不同乳酸菌发酵豆乳的研究进展

发酵豆乳是利用单一或复合乳酸菌发酵制成的一种类似于酸奶的健康饮品。乳酸菌发酵豆乳可以极大程度的降低豆腥味,延长保藏期,还可以保留豆乳的营养价值,同时乳酸菌还可以调节人体肠道的微生态平衡,是一种价格低廉,功能丰富的健康饮品。该文对发酵豆乳的营养保健功能及发酵菌株形式进行了综述。     

乳酸菌耐酸耐胆盐机制的研究进展

乳酸菌作为一种优良益生菌对人体具有重要的生理功能,它对胃肠道的耐受性是其发挥生理功能的基本前提。乳酸菌耐酸特性是多种机制共同作用的结果,包括双组分信号转导系统、维持胞内外p H平衡,细胞膜组成变化,蛋白质、DNA损伤修复等;耐胆盐特性主要与自身的胆盐水解酶、表层蛋白有关。对于乳酸菌耐酸耐胆盐机制的研究已有诸多报道,本文根据已有研究结果,对乳酸菌的耐酸耐胆盐机制进行综述。      

乳酸菌的抗氧化活性和耐酸耐胆盐性能的研究

以清除DPPH自由基和还原能力为指标,对实验室保藏的25株乳酸菌的菌体和无细胞提取物进行体外抗氧化性研究;将抗氧化性强的10株乳酸菌,进行对模拟胃液酸度和肠道胆盐的耐受性研究,比较不同乳酸菌株的抗氧化和耐酸耐胆盐能力,为开发功能性乳酸菌食品提供理论依据。研究表明:不同属和同属的不同菌株的乳酸菌抗氧化能力和耐酸耐胆盐存在差异,且其抗氧化活性物质存在部位不同。比较发现干酪乳杆菌GL-2抗氧化性高且耐酸耐胆盐。干酪乳杆菌GL-2菌体浓度为109cfu/mL时,菌体和无细胞提取物DPPH自由基清除率分别为37.22%、42.78%,还原活性分别相当于104.84、107.10μmol/L L-半胱氨酸;pH=3.0的酸性缓冲溶液处理2h后存活率均达100%,在改良MRS培养基（胆盐为0.5%（W/V））处理4h存活率为0.35%。      

耐胆酸盐、降胆固醇乳酸菌的筛选

从乳酸发酵制品和发酵菌剂中分离纯化获得了25株菌，通过显微镜形态观察、革兰氏染色反应和石蕊牛奶试验证实其中10株为乳酸菌。进一步比较了这些菌株和Streptococcus thermophilis，Lactobaccillus bulgaricus的胆酸盐耐受能力以及对牛奶中胆固醇的作用效果。结果表明，多数乳酸菌可耐受低质量分数(0．1％)的胆酸盐，可以不同程度的降低牛奶中的胆固醇含量；但在含有质量分数为0．3％胆酸盐时，只有少数乳酸菌对牛奶中降胆固醇的能力有所提高。     

人源乳酸菌耐酸耐胆盐能力及降胆固醇作用研究

利用选择性培养基、人工胃液及含胆盐培养基,从如皋长寿地区的人群肠道中分离筛选出耐酸耐胆盐能力较强的乳酸菌,并研究其降胆固醇能力及方式。结果表明,分离筛选的60株乳酸菌在pH 3.0的人工胃液中存活率均30%;来源于中年组、老年组及长寿组的乳酸菌存活率分别为69%,71%,70%,均显著高于青少年组(P0.05);在0.3%及0.5%胆盐培养基中的存活率均20%,老年组及长寿组的乳酸菌在0.3%胆盐培养基中的存活率分别为53.85%,55.26%,均显著高于青少年组和中年组(P0.05);来源于长寿组的乳酸菌降胆固醇能力显著高于中年组(P0.05),其中,乳杆菌属与魏斯氏菌属的胆固醇降解率显著高于肠球菌属(P0.05),其降胆固醇的主要方式为细胞吸收和共沉淀。来源于长寿地区人群的乳酸菌耐酸耐胆盐能力及降胆固醇能力较强,其中长寿组的乳酸菌要高于其他年龄组。     

具有胆固醇去除能力和胆盐水解酶活性的乳酸菌的体外筛选

对分离自内蒙古传统稀奶油或酸化稀奶油中的10株乳酸菌进行了胆固醇去除能力和胆盐水解酶活性的研究(定性和定量),筛选出了3株具有较高胆固醇去除能力和胆盐水解酶活力的乳酸菌菌株,分别为KLDS6.0330、KLDS6.0333和KLDS6.0335,并对它们进行16SrDNA分子生物学鉴定、酸耐受性和胆盐耐受性的测定。结果表明:这3株菌均为植物乳杆菌(L.Plantarum),并且表现出了较好的酸耐受性和胆盐耐受性。     

Microbiological,physicochemical and rheological properties of fermented soymilk produced with exopolysaccharide (EPS) producing lactic acid bacteria strains

Growth of Lactobacillus plantarum 70810, Lactobacillus rhamnosus 6005 and a commercial yogurt starter culture in soymilk was investigated in the present study. It was found that the fermented soymilk using L. plantarum 70810 had significantly higher viable cell counts, water holding capacity (WHC, 88.27%), apparent viscosity (1840.35 mPa s) and exopolysaccharide (EPS) amount (832.15 mg/L) than the other two starter cultures in soymilk. Direct observation of microstructure in fermented soymilk indicated that the network structures of EPS-protein could improve the texture of fermented soymilk. Considering that the beneficial effects of L. plantarum 70810 in fermented soymilk, volatile compounds in fermented soymilk were further identified. Then the growth and fermentation characteristics of L. plantarum 70810 including changes in viable cell counts, pH, titratable acidity, apparent viscosity and EPS production during storage were investigated. In comparison to original soymilk base, the concentrations of the characteristic flavor compounds for fermented soymilk using L. plantarum 70810 increased, whereas hexanal, 2-pentylfuran and 2-pentanone in relation to beany flavor of soymilk decreased. In addition, fermented soymilk using L. plantarum 70810 maintained high viable cell count (>10⁸ cfu/mL), apparent viscosity (966.43 mPa s) and amounts of EPS (635.49 mg/mL) during storage at 4 °C for 21 days.     

胆盐水解酶的研究现状

阐述了胆盐水解酶(BSH)的功能、特性以及对宿主微生物产生的影响;介绍了胆盐水解酶基因、基因调节及同系物;讨论了胆盐水解酶未来研究方向和应用的前景。     

Conversion of isoflavone glucosides to aglycones in soymilk by fermentation with lactic acid bacteria

ABSTRACT:  Four lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Lactobacillus paraplantarum KM, Enterococcus durans KH, Streptococcus salivarius HM and Weissella confusa JY, were isolated from humans and tested for their capabilities of converting isoflavone glucosides to aglycones in soymilk. Changes in growth, pH, and titratable acidity (TA) were investigated during fermentation at 37 °C for 12 h. After 6 to 9 h of fermentation, each population of 4 LAB reached 10⁸ to 10⁹ CFU/mL. The initial pH of 6.3 ± 0.1 decreased while the TA of 0.13%± 0.01% increased as fermentation proceeded, resulting in the final range between 4.1 ± 0.2 and 4.6 ± 0.1 for pH and between 0.51%± 0.02% and 0.67%± 0.06% for TA after the 12 h of fermentation. The glucoside concentrations were significantly decreased in soymilks fermented with either L. paraplantarum KM, S. salivarius HM, or W. confusa JY with fermentation time ( P < 0.05). L. paraplantarum KM was the best in percent conversion of glucosides to corresponding aglycones, resulting in 100%, 90%, and 61% hydrolysis of genistin, daidzin, and glycitin, respectively, in 6 h. Consequently, the aglycone concentrations in soymilk fermented with L. paraplantarum KM were 6 and 7-fold higher than the initial levels of daidzein and genistein, respectively, after 6 h of fermentation. Changes in the daidzin and genistin levels were not significant in soymilk fermented with E. durans KH. The rates of hydrolysis of glucosides varied depending on the species of LAB. Especially, L. paraplantarum KM seems to be a promising starter for bioactive-fermented soymilk based on its growth, acid production, and isoflavone conversion within a short time.     

纯种乳酸菌接种发酵辣椒综合品质特性研究

为了获得高产γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）且综合性能优良的乳酸菌,以10株乳酸菌作为出发菌株对发酵辣椒进行纯种接种发酵,采用逼近理想解排序（TOPSIS）法分别从发酵产酸、抑菌性、亚硝酸盐积累以及生成γ-氨基丁酸能力等方面进行多因素综合评价。结果表明,发酵乳杆菌与食果糖乳杆菌的产酸速度较好,最终产酸量分别为0.020 8 g/100 g、0.020 3 g/100 g;乳链球菌和戊糖乳杆菌对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用最明显,其抑菌圈直径d=11 mm;乳酸片球菌产亚硝酸盐能力最弱,最终含量为1.7 mg/kg;食果糖乳杆菌与乳酸片球菌产GABA能力强,分别为1.97 mmol/L、1.86 mmol/L。采用TOPSIS法对10株菌种进行多因素综合评价,最终得到发酵乳杆菌与食果糖乳杆菌为综合品质特性较好的发酵优良菌株。     

Transformation of isoflavone phytoestrogens during the fermentation of soymilk with lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria

In the present study, soymilk is fermented with lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus BCRC 14085, Lactobacillus acidophilus BCRC 14079) and bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium infantis BCRC 14633, B. longum B6) individually, and in combination. The change in the content of various isoflavones (aglycones, glucoside, acetyl- and malonyl-glucosides) and the beta-glucosidase activity in soymilk during fermentation is investigated. It is observed that fermented soymilk contains a lower total isoflavone content (81.94-86.61 microg/ml) than soymilk without fermentation (87.61 microg/ml). Regardless of starter organism employed, fermentation causes a major reduction in the contents of glucoside, malonylglucoside and acetylglucoside isoflavones along with a significant increase of aglycone isoflavones content. The level of change in the content of various isoflavones and beta-glucosidase activity after fermentation varies with the starter organism. Among all the fermented soymilks tested, soymilk fermented with S. thermophilus showed the highest beta-glucosidase activity and the greatest increase in the contents of aglycones. The percentage of daidzein, genistein and glycitein to total isoflavone content in S. thermophilus-fermented soymilk increases from an initial 14.24%, 6.89% and 2.45%, respectively, to 36.20%, 28.80% and 12.44% after 24h of fermentation. Finally, the increase of aglycones and decrease of glucoside isoflavones during fermentation coincides with the increase of beta-glucosidase activity observed in fermented soymilk.     

发酵酸鱼中乳酸菌的鉴定及特性分析

该研究以分离自酸鱼发酵后期的乳酸菌菌株LP224为研究对象,采用形态学观察、生理生化试验和分子生物学技术对其进行菌种鉴定,采用K-B药敏纸片扩散法和聚合酶链式反应（PCR）法对其耐药性和抗性基因进行检测,并研究其生长特性及耐受性。结果表明,菌株LP224被鉴定为植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）,其对头孢曲松、链霉素、环丙沙星、磺胺异噁唑、万古霉素、林可霉素等6类15种抗生素耐药,基因组DNA检测出ermC和tetG2种抗性基因,而细菌质粒未检测到抗性基因,说明该菌株相对安全。菌株LP224经55℃水浴处理30 min后存活率为35.06%;p H2.5环境下存活率为52.60%;0.3%胆盐浓度下存活率为31.67%,说明该菌株具有较强的耐热、耐酸、耐胆盐能力。     

耐酸耐胆盐益生菌的筛选及其益生特性研究

该研究采用浓香型白酒原酒为主要原料研发低度艾草酒。浓香型白酒原酒在80 ℃、-65 kPa条件下减压蒸馏,去除蒸馏釜中残液并收集中段馏出液。与原酒相比,中段馏出液中的乙醛、甲醇分别降低了32%、77%,酯类物质总含量提升89%,酒精度从67%vol提高至85%vol,以此为基酒浸渍艾草新鲜茎叶,并对浸渍条件进行优化。结果表明低度艾草酒的生产工艺为料液比5∶100（g∶mL）,在20～25 ℃条件下浸渍新鲜艾草茎叶5 d,无菌纱布过滤,添加纯净水降度至30%vol。经检测,该低度艾草酒含有相对含量为0.33%的石竹烯、0.40%的桉叶油醇、0.09%的天然樟脑、0.06%的4-萜烯醇、0.06%的2-茨醇、0.02%的马鞭草醚等活性成分,且常温储存3个月外观及风味仍保持稳定。该研究结果为以浓香型白酒为基酒生产特色露酒提供了新的途径。     

牦牛酸乳中耐酸耐胆盐乳酸菌的分离筛选和鉴定

通过对青海地区采集的牦牛酸乳中乳酸菌的分离鉴定,共获得48株乳酸菌。以生长旺盛且可用于食品的11株乳酸菌为研究对象,进行人工胃液和胆盐耐受性评价。结果表明,有6株菌株在pH 3.00人工胃液中存活率50.00%,2株菌株在0.30%胆盐中生长率15%。其中鼠李糖乳杆菌2016SWU.05.0601为最佳抗性菌株,在人工胃液中存活率为119.53%,在0.30%胆盐中生长率为41.64%。     

传统发酵酸牛奶中乳酸菌多态性分析

以从内蒙古呼伦贝尔市牧区采集的1份传统发酵酸牛奶样品为研究对象,对其进行乳酸菌的分离鉴定。通过传统纯培养法分离出17株菌,并对17株菌进行16SrDNA序列分析、多位点pheS序列分析和生理生化鉴定,鉴定的结果为11株乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种、1株格式乳球菌、1株粪肠球菌、2株植物乳杆菌植物亚种及2株弯曲乳杆菌。乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种为优势菌(占总分离菌株的64.7%)。     

发酵马肉中乳酸菌的分离筛选与鉴定

从发酵马肉中分离纯化出7株乳酸菌,对它们的主要发酵特性如耐盐、耐硝、产黏液、产气等进行了测定,并比较了它们在不同温度下的生长和产酸情况以及发酵过程中的pH变化,发现其中3株乳酸菌具有较好的发酵特性,如生长快、产酸快,能够耐6%NaCl、耐150mg/kgNaNO2,不产气、不产氨,H2O2实验、H2S实验、V-P反应均为阴性等,符合发酵肉制品生产菌种的要求,经形态观察和碳源利用实验,初步鉴定其中2株为肉杆菌、1株为德氏乳杆菌。     

果蔬发酵饮料的研制

采用保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌混合菌种进行单一果蔬汁及复合果蔬汁发酵制作果蔬乳酸发酵饮料及果蔬乳酸发酵型果冻。用不同的实验方案，确定最佳的工艺流程及配方。得到外观均一稳定，口感、风味独特的饮品。     

江西酸芋荷中乳酸菌的分离鉴定及在泡菜发酵中的应用

以江西省赣州客家常见传统发酵食品酸芋荷为样品,采用MRS-碳酸钙培养基筛选出具有明显溶钙圈、产酸量较大的15株细菌。通过生理生化特征分析及16S rRNA基因序列比对、构建系统发育树,鉴定为8株植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）,5株短乳杆菌（Lactobacillus brevis）,2株干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei）。对15株乳酸菌进行耐酸、耐胆盐、耐盐能力测定,筛选得到性能优良的乳酸菌菌株A03c4、A03d1。人工接种乳酸菌A03c4、A03d1发酵泡菜,缩短了发酵时间,改善了传统发酵泡菜的品质。本研究为乳酸菌泡菜发酵剂开发的菌种选育提供了依据。     

酸和盐胁迫对乳酸菌活性的影响

该研究以13株食品常见乳酸菌为研究对象,考察酸和盐胁迫对其活性的影响,探究这13株乳酸菌的最适酸、盐生长条件及耐酸、耐盐能力。结果表明,适当的低盐浓度（1%、2%）对部分乳酸菌的生长有促进作用,植物乳杆菌和副干酪乳杆菌的最适盐浓度为1%,保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌的最适盐浓度为2%;盐浓度进一步增大,13株乳酸菌的生长受到抑制;盐浓度为10%时,除戊糖片球菌、乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种、嗜热链球菌和乳酸片球菌外,其余9株菌的生长抑制率都＞95%。当pH值为5～7时,13株乳酸菌都生长良好,pH=6时,7株乳酸菌活性均最高;随着酸胁迫的增强,13株乳酸菌生长受抑制程度增大;pH为1～3时,13株乳酸菌的生长抑制率都＞90%,高盐及高酸对9株杆菌的抑制作用强于4株球菌。     

臭味发酵食品中益生菌分离鉴定及功能性研究

目的分析臭味天然发酵食品中常见益生菌种类。方法本实验从臭味天然发酵食品中选取了4种常见益生菌株,并对耐酸耐胆盐能力、抗药性进行了研究。结果 4株益生菌株经16S rDNA分子鉴定为鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus)、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)和粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)。嗜酸乳杆菌在pH 4的培养基培养16 h后,其相对OD_(600 nm)值为51.13%,具有较强的耐酸能力。植物乳杆菌在0.3 g/L和0.6 g/L胆盐质量浓度下培养16 h后,其相对OD_(600 nm)值分别为98.88%、66.22%,具有较强的耐胆盐能力。实验结果表明这2株菌的耐药性都低于鼠李糖乳杆菌和粪肠球菌。结论植物乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌为耐酸耐胆盐低耐药性特点的益生菌株。