Electromagnetic analysis coupled with motion for high‐speed circuit breakers of eddy current repulsion using the tableau approach

Electromagnetic field analysis coupled with motion using the tableau approach has been applied to high‐speed circuit breakers of eddy current repulsion mechanisms. This breaker has an opening time of 1 ms and break time less than 1 cycle (20 ms). The driving part of the breaker is composed of electromagnetic repulsion mechanisms and disk springs with nonlinear characteristics. The mechanisms are composed of two fixed coils and one repulsion plate. A numeric experiment has been applied to investigate the dynamic behavior of the electromagnetic repulsion mechanism using the equivalent circuit method. Calculation results were in good agreement with both measurement results and calculation results by FEM on an experimental model. In addition, repulsive forces depending on material conductivities have been researched. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 152(4): 8–16, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20149     

Vibration signal analysis for condition monitoring of puffer‐type high‐voltage circuit breakers using wavelet transform

Nowadays, the goals of electrical supply utilities are to reduce equipment failures, extend service life, increase equipment reliability, and reduce their related operating and maintenance costs. The high‐voltage circuit breaker is an important element in the electrical network. In order to determine or to detect abnormal conditions inside a circuit breaker, powerful vibration analytical techniques have been proposed. In this paper, a vibrational analysis is carried out by analyzing the signal in the time–frequency domain under no‐load switching operations with a commercially available high‐voltage puffer‐type circuit breaker without opening its major parts. Vibration of the circuit breaker poles, operating mechanism, and various monitored parameters were recorded under normal and variable operating conditions. Moreover, a synthetic mechanical damage introduced deliberately is also investigated. The experimental result indicates that mechanical defects can be detected by analyzing the vibration signal. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Relationship between current waveform just before current zero and interruption ability of high‐speed VCB

A high‐speed vacuum circuit breaker which forces the fault current to zero was investigated. The test circuit breaker consisted of a vacuum interrupter and a high‐frequency current source. A vacuum interrupter with an axial magnetic field electrode and a disk‐shaped electrode was tested. The arcing period of the high‐speed vacuum circuit breaker is much shorter than that of a conventional circuit breaker. The arc behavior of the test electrodes immediately after the contact separation was observed by a high‐speed video recorder. The relation between the current waveform just before the current zero point and the interruption ability was investigated experimentally by varying the high‐frequency current source. The results demonstrate the interruption ability and the arc behavior of the high‐speed vacuum circuit breaker. Effective current interruption is made possible by a low current period just before the current zero point, even though the arcing time is short and the arc is concentrated. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 172(2): 20–27, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20915     

Series resonant ZCS‐PFM DC‐DC power converter with high‐frequency high‐voltage transformer link for high‐power magnetron drive

This paper presents a single lossless inductive snubber‐assisted ZCS‐PFM series resonant DC‐DC power converter with a high‐frequency high‐voltage transformer link for industrial‐use high‐power magnetron drive. The current flowing through the active power switches rises gradually at a turned‐on transient state with the aid of a single lossless snubber inductor, and ZCS turn‐on commutation based on overlapping current can be achieved via the wide range pulse frequency modulation control scheme. The high‐frequency high‐voltage transformer primary side resonant current always becomes continuous operation mode, by electromagnetic loose coupling design of the high‐frequency high‐voltage transformer and the magnetizing inductance of the high‐frequency high‐voltage transformer. As a result, this high‐voltage power converter circuit for the magnetron can achieve a complete zero current soft switching under the condition of broad width gate voltage signals. Furthermore, this high‐voltage DC‐DC power converter circuit can regulate the output power from zero to full over audible frequency range via the two resonant frequency circuit design. Its operating performances are evaluated and discussed on the basis of the power loss analysis simulation and the experimental results from a practical point of view. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 153(3): 79–87, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20126     

快速直流断路器中操动机构的仿真研究

直流输电电压等级的提高使之研制出相应的直流开断装置意义重大;而断路器操动机构的可靠性直接影响着其开断性能。笔者针对直流开断装置中断路器的操动机构展开研究,建立了一种基于电磁驱动、永磁弹簧保持的电磁斥力机构仿真模型,对其电磁-结构耦合过程和电磁-机械运动耦合过程进行了分析。仿真结果表明:当分闸电容的充电电压为4000 V时,电磁斥力机构的电磁斥力峰值约为128 kN,金属盘的平均速度能达到3.7 m/s。金属盘的应力峰值出现在靠近驱动轴一侧(内侧),并从内侧至外侧逐渐减小。进一步设计并研制了实验样机,并通过实验对仿真结果进行了验证,两者具有较好的一致性。     

真空断路器弹簧操动机构的动力学仿真分析

建立了真空断路器弹簧操动机构虚拟样机模型,在凸轮机构接触副碰撞函数中采用变刚度系数对断路器的分/合闸过程进行仿真分析。仿真得到绝缘拉杆和动触头的行程及速度特性曲线,同时对断路器进行分/合闸操作试验测得相应的运动特性,并将仿真结果与试验结果进行对比分析,仿真输出与试验结果吻合较好。进一步与凸轮机构接触副碰撞函数采用常数刚度系数动力学仿真结果进行速度及加速度等瞬态特性比较分析表明,在弹簧操动机构中引入变刚度系数的虚拟样机模型具有真实性和必要性。为优化设计、疲劳分析及整体可靠性提供依据和指导。     

CMOS high‐precision loser‐take‐all circuit

This paper presents a new current‐mode CMOS loser‐take‐all circuit. The proposed circuit consists of a basic cell that allows implementation of a multi‐input configuration by repeating the cell for each additional input. A high‐speed feedback structure is employed to determine the minimum current among the applied inputs. The significant feature of the circuit is its high accuracy and high‐speed operation. Additionally, the input dynamic range of the circuit can be efficiently controlled via the biasing current. HSPICE simulation results are presented to verify the performance of the circuit, where under a supply voltage of 2.5 V, bias current of 100 µA, and frequency of 10 MHz, the input dynamic range increases within 0–100 µA and the corresponding error remains as low as 0.4%. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Analysis of high‐frequency oscillations in voltage transformers

High‐frequency oscillations in voltage transformers are analyzed by the FFT method, using an equivalent lumped circuit. Such an analysis has been regarded as difficult because the transformers used in high‐voltage distribution systems have a large number of turns. The constants of the equivalent circuit are evaluated on a turn‐to‐turn basis. The frequency domain analysis is followed by time domain analysis using the FFT technique. Both characteristics are verified by an experiment on a 6.6‐kV voltage transformer. The nature of the high‐frequency oscillation is shown for a simpler model. It is found that the interlayer voltage becomes highest at the entrance to the incoming surge. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(1): 8–15, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20643     

Application study of a high‐temperature superconducting fault current limiter for electric power system

Using high‐temperature superconductors, a superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) was fabricated and tested. The superconductor and a vacuum interrupter serving as a commutation switch were connected in parallel with a bypass coil. When a fault occurs and excessive current flows, the superconductor is first quenched and the current is transferred to the bypass coil because of the voltage drop of the superconductor. At the same time, since a magnetic field is generated by the current flowing in the bypass coil, the commutation switch is immediately driven by an electromagnetic repulsion plate connected to the driving rod of the vacuum interrupter (VI), and the superconductor is separated from this circuit. Using the test model, we were able to separate the superconductor from the circuit by the movement of the VI within a half current cycle and to transfer all current to the bypass coil. Since the operation of the commutation switch is included in the current limiting operation of this test model, it will be a useful circuit in the development of SFCL in the future. Moreover, since it can make the energy consumption of the superconductor small during the fault state due to the realization of a high‐speed switch with simple composition, the burden on the superconductor is reduced compared with the conventional resistive type of SFCL and it is considered that the flexibility of SFCL design is increased. Cooperation with a circuit breaker was also considered; trial calculations of the parameters and energy of operation were conducted and a discussion of the installation of the SFCL in an electric power system is presented. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(4): 20–29, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20265     

126kV真空断路器的运动建模与优化设计

根据对真空断路器运动原理的分析,建立了126kV真空断路器的动力学模型.提出了一种新的方法来设计真空断路器产品的运动特性,该方法利用多体动力学仿真软件ADAMS 建立真空断路器产品的虚拟样机模型,对真空断路器的分、合闸过程进行仿真分析,通过对样机模型结构和力学等参数的修改,最终实现产品的优化设计.仿真结果也验证了该方法的有效性.     

12 kV真空断路器永磁直线电机操动机构特性分析

为解决12 kV真空断路器(Vacuum Circuit Breaker, VCB)传统操动机构和旋转电机操动机构结构复杂、可靠性低、动作分散性大以及有槽直线电机操动机构定位力引起推力脉动、振动、噪声及速度控制退化等而导致其难以精确分、合闸的问题,提出无槽圆筒形永磁直线同步电机操动机构。根据12 kV真空断路器分、合闸特性要求,对无槽圆筒形永磁直线同步电机(Slotless Tubular Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor, STPMLSM)的结构和参数进行设计,推导出其数学模型。利用有限元法对该电机操动机构的静、动态特性进行仿真分析,得到启动过程中电磁推力与时间的关系,分合闸过程中断路器动触头行程与时间、速度与时间的关系。结果表明:所设计的电机操动机构结构参数能够满足断路器分合闸特性要求,且推力波动得到有效抑制,为各电压等级断路器采用此类电机操动机构提供可靠依据。     

Insulation technology in dry air and vacuum for a 72‐kV low‐pressure dry‐air insulated switchgear

A new 72‐kV rated low‐pressure dry‐air insulated switchgear applying electromagnetic actuation and a function that supports CBM has been developed. First, the dielectric characteristics in dry air under lightning impulse application were investigated for bare and insulator‐covered electrodes. The dependence of the breakdown electric field strength on the effective area was found in order to apply it to the configuration design of the insulation mold for the vacuum interrupter. In addition, the dependence of the moisture volume on the surface resistance was found in order to decide the moisture volume in the gas pressure tank. Next, a new vacuum circuit breaker (VCB) was designed. To keep the dimensions the same as in the previous 72‐kV SF₆ gas insulated switchgear, the distance between contacts in the vacuum interrupter must be shorter than in the previous switchgear. The voltage withstand capability between electrodes practically designed for the vacuum interrupter was investigated under DC voltage application, in a small capacitive current breaking simulation. The gap configuration, including contacts and slits, was optimized and the distance was shortened by 11% from the previous switchgear. As a result, the new low‐pressure dry‐air insulated switchgear was designed to be comparable in external size to the previous SF₆ gas insulated switchgear. Using dry air as an insulation medium with low pressure makes it possible to reduce the environmental burden. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 175(1): 18–24, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21058     

An accurate power delivery system (PDS) design methodology for high‐speed digital systems

The trend in high‐speed digital circuits is to increase speed and density and to operate at lower voltage. This fast increase in the switching speed combined with the decrease of the operating voltage causes the allowable absolute voltage variations to decrease, which makes the PDS design a more challenging task than ever. Moreover, the complex 3D nature of the modern PDS causes it to be more sensitive to capacitors' placement as well as capacitance value. In this paper, we introduce an efficient complete solution for the design of high‐speed digital PDS. This solution (a) takes the effects of the decoupling capacitor placement into consideration through a 3D electromagnetic simulation of the PDS, (b) defines a more‐realistic PDS design target, and (c) presents a clear capacitor value selection methodology. Finally, we applied our methodology to an industrial test case, compared its results with that of industrial design, and showed its advantages. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

适用于直流断路器的大电流快速开关分闸特性

快速开关分闸稳定性是影响直流断路器开断性能的关键要素。文中对大电流快速开关的双弹簧永磁操动和电磁斥力双动机构的分闸过程,用有限元方法进行电磁、热和位移等多物理场耦合计算,分析了永磁操动机构驱动线圈是否有必要投入以及不同驱动线圈电流对双动机构分闸特性的影响。结果表明：在永磁操动机构驱动线圈投入的情况下,可提前将永磁吸力抵消,进而避免电磁斥力因做功时间较短而引起分闸回弹现象;由于分闸初期电磁斥力非常大,永磁操动机构驱动线圈的投入对分闸初期的速度影响较小;在电磁斥力消失后,永磁操动机构驱动线圈电流在一定范围内越大,到达额定开距的速度越大,为避免其造成分闸反弹,应合理选择驱动线圈电流值。将仿真结果与实际样机分闸特性曲线进行对比,二者具有较好的一致性,验证了仿真方法的正确性。     

利用合闸复位时间差提高高压断路器弹簧操动机构合闸锁扣可靠性

合闸锁扣机构是高压断路器弹簧操动机构保持合闸状态的重要组成部分。当今广泛用于126 kV断路器上的CT20弹簧操动机构在操作更大负载的断路器时可能偶尔出现合闸保持不住的现象。为了解决这个由于合闸锁扣机构造成的问题,笔者提出了复位时间差的概念,即合闸保持过程中合闸锁扣机构的大掣子和小掣子达到稳定状态的时间差。通过增大复位时间差可以提高合闸锁扣机构的可靠性,并分析了对合闸复位时间差有影响的参数。通过ADAMS软件仿真得到,增大合闸保持大掣子弹簧的预压力可以有效地增大复位时间差,增大小掣子弹簧的预压力以及减小小掣子弹簧的刚度,可以有效地减小弹跳对合闸复位可靠性的影响,从而降低出现合闸保持不住现象的概率。该研究结果可以为改进CT20弹簧操动机构的合闸锁扣机构提供参考。     

Opening characteristics of high current fast switch for DC circuit breaker北大核心

The stability of opening process of fast mechanical switch is the key factor affecting the breaking performance of DC circuit breaker. Based on the finite element method, the multi-field coupling calculation of electromagnetic, thermal and momentum is carried out for the opening process of high current fast switch with permanent magnet operating mechanism and electromagnetic repulsion mechanism. The influence of the driving coil input for the permanent magnet operating mechanism and different driving coil currents on the opening process of double-action mechanism are analyzed. The calculation results show that the permanent magnet suction force can be cancelled in advance when the driving coil of the permanent magnet operating mechanism is put in, thereby avoiding the opening spring back phenomenon caused by the electromagnetic repulsion force due to the short working time. Because the electromagnetic repulsion force is very large at the initial stage of opening,the driving coil input of the permanent maanet operating mechanism has little influence on the initial speed of opening. After the electromagnetic repulsion disappears, the greater the driving coil current of the permanent magnet operating mechanism is, the greater the speed to reach the rated opening distance after the electromagnetic repulsion force disappearing. In order to avoid opening rebound phenomenon, the current value of the driving coil should be selected reasonably. The comparison between the simulation results and the opening process characteristic curves of the actual prototype shows that two curves are in good agreement, which verifies the correctness of the simulation method. © 2023, Editorial Department of Electric Power Engineering Technology. All rights reserved.     

旋转双断点塑壳断路器机构的动态仿真与优化

应用虚拟样机技术商业软件ADAMS创建了旋转式双断点塑壳断路器操作机构的动力学模型,并进行了动态仿真.在此基础上,研究了弹簧刚度系数、连杆的相对位置、杆件的质量等因素对分断速度的影响.以操作机构的关键轴的位置为设计变量,进行了机构的优化设计,为国内开发新一代低压塑壳断路器提供参考.     

中压真空断路器操作机构的发展及应用

随着中压真空断路器路器的广泛应用,其运行可靠性越来越得到关注。真空断路器的可靠性主要取决于操作机构的性能和可靠程度。对几种常见操作机构的工作性能及优缺点进行分析比较,阐述了操作机构的发展和应用。     

35kV真空断路器永磁操动机构的研制

文章给出了真空断路器永磁操动机构的磁场计算方法，分析了永磁机构中的磁场分布和铁心受力。在计算的基础上研制了35kV真空断路器永磁操动机构样机并进行了实验。该永磁机构采用了圆柱形双稳态永磁机构，并通过对线圈和弹簧的设计与调试得到了满意的断路器分合闸性能。     

具有串并联结构的模块化多断口真空断路器静动态电压分布特性

为向基于光控模块的多断口真空断路器的静态、动态绝缘特性设计提供参考,建立三维有限元分析模型,计算126 kV U型布置的三断口真空断路器的静态电位分布和真空灭弧室内部的电场分布。利用110 kV振荡型合成试验回路,进行低电压、小电流三断口串联断路器样机的开断试验,测量三断口的瞬态恢复电压分布。计算和试验结果表明:三断口真空断路器的静态和动态电压分布不均匀,高压端断口的静态分压超过65%,串联样机进行试验时底部可以不安装支架;高压端断口的动态分压(瞬态恢复电压峰值)超过60%,1 000 pF均压电容可以满足低电压、小电流开断均压要求,高电压、大电流开断情况需进一步验证。