基于微分环的输电线路雷电流非接触式测量方法

雷电流的测量在电网雷电防护中至关重要,获取准确的雷电流大小以及波形才能采取正确的防雷保护措施。针对当前输电线路雷电流安全准确测量的难题,将脉冲功率测量技术中被广泛应用的微分环应用于输电线路雷电流的测量,提出了基于微分环的非接触式输电线路雷电流测量方法,并介绍了微分环测量雷电流的原理以及基于微分环的雷电流测量传感器的设计。实验室中冲击大电流的试验表明:针对不同的测量距离,通过选择适当的微分环尺寸及微分环匝数采用合理的屏蔽措施,并结合自积分,则该传感器能够准确反映被测电流的波形及幅值,且其具有安全性高、抗干扰能力强、线性度好、测量精度高等特点。最后基于FDTD建立了雷击输电线路的三维模型,对雷击瞬态磁场传播特性进行了仿真分析。结果表明:雷击输电线路时,杆塔周围的瞬态磁场能够准确地反映各导线上的电流波形及幅值情况,说明基于微分环的输电线路雷电流测量方法是可行的。     

光学电压传感器分压结构的缺陷及改进方法

现有的光学电压传感器多基于光功率检测模式,其测量范围与测量灵敏度受到电光晶体半波电压的限制。纵向调制的多片晶体叠层结构可以解决半波电压限制的问题,但仅适用于1 000 kV电压等级。此外,仿真结果表明这一结构中晶体内的电场分布极不均匀,受震动与热胀冷缩等因素的影响,光路或晶体的相互位置易产生偏移而引入积分电压误差。文中以110 kV电压等级为例,对多片晶体叠层结构进行了改进,简化了传感系统的结构,并将MgTiO₃陶瓷按照一定的要求安装在锗酸铋(BGO)晶体的外部以改善晶体的内电场分布,可以把积分电压误差从0.275%降低至0.01%以下。改进后的结构可用于各种电压等级。最后,通过实验验证了新方法的有效性。     

光学电压互感器偏光干涉测量模式:(一)常见偏光干涉测量模式局限性分析

现有的光学电压互感器(OVT)大多基于电光晶体的Pockels效应,即电光晶体在外加电场的作用下其折射率发生变化,使得沿某一方向射入晶体的线偏振光产生电光相位延迟,延迟量与外加电场成正比。由于无法实现对晶体电光相位延迟的直接测量,通常采用偏光干涉测量模式,将相位延迟转变为光强调制,通过对光强的检测实现电压测量。这种测量模式反映了光功率的大小,但仅能近似线性地测量有限的电光相位延迟,其稳定性与可靠性受到温漂、晶体附加相位延迟、半波电压等问题的限制,无法满足电力系统的实用要求。文中分析了偏光干涉测量模式的局限性,并对双光路补偿法进行了讨论。     

Electric field measurement just beneath a surface discharge by optical‐waveguide pockels sensors

Although surface discharges are one of the principal kinds of phenomena associated with faults in electrical apparatus, they have not yet been fully elucidated. Electric field measurements in and around a corona streamer during the creeping advance of a surface discharge are very helpful in analyzing discharges. Pockels crystals have been used in the optical measurement of electric fields, and an optical waveguide technique has been successfully used to miniaturize the sensors. Electric field measurements are made just beneath a surface discharge with an optical waveguide Pockels sensor installed on a PMMA plate and output signals expressing the development of the discharge are obtained. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 145(2): 28–34, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10185     

光学电压互感器的电场分布对测量的影响

基于Pockels效应的光学电压互感器(OTV)中电极间的电场分布对电压的测量结果影响很大。用有限元法计算了纵向和横向调制情况下用BGO晶体作为传感介质的OTV的电场分布,讨论了电场的不均匀性对测量结果的影响。计算表明:在不均匀电场中,OTV的标度因数与均匀电场条件下的估算值有出入;OTV的标度因数将随入射光线的位置和角度变化而变化,会影响测量的稳定性;纵向调制比横向调制优越,因为纵向调制利用的是对称中轴附近的电场,均匀性较好,而横向调制利用的电场将受到边缘效应的干扰。     

雷电压及雷电流组合测量技术研究

在国内外．雷击事故严重威胁到电网的安全。对输电线路上雷电流和雷电压波形的测量系统进行研究,对电网防雷具有重要意义。研究了直接测量高压输电线路上雷电流和雷电压波形的组合测量传感器。其电流传感器采用自积分Rogowski圈;电压传感器采用自积分式电容分压器的原理,使用Rogowski圈的铝屏蔽壳作为高压臂电容的极板。8／20μs的标准雷电流和上升时间250rls的冲击电流试验表明,本文研制Rogowski线圈具有较好的频率响应特性和稳定的较小的灵敏度。冲击电压试验表明,所研制的电压传感器可较为准确地测量0．5／49μs和1．2／66μs冲击电压波形。该组合测量技术符合雷电测量要求。     

The potential use of optical sensors for the measurement ofelectric field distribution

An optical sensor using the Pockels effect can be a useful measurement tool in electrical applications where mapping distributed E-fields is required. Results from electric field tests with a 2 m sphere, and the voltage distribution of a 1100 kV cascaded test transformer are presented to demonstrate its utilisation. These results show that the optical sensor, due to its inherent dielectric link to the data acquisition electronics, can be utilized as a research tool in the measurement of the voltage distribution on high-voltage insulation systems     

基于光学传感的交直流混合场一体化测量实现

针对交、直流混合场测量的问题,文中基于电光晶体Pockels效应设计了旋转式光学传感元件,该设计不仅适用于测量交直流混合场,而且抑制了测量中的波动和误差。分别推导了旋转式光学电场传感器测量直流电场、交流电场以及混合场时的传感原理。为了区分不同频率下的电场强度,将Hilbert-Huang时频变换技术应用到光学电场测量,并且给出不同频率下的测量方案。在光学一体化传感器标定后,对混合场进行测量,实验数据表明,所提出的光学电场一体化测量机制适用于准确地测量交、直流混合场。     

Distortion-free measurement of high impulse voltages

It is shown that every high voltage divider has a limited bandwidth of some MHz, resulting in a limitation for the measurement of front oscillations or front-chopped lightning impulse voltages. It is pointed out that a voltage divider can be easily calibrated and can be constructed to prevent EMC-problems during impulse voltage measurement. Using a spherical electric field sensor with optoelectronic data transmission, a voltage measurement system with an upper bandwidth of 25 MHz has been constructed. The advantage of this system is the distortion-free measurement of all impulse test voltages in any circuit. After a short review of the principle and characteristics of the sensor, some practical applications are highlighted, showing that it can improve high-voltage measurement     

特快速暂态过电压光学测量系统的设计

提出一种应用Pockles效应的特快速暂态过电压(VFTO)光学测量方法。通过光学敏感头感应一次VFTO信号,并将电压的变化信息通过光缆传输至电气单元进行解析,最终得到实际电压。该传感器采用光学测量方式,具有可靠性高、抗干扰能力强、测量精度高、测量频带宽的优点。设计制作的新型光学传感器的低频截止频率低于10 Hz,高频截止频率高于1 GHz。对隔离开关操作所引发的VFTO进行了测量试验,通过同步触发装置同时采集两侧安装的光学传感头和电容式传感头信号,对比验证了VFTO光学测量方法的可行性。试验结果表明:光学测量方式与电容式测量方式均反映了刀闸分合闸的过程,2种方式的分合闸持续时间测量结果吻合较好;电容式测量方式测得的VFTO振荡幅度明显小于光学方式的测量结果,光学测量方式在高频段性能要优于电容式测量方式。     

Development of an optical instrument transformer for DC voltagemeasurement

This paper deals with the principles, design, assembly, testing results and practical application of a new type of optical voltage instrument transformer based on the Pockels effect, developed for the measurement of DC voltage, with a view to the protection and control of DC power transmission systems including frequency changer power equipment. In order to develop more accurate devices, the authors conceived a new scheme capable of overcoming the particular problems of DC voltage measurement which cause measurement errors. In this scheme, the DC voltage to be measured is chopped and applied to the Pockels crystal. An optical DC voltage instrument transformer was developed and tested using this scheme. The results of the factory tests showed that the characteristics of the new device conform with the required specifications of DC voltage instrument transformers for the protection and control of frequency changer power equipment. The results of field tests conducted for 1 year at an operating frequency conversion substation confirmed that the device is of adequate reliability     

Pockels high-voltage measurement system

The practical use of optical sensors to measure direct high voltages can be limited by their high sensitivity. A new optical high voltage measurement technique for applying to high voltage levels up to 400 kV in a wide bandwidth between DC to 30 MHz is developed. A prototype of the optical voltage transformer is assembled using Pockels crystals in a multisegmented arrangement, a super luminescent diode (SLD) light source and a special optical fiber link. A good performance of linearity and accuracy is obtained for DC, AC, lightning impulse and step voltage measurements, In addition, an excellent agreement is observed between the measured and predicted values     

光电集成强电场测量系统及其应用研究

为研发高性能强电场测量系统,在分析高压电场测量的特殊要求后,介绍了光电电场测量系统的基本原理、最新进展及其在高压测量领域的优势。通过对光电集成电场测量系统及传感器体系结构、关键参数的分析,研制了一种光电集成强电场传感器并测量它的输入输出特性。用研制的测量系统测量棒板间隙击穿过程冲击电场与复合绝缘子工频场,证明光电集成电场测量系统在高压测量研究领域的广阔应用前景。     

特高压输电线路雷击闪络电流的测量

为测量雷电参数,提出一输电线路杆塔的雷电流实测系统即在绝缘子串杆塔侧金具上钳套罗果夫斯基型电流传感器,测量雷击时的闪络电流,进而算出雷电流幅值;以110kV同杆双回线路为例,分析了反击和绕击时闪络电流的频谱,从而确定了传感器的测量频带。实验室中冲击大电流试验研究传感器及测量系统准确性、稳定性和线性度的试验表明:该测量系统能准确反映各种波形的冲击电流幅值,且稳定性和线性度很好。     

光电传输系统在电力系统测量中的应用

相对于传统的采用电缆传输测量信号的方式,采用光电传输系统传输测量信号具有良好的绝缘性能和抗电磁干扰特性,因而其在电力系统测量领域具有广阔的应用前景。光电传输系统一般由发射电路、光纤和接收电路三部分组成,根据信号调制和解调方式的不同,在电力系统测量中可将光电传输系统分为调幅方式、压频(V/F)转换方式和模数(A/D)转换方式三种。本文在介绍光电传输系统组成及结构的基础上综述了这三种方式的光电传输系统在电力系统电压、电流、电场强度、泄漏电流以及雷电流等测量中的应用,并分析了光电传输系统应用于电力系统测量中需进一步解决的一些问题。相信随着技术的进步以及电力自动化的发展,光电传输系统在电力系统测量中必将得到越来越广泛的应用。     

基于电场逆问题的高压输电线电压传感器技术与试验研究

提出了一种高压电网中电压测量的新方法,通过电场逆问题计算,采用电荷感应原理研制了一种电子式高压输变电设备的新型电压传感器。对工频电场逆问题进行了推导,给出了电压计算流程并设计了传感器初步模型,并在无线长直输电线下进行了电场畸变影响误差分析。最后,在搭建的高压试验平台下对所研发的传感器进行了电场畸变影响的误差分析试验和交流电压测量对比试验。结果表明,在长直导线下的电压传感器受电场畸变影响较小,测得的电压有效值具有较高的精度,传感器测量电压波形失真度小,相位和幅度误差较小。     

基于Pockels效应的大气电场测量研究

为解决常用场磨式大气电场仪体积大、机械磨损严重、易受电磁干扰、测量带宽窄等问题,在研究分析Pockels效应原理的基础上,提出应用Pockels效应来测量大气电场的方法。对晶体、光源的选择及传感器设计中出现的问题进行了分析,设计了一种基于Pockels效应原理的脉冲电场传感器,该传感系统包括稳定高效的光源、Pockels晶体探头、数据采集及处理电路。通过模拟仿真,说明了这种测量方法是可行的,为进一步研制大气电场测量传感器,提高其性能提供了理论依据。     

Experimental proof of voltage‐current waveform sensor output of resin molded type for measurement of power factor and harmonics in general power distribution system

We have proposed a voltage‐current sensor of resin molded type for measurement of the power factor and harmonics. To understand the characteristics of the conventional prototype sensor and the problems of its practical use, we conducted a finite element analysis. Problems involving the cost and practical usage of the sensor were identified. Therefore, we have redesigned the prototype sensor, incorporating the current sensor designed on the basis of the FEM and a ready‐made voltage sensor. In this paper, we describe feasibility field experiments with the present sensor in a practical 6.6‐kV distribution system and show that the sensor can measure the power factor and harmonics of horizontal and vertical power line systems successfully. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 178(3): 1–10, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21213     

A new lightning protection system for wind turbines using two ring‐shaped electrodes

Wind turbines are often struck by lightning because of their special shape, their tall structure and their being placed in the open air. Besides seriously damaging the blades, lightning results in accidents in which low‐voltage and control circuit breakdowns frequently occur in many wind farms worldwide. Although some reports, such as IEC TR61400‐24 and NREL SR‐500‐31115, have indicated a methodology for protection against such accidents, a standard solution to these problems remains to be established. The author, focusing on a method for protection of low‐voltage and control circuits in a wind tower, proposed a new lightning protection system with two ring‐shaped electrodes attached to the wind turbine. The proposed system has two ring‐shaped electrodes of several meters diameter, one vertically attached to the nose cone and the other laterally placed at the top of the wind tower lying just below the nacelle. The pair of rings is arranged with a narrow gap of no more than 1 m in order to avoid mechanical friction during rotation of the blades and the nacelle's circling. When lightning strikes a blade, the current reaches the upper ring from a receptor through a conductive wire. Then, the electric field between the two rings becomes high and finally sparks over and the lightning current flows downwards. The current propagates along the lower ring and the grounding wire, which is arranged outside of the wind tower rather than inside, and is safely led to a grounding electrode placed far enough away from the tower's grounding system. In this paper, the author describes a basic experiment using a 1/100 downsized model, and also discusses the concept behind the present system. The result of the downsized experiment provides evidence of an effective advantage for lightning protection. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Development of Fiber-Optic Voltage Sensors and Magnetic-Field Sensors

The principle, temperature characteristics, and frequency characteristics of fiber-optic voltage sensors and magnetic field sensors are reported, along with the results of an aging test on these sensors. The fiber-optic voltage sensor utilizes the "Pockels" effect of Bi12SiO20 single crystal and the fiber-optic magnetic-field sensor utilizes the "Faraday" effect of ZnSe polycrystal and Bi12SiO20 single crystal. The basic performance of these sensors has been investigated from the perspective of their use as parts in electrical apparatuses. In addition, in this paper some practical applications in electrical substations and transmission lines are presented. These include a fault section detecting system for gas insulated transmission line (GIL), an optical voltage transformer and optical current transformer which are embedded in gas insulated switchgear (GIS), and a surge voltage receiving system.