙精油对DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基有明显的清除作用,样品量与清除率间呈量效关系。      

竹叶精油组分构成及其抑菌活性的研究

目的研究竹叶精油的化学组分构成,并考察其体外抑菌活性。方法以食品常见腐败菌(枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和酿酒酵母)作为供试菌,采用平板打孔法对竹叶精油的抑菌活性进行研究;并通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术对竹叶精油的组分构成进行分析鉴定。结果竹叶精油共鉴定出41个化合物,含量占挥发性成分总量的97.36%,主要成分为棕榈酸(19.35%)、植物醇(10.54%)和二十五烷(9.89%)等。竹叶精油对4种供试菌株均有抑制作用,研究发现大肠杆菌是最敏感的,其最小抑菌浓度为0.56 mg/mL。结论本研究可为竹叶精油在食品工业中的深入利用提供一定的理论技术支持。     

Bioactivities of essential oil and extract of Thymus argaeus,Turkish endemic wild thyme

BACKGROUND: Thymus argaeus Boiss. & Bal. (Lamiaceae), an endemic plant species of Turkey known as wild thyme, is traditionally used as a spice and a wild tea in the Inner Anatolia region of Turkey. In this study the composition of the essential oil and the antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of the methanolic extract and essential oil of T. argaeus were determined. RESULTS: The main components of the essential oil were linalool (499 g kg^?1), α‐terpineol (150 g kg^?1), linalyl acetate (97 g kg^?1) and thymol (94 g kg^?1). The total phenolic, flavanol and flavonol contents of the extract were 83.31 ± 0.59 mg gallic acid equivalent g^?1, 6.26 ± 0.00 mg catechin equivalent g^?1 and 28.81 ± 0.21 mg rutin equivalent g^?1 respectively. The antioxidant activities of the extract and essential oil determined by the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical‐scavenging method were 830.18 ± 0.42 and 20.47 ± 2.3 mg g^?1 respectively. The antimicrobial activities of the extract and essential oil against 13 bacteria and two yeasts were studied by the agar diffusion method. The micro‐organisms most sensitive to the essential oil were Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while the micro‐organism most sensitive to the extract was P. aeruginosa. CONCLUSION: Only the extract of T. argaeus could be used as a natural antioxidant, while both the extract and the essential oil could be useful as natural antimicrobial agents in food preservation. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

天然调味香料众香子精油的抗氧化性能及清除自由基能力研究

文章研究了众香子精油的总体抗氧化能力、清除超氧阴离子自由基能力、清除羟基自由基能力,并与合成抗氧化剂没食子酸丙酯(PG)进行了比较。实验结果表明,在一定浓度范围内,众香子精油清除超氧阴离子自由基的能力和清除羟基自由基的能力均强于PG。从而说明众香子精油具有良好的抗氧化效果。     

白豆蔻精油超临界CO2萃取工艺优化及挥发性成分分析

以白豆蔻为原料,利用水蒸气蒸馏（SDE）法和超临界流体萃取（SFE）法提取白豆蔻精油。以萃取率为评价指标,采用单因素试验及正交试验优化萃取工艺,并采用气质联用（GC-MS）法分析两种提取方法所得白豆蔻精油的组成。结果表明,最佳萃取工艺条件为：萃取压力25 MPa、萃取温度50 ℃、CO2流量14 mL/min、提取时间4.0 h。在此优化条件下,SFE提取白豆蔻精油得率为6%,为SDE提取精油的1.5倍。GC-MS分析结果表明,共检出挥发性化合物158种,其中SDE和SFE提取精油中分别检出97种、111种,独有化合物分别有47种、61种,共有化合物有50种。两种提取方法所得精油的组成相似,主要成分有桉叶油醇、α-蒎烯、4-异丙基甲苯、顺式十五烯酸、棕榈酸等,但含量差异较大。结果表明SFE是提取白豆蔻精油的有效方法。     

Some studies on the effect of maturity and storage on the chlorophyll content and essential oils of the cardamon fruit (Elettaria cardamomum)

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) is generally harvested immature in Sri Lanka. The effect of maturity on the appearance of the capsule (including chlorophyll content), essential oil content and composition is reported here. With increase in maturity all the above parameters were altered. The notable changes were increased volatile oil and chlorophyll content. The main effect on volatile oils composition was an increase in 1,8 cineole content and a decrease in α-terpinyl acetate content. A preliminary study on storage showed that neither oil content nor composition varied significantly and that on controlling moisture content chlorophyll losses were retarded.