Influence of distribution voltage control methods on maximum capacity of distributed generators

Recently, the number of distributed generators (DGs) connected to distribution systems has been increasing. It is important to know how large a generator output is permitted when the generators are connected to a distribution system with regulation of the line voltage, the line current, and the power factor of the generator connection point. The authors demonstrate differences of maximum output of the DGs caused by various voltage control systems in a short‐length system and a long‐length system by load flow calculation. The voltage regulation systems include the following six types: no control equipment, SVC (Static Var Compensator), existing SVR (Step Voltage Regulator), reverse flow type SVR which operates even in reverse flow, existing SVR and SVC, and reverse flow type SVR and SVC. A synchronous generator is considered as a DG in this paper. The calculation results show that the DG's maximum output is about 3300 kW in a short‐length system and about 540 kW in a long‐length system. However, the DG's maximum output increases to about 3750 kW on installing a SVC, and the SVC's capacity decreases on replacing an existing SVR with a reverse power flow type SVR in the long‐length system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(1): 8–17, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20050     

A theory of maximum capacity of distributed generators connected to a distribution system using electric power density model

Recently, the number of distributed generators (DGs) connected to distribution systems has been increasing. System operators should know the maximum capacity of DGs that can be connected without problems to one feeder of the system in order to control the system appropriately. Many studies of the maximum capacity of the DG have been presented, but they have produced limited results calculated by a typical or average‐value model. However, many DGs will access one feeder if deregulation of the electric power industry is accelerated in the near future. In order to deal with this situation, the authors have derived a general formula to calculate the range of the maximum DG capacity per feeder. Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. In order to deal with sets of DGs that are dispersed completely on the distribution line, the authors have derived a differential equation for the complex power and one for the voltage drop, which are expressed as functions of distance from the substation. The general formula to calculate the range of the maximum DG capacity connected to the system is determined by solving these equations under the constraints of the line voltage, the line current, and the power factor of the DGs. By a numerical analysis, the authors have calculated the maximum capacity of DGs depending on many parameters, such as the length of the feeder, the DG power factor, and the like. In a short‐length system, the maximum DG capacity is governed by the current constraint, but in a long length system, it is governed by the upper voltage constraint. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(3): 18–28, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20330     

含分布式电源的配电网潮流计算

分布式电源（DG）的发展给传统的电力系统注入了新的活力。文中介绍了DG与电网互联的3种常见接口形式,对异步发电机、无励磁调节能力的同步发电机和燃料电池等几种典型DG的运行方式和控制特性进行了研究,建立了各自在潮流计算中所需的数学模型,并在此基础上提出了基于灵敏度补偿的配电网潮流计算方法,该方法适合包含各种不同DG形式的多电源配电系统。将提出的方法用于90节点配电系统进行测试,测试结果表明该方法是可行的。     

计及电压调节和分布式电源的配电网潮流分析

在分布式电源和电压及无功调节装置的基础上,提出了放射形配电网的新型潮流计算方法。建立分布式电源在潮流计算中所采取的适当节点模型和调压设备模型;分析了分布式电源对馈线自动调压器(SVR)的调压性能的影响,建立了SVR的潮流计算模型。对传统前推/回代算法进行有效的改进,使之快速有效地适应于多节点类型、多设备的配电网系统潮流算法。最后以28节点配电系统为例进行计算分析,仿真计算结果检验了本文提出的算法的有效性,并通过仿真结果分析了分布式电源、无功调节电源对配电网电压分布、电能损耗的影响以及分布式电源对电压调节装置的影响。     

A generalized power flow analysis for distribution systems with high penetration of distributed generation

In this paper, the element incidence matrix has been extended to develop a comprehensive three-phase distribution system power flow program for radial topology. Three-phase overhead or underground primary feeders and double-phase or single-phase line sections near the end of the feeder laterals have been considered. Unbalanced loads with different types including constant power, constant current and constant impedance are modeled at the system buses. Substation voltage regulator (SVR) consisting of three single phase units connected in wye or two single-phase units connected in open delta are modeled to satisfy the desired voltage level along the feeder. The mathematical model of distributed generation (DG) connected as PQ and PV buses are integrated into the power flow program to simulate the penetration of DGs in the distribution systems. The proposed method has been tested and compared with different IEEE test feeders result. The developed algorithm has been used to study the impact of both SVR and high penetration of DG on voltage profile and system power losses.     

三相不平衡配电网不确定性分布式电源运行域仿射求解算法

高不确定性分布式电源(DG)的大量并网,给配电网安全、可靠运行带来了极大挑战。DG运行域可为DG的接入位置提供参考依据,并可实时监控配电网的运行安全,实现预警和预防性控制。提出了一种三相不平衡配电网中不确定性DG运行域的仿射求解算法。利用基于仿射算术的潮流计算求取节点电压关于DG出力不确定变量的近似线性表达式,综合考虑馈线容量、反向潮流以及电压表达式的安全范围等约束条件,构建三相不平衡配电网的DG运行域的优化求解模型,继而求取配电网中各DG的运行域边界。通过对改进的IEEE 123三相不平衡系统进行仿真,并与近似精确的仿真逼近法进行对比,验证了所提求解算法的准确性及高效性。     

Active coordinated operation of a distribution network system for many connections of distributed generators

Recently, the total number of distributed generators (DGs) such as photovoltaic generation system and wind turbine generation system connected to an actual distribution network has increased drastically. The distribution network connected to many distributed generators must be operated keeping reliability of power supply, power quality, and loss minimization. In order to accomplish active distribution network operation to take advantage of many connections of DGs, a new coordinated operation of distribution system with many connections of DGs is necessary. In this paper, the authors propose a coordinated operation of distribution network system connected to many DGs by using newly proposed sectionalizing switch control, sending voltage control, and computation of available DG connection capability. In order to check the validity of the proposed coordinated operation of distribution system, numerical simulations using the proposed coordinated distribution system operation are carried out in a practical distribution network model. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(3): 46–57, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20655     

分布式发电对配电网电压的影响

分布式电源(DG)接入配电网会对其产生多方面的影响。通过运用潮流程序进行分布式电源接入配电网前后电压分布的计算,研究了分布式电源接入辐射型配电网络前后负荷节点电压的变化。运用Matlab仿真软件,对接入配电网的分布式电源出力变化、接入位置变化以及功率因数变化的分别进行了仿真实验,较全面的分析了分布式电源的接入位置、出力限制等方面对配电网电压的影响。     

计及多约束的多分布式电源接入配电网最大承载力分段算法

分布式电源(DG)大量并网给电能质量带来风险,评估DG接入配电网的最大承载力对DG规划具有指导意义。建立了多DG接入配电网承载力评估的优化模型:目标为DG并网容量最大,约束涉及电压偏移、电压波动、短路电流和继电保护的相关技术标准。针对该模型,提出了基于约束指标相对于DG容量灵敏度的单约束和多约束协调分段计算方法。基于不同的DG初始值,分段计算可分别采用倒推和顺推2种计算流程进行。最后计算分析了辐射型配电网在多约束多个不同类型DG情况下的系统最大承载力,表明了所提方法在计算精度和效率方面的优越性。     

Finding optimal SVR placement in distribution systems using power density model

In long distribution systems, Step Voltage Regulators (SVRs) are installed to regulate the system voltage. There are some papers on finding optimal placements of SVRs in the system. However, there is no analytic method that focuses on the voltage margin, that is, the optimal placement with respect to the system voltage. The authors propose a method of finding the placement of an SVR so that the voltage margin from the upper (or lower) voltage limit is the largest under heavy load. In order to deal with sets of loads that are dispersed over the entire distribution line, we derive the differential equation of the complex power and that of the voltage drop, which are expressed as functions of distance from a substation. The voltage profile is obtained as a cubic equation by solving the voltage equation if the load distribution is trapezoidal. The method of finding the optimal SVR placement distinguishes three modes with three different voltage profiles. One is the case in which the transformation ratio of the SVR is small and the system length is short, one is the case in which the transformation ratio of the SVR is large and the system length is short, and the third is the case in which the transformation ratio of the SVR is large and the system length is long. The optimal placement and tap position of the SVR are calculated by solving the above‐mentioned equations in these three modes. It is confirmed that the proposed analytical method is appropriate by model calculation results. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(4): 11–21, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20481     

分布式电源接入城市配电网规则分析

为减轻分布式电源接入对城市配电网产生的负面影响,国内外制定了一些分布式电源并网准则,以保证分布式电源的安全有效接入,但这些并网规则的制定依据并没有明确给出。为此,以天津城区典型的35 kV 高压、10 kV中压和400 V低压配电网为例,计算分析接入分布式电源对城市配电网线路载流量和母线电压的影响,给出分布式电源并网规则中关于接入容量和接入电压等级要求的依据,并讨论分布式电源接入配电网后对电压偏差、频率偏差、谐波及三相不平衡度等方面的电能质量的影响及其要求和依据。     

含分布式电源的配电网双层分区调压策略

针对高渗透的分布式电源(DG)在配电网络中造成逆功率潮流引起的电压越限问题,提出了一种基于改进Fast-Newman算法的配电网双层分区调压策略.改进的Fast-Newman算法引入了考虑DG接入位置以及无功/有功-电压灵敏度矩阵的改进模块度增量,可将分布式配电网进行更为细致合理的划分.双层分区调压策略首先通过改进的F...     

Restraint method of voltage total harmonic distortion in distribution network by power conditioner systems using measured data from IT switches

The amount of distributed generation (DG) such as photovoltaic systems and wind power generator systems installed in distribution systems has been increasing because of reduction of the effects on the environment. However, harmonic problems in the distribution system are a concern in the context of increased connection of DGs through inverters and the spread of power electronics equipment. This paper proposes a method for the restraint of voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) in a whole distribution network by active filter (AF) operation of multiple power conditioner systems (PCSs). It also proposes a method for determination of the optimal gain of AF operation so as to minimize the maximum value of voltage THD in the distribution network by real‐time feedback control with measured data from information technology (IT) switches. In order to verify the validity of the proposed method, numerical calculations are carried out using an analytical model of a distribution network of interconnected DGs with PCSs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 182(3): 19–29, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.22354     

考虑电能质量的分布式电源优化配置

针对大量电力电子设备投入电网造成严重电能质量问题的现状,提出考虑谐波畸变和电压暂降损失的分布式电源(Distributed Generator,DG)优化配置方法。该方法以DG配置成本、有功损耗、电压暂降损失最小为目标函数,并在满足配网潮流等式和不等式约束的基础上增加谐波畸变限值的约束条件,建立多目标优化模型,最后采用非劣排序遗传算法(Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II,NSGA-II)求得最优配置方案。通过IEEE 33节点配电网络对此配置算法进行仿真验证,结果证明该方法得到的DG配置方案可有效降低谐波畸变率、暂降损失及网络损耗。     

含分布式电源的三相不平衡配电网潮流计算

根据配电网三相不平衡的实际情况,为准确计算各种分布式电源(distributed generation,DG)并入配电网后的潮流问题,文章基于前推回代法,提出了可处理PV和PQ节点模型DG的三相不平衡潮流算法。按照配电网拓扑结构,利用支路分层技术,加快了潮流计算速度。在处理PV节点模型DG时,将电压正序分量幅值作为电压调节参数,计算电压正序分量幅值和额定电压幅值差,得到PV节点的无功补偿量,将DG由PV节点运行模型转换为PQ节点运行模型。IEEE 34节点系统算例结果验证了该算法的正确性。最后,通过分析DG对电压的调节和无功补偿能力,研究了不同类型DG对配电网电压的影响。     

Distributed-series compensator for controlling voltage in distribution line with clustered distributed generations

A method of controlling voltage profile in distribution line with many distributed generations (DGs) using distributed-series compensator (D-SC) is proposed. These DGs are assumed to be clustered photovoltaics (PVs) which are installed at residential area. A large power injected by PVs may result in reverse power flow from PVs to main source, which can lead to overvoltage in the distribution line. To mitigate this problem, it is proposed to install D-SCs close to pole transformer of the distribution line. A D-SC is a series compensator that can imitate characteristic of negative resistance and reactance, while reverse power flow occurs in distribution line. This is carried out by injecting active and reactive power to the distribution line through voltage injection. Providing active power for the D-SC is done by a bidirectional rectifier which is connected to the secondary side of a pole transformer. The effectiveness of the proposed method is achieved by the improvement of voltage profile with small capacity of D-SC and bidirectional rectifier. Theoretical analysis is discussed and simulation results are shown to verify the proposed method. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Coordinated voltage control of transformer taps with provision for hierarchical structure in power system

Participation of distributed generators (DGs), such as wind turbines, cogeneration systems, etc., is a natural trend from an ecological point of view and will continue to increase. The outputs of these DGs mainly depend on weather conditions but do not correspond to the changes of electrical load demand necessarily. On the other hand, due to deregulation of the electric power market, the power flow in a power system will uncertainly vary with several power transactions. Thus, complex power flow by DGs or transactions will cause voltage deviation. It will be difficult to sustain the voltage quality by using conventional voltage/reactive power control in the near future. In this paper, in order to avoid such voltage deviation and to decrease the frequency of transformer tap operations, the coordinated voltage control scheme of transformer taps on account of hierarchical structure in the power system is proposed. In the proposed scheme, integral of voltage deviation at each layer bus is applied to decide the timing of each transformer tap operation. Numerical simulations confirm that the proposed scheme is able to respond to every condition on voltage deviation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(4): 48–55, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20531     

含分布式发电的配电网潮流计算

分布式发电的引入,不可避免地对配电网运行和安全产生很大影响,因此必须对含分布式发电的配电网潮流进行计算和调整。引入了基于参与因子调整的分布式松弛母线模型,应用牛顿拉夫逊法求取基于网损灵敏度的参与因子,通过参与因子计算变电站和各个分布式发电参与有功网损分配的贡献,从而形成含分布式发电的配电网潮流计算方法。该方法充分考虑了负荷分配,以及功率不平衡量由多个松弛节点分摊。将所提方法在多个测试系统进行了仿真计算,经与常规潮流算法比较可知,所提方法是有效的。     

考虑静态安全约束的分布式电源准入容量计算

分布式电源的接入给配电网带来了一系列影响,在大量分布式电源亟待并网运行的趋势下,研究一个系统能够承受的分布式电源容量具有重要意义。该文分析了分布式电源对配电网电压分布和线路潮流的影响以及分布式电源并网位置和功率因数对准入容量的影响,从电力系统静态安全约束的角度出发,建立了计算分布式电源准入容量的数学模型。对于多个分布式电源的情况,提出了准入容量计算的双层优化模型和相应的优化求解算法,并通过对实际配电系统进行分析,验证了该方法的正确性和有效性。     

Optimal Control of Voltage in Distribution Systems by Voltage Reference Management

Recently, renewable energy technologies such as wind turbine generators and photovoltaic (PV) systems have been introduced as distributed generations (DGs). Connections of a large amount of distributed generations may cause voltage deviation beyond the statutory range in distribution systems. A reactive power control of DGs can be a solution of this problem, and it also has a possibility to reduce distribution loss. In this paper, we propose a control methodology of voltage profile in a distribution system using reactive power control of inverters interfaced with DGs and tap changing transformers. In the proposed method, a one-day schedule of voltage references for the control devices are determined by an optimization technique based on predicted values of load demand and PV power generation. Reactive power control of interfaced inverters is implemented within the inverter capacity without reducing active power output. The proposed method accomplishes voltage regulation within the acceptable range and reduction of distribution loss. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by simulations. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.