火麻籽及其油的理化性质研究

为了开发和利用火麻籽资源,以甘肃和宁夏火麻品种为原料,采用常规及仪器方法对火麻籽的主要营养成分、氨基酸组成及其油的脂肪酸组成和理化指标进行了分析测定.结果表明:甘肃和宁夏的火麻籽三维尺寸和物理特性比较接近,甘肃火麻籽的含油量大于宁夏的品种;两个品种火麻籽油的主要脂肪酸均为4种,不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量约为88％,其中α-亚麻酸相对含量均在20％以上;两个品种火麻籽的蛋白质含量相当,其氨基酸组成基本一致且比例合理;两个品种火麻籽的矿物质含量相当,但主要矿物质元素含量差别较大.火麻籽含有多种营养成分,具有较好的开发利用前景.     

茶叶籽油理化特性及脂肪酸组成初步研究

利用索氏抽提法从4种茶叶籽中提取油脂,对茶叶籽油理化特性进行测定,并用气相色谱法测定4种茶叶籽油脂肪酸组成;结果显示,茶叶籽油脂肪酸主要由棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸等组成,其中油酸60.89%～64.35%、亚油酸14.41%～20.55%,油酸和亚油酸之和为75.30%～84.90%,表明茶叶籽油具有较高营养价值,开发前景广阔。     

生物柴油原料油的理化性能指标分析

对17种生物柴油原料油分别进行密度、运动黏度、硫含量、酸值和氧化稳定性等性能指标的分析测定。结果表明:密度相差不大,其密度(20℃)在0.89~0.93 g/cm3之间,且随温度升高而降低;运动黏度均超过30 mm2/s,地沟油的最大,达到62.64 mm2/s;硫含量均相对较低,芝麻油的硫含量最高,达到201.48 mg/L;酸值(KOH)相差较大,大豆油的最低,为1.31 mg/g,地沟油的最大,达到164.47 mg/g,经过720 d的存放,小桐子油和橡胶籽油的酸值是原来的5.58倍和5.53倍;蓖麻籽油的氧化稳定性最好,诱导期时间达到39.10 h,地沟油的最差,诱导期时间为1.07 h,在两年的存放时间内,小桐子油诱导期时间从15.90 h降为5.24 h。     

不同地区茶叶籽油理化指标及脂肪酸组成的比较分析

茶叶籽油是我国新批准的新型可食用植物油,目前人们对其了解和研究还比较有限.为丰富茶叶籽及茶叶籽油的研究数据,选用了我国9个地区的茶叶籽及其所制得的茶叶籽油进行研究.结果表明:不同地区茶叶籽的粗脂肪含量差异较大,范围在22.6％ ～ 33.1％之间,淀粉含量也与地域有关;不同地区茶叶籽油的酸值和过氧化值两个评价植物油品质最为重要的指标差异较大,而相对密度、碘值和皂化值差异不大;茶叶籽油中共检出棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸、硬脂酸、亚麻酸和花生酸6种脂肪酸,且不同地区含量存在差异,湖北和湖南的茶叶籽油中不合花生酸,福建的不合硬脂酸,茶叶籽油不饱和脂肪酸含量在80％以上,各地区之间差异不大,福建的含量最高,为84.47％,但各地区间茶叶籽油中的多不饱和脂肪酸含量差异较大,四川的最高,为29.92％.     

Physicochemical properties and bioactive compounds of selected seed oils

The physicochemical properties and chemical composition of oil extracted from five varieties of plant seeds (bittermelon, Kalahari melon, kenaf, pumpkin and roselle seeds) were examined by established methods. The thermal properties of extracted oils by differential scanning calorimetry were also evaluated. Sensorial profiles of these seed oils were defined through the CieLab (L*, a*, b*) colour. Most of the quality indices and fatty acid compositions showed significant (P < 0.05) variations among the extracted oils. Physicochemical properties of the oils extracted were iodine value, 86.0-125.0 g I₂/100 g oil; saponification value, 171.0-190.7 mg of KOH/g of oil; acid value, 1.1-12.9 mg of KOH/g of oil, free fatty acid, 0.6-6.5 g/100 g of oil, and peroxide value 1.5-6.5 meq of O₂/kg of oil. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids in all of the extracted seed oils except for bittermelon, where eleostearic acid was the major fatty acid. Gallic, protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids were identified in the extracted plant oils. Among these, vanillic acid was predominant in all extracted oils. The oils were rich in tocopherols with γ-tocopherol as the major components in all oil samples. Among the phytosterols, sitosterol was the major phytosterol extracted from the five plant seed oils. The seeds of these plants contain a great number of valuable minor compounds, which have a potential high value as food and for production of non-food products.     

Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of a synthetic cocoa butter equivalent obtained through modification of mango seed oil

This research describes the interesterification of Malaysian mango seed oil (MSO) and palm oil mid‐faction (POMF) to develop a cocoa butter equivalent. Fat blends, formulated by binary blends of palm oil mid‐fraction and mango seed oil at different ratios ({100:0}, {60:40}, {50:50}, {40:60}, {0:100}), were subjected to enzymatic interesterification. The solid fat content revealed that all interesterified blends except 100% POMF {0:100} melted completely at body temperature. The interesterified {50:50} blend exhibited a slip melting point (30.35 °C) and saponification value (186.89) close to cocoa butter (P < 0.05). Thermal behaviour analysis by differential scanning calorimetry showed fusion and crystallisation behaviour similar to cocoa butter. Moreover, both the blend and cocoa butter scavenging abilities were based on the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl assay, with the concentration required to reduce radical absorbance by 50% (IC₅₀) of 43.08% and 41.1%, respectively. Therefore, the MSO: POMF blend may have use as a health‐promoting food in human diets.     

冬瓜籽油的理化性质及成分分析

对冬瓜籽油的理化性质及成分进行分析。结果表明:冬瓜籽含油量32%,其油脂酸值(KOH)1.43 mg/g、碘值(I)106.4 g/100 g、过氧化值4.81 mmol/kg、K_(232)及K_(270)分别为0.36、0.44;紫外吸收光谱发现冬瓜籽油在290~400 nm处具有一定吸收;红外谱图显示冬瓜籽油具有与葵花籽油相似的特征吸收峰;差示扫描量热分析表明相较于富含不饱和脂肪酸油样,冬瓜籽油具有较高的熔融温度;热重分析发现冬瓜籽油在空气气氛下失重速率峰值温度与橄榄油相似;冬瓜籽油含有15种脂肪酸,主要以亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸为主,不饱和脂肪酸含量53.11%;冬瓜籽油的α-V_E、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量分别为65.2、1.11、1.20 mg/kg。     

Physicochemical properties of Kalahari melon seed oil following extractions using solvent and aqueous enzymatic methods

The physico‐chemical properties of oil from Kalahari melon seed were determined following extraction with petroleum ether and aqueous‐enzymatic methods. Two different enzymes Flavourzyme 1000 L and Neutrase 0.8 L were separately used during aqueous‐enzymatic method. The free fatty acid, peroxide, iodine and the saponification values of the oils extracted using the methods were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) different. The melting point of the oils extracted was in the range of ?18.7 °C to ?17.5 °C and no significant (P > 0.05) difference between the oil obtained from solvent and aqueous‐enzymatic extractions was observed. Enzyme‐extracted oil tended to be light‐coloured and more yellow in colour compared with solvent‐extracted oil. The predominant fatty acids in the extracted oils were linoleic acid (62.2–63.1%), with some oleic (16.8–17.1%), palmitic (11.4–12.4%), stearic (7.5–8.1%), linolenic (0.7–1.2%) and eicosenoic (0.3%). Phenolic acids in enzyme‐extracted oils were comparable to the solvent‐extracted oil. The oils extracted with these two methods were differed in the composition of their phytosterol and tocopherol contents, but no significant (P > 0.05) difference between the two enzyme‐extracted oils was observed.     

琼崖海棠籽油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

以琼崖海棠籽为原料,机械压榨法制取琼崖海棠籽油,分析了琼崖海棠籽油的理化指标,并通过气相色谱-质谱( GC - MS)联用分析其脂肪酸组成.结果表明:琼崖海棠籽油的酸值(KOH) 27mg/g,过氧化值1.184 meq/kg,折光指数(n20d)1.489 2,碘值(Ⅰ)83.96 g/100 g,水分及挥发物0.070％,灰分0.029％,皂化值(KOH) 192.3 mg/g,相对密度(d25 4疗)0.934 8;其主要脂肪酸组成是9-十八碳烯酸(27.67％),9,12-十八碳二烯酸(16.78％),9-十八碳烯酸(E)(13.54％),十八碳酸(12.92％),十六碳酸(10.77％),11,14-二十碳二烯酸(7.17％),正十六碳酸(5.24％),十七碳酸(5.13％).     

永靖紫斑牡丹籽油与凤丹牡丹籽油理化性质与脂肪酸组成分析

采用超声波辅助提取法对甘肃永靖产紫斑牡丹籽和凤丹牡丹籽中油脂进行提取,对其主要理化指标进行测定,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对其脂肪酸组成进行分析。结果表明:紫斑牡丹籽与凤丹牡丹籽得油率分别为(27.08±3.09)%和(28.69±2.69)%,紫斑牡丹籽油与凤丹牡丹籽油酸值(KOH)、碘值(I)、皂化值(KOH)、过氧化值分别为(2.13±0.08)、(2.05±0.11)mg/g;(178.13±3.18)、(172.56±3.58)g/100 g;(188.23±3.49)、(183.56±3.29)mg/g和(1.47±0.06)、(1.55±0.04)mmol/kg,符合粮食行业标准LS/T 3242—2014《牡丹籽油》。紫斑牡丹籽油与凤丹牡丹籽油的主要脂肪酸组成相似,以亚麻酸、亚油酸、油酸、硬脂酸和棕榈酸为主,不饱和脂肪酸含量均接近90%,其中ω-3系列亚麻酸的含量尤其突出,分别达到44.90%和47.48%,远高于世界卫生组织推荐的多不饱和脂肪酸含量高于8.00%的保健型营养油脂标准。综合分析,永靖紫斑牡丹籽油和凤丹牡丹籽油是优质的ω-3脂肪酸保健食用油。     

不同来源大豆水溶性多糖理化性质的研究

大豆多糖是从豆渣中提取出来的酸性水溶性多糖,具有乳化稳定性、抗黏结性、成膜性等特性,可广泛应用在食品加工中。该文使用红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱和高效液相色谱（HPLC）等仪器,测定国内外不同大豆多糖的分子键类型、紫外-可见光特征吸收、糖组分等理化特性。结果表明,国产1#样品的灰分、黏度、表面张力小,乳化性一般,蛋白、二糖、葡萄糖和果糖的含量相对较高,溶液吸光度值最大;国产2#样品的红外光谱和3#样品相近,但乳化性较差,呈碎片状,与1#、3#样品的近球状差别较大;国外3#样品的表观黏度为90.0～204.3 mPa·s,表面张力介于31.2～51.6 mN/m2,在同等条件下较1#、3#样品高;其乳化性能较好,综合颜色等因素,3#大豆多糖样品的性能最好。     

金柚柚子籽油的制备及理化性质研究

以广东梅州金柚柚子籽为研究对象,采用有机溶剂浸提法对柚子籽中的油脂进行提取,分析其脂肪酸组成、酸价、过氧化值等理化指标,并采用顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(HSSPME-GC-MS)对柚子籽油的挥发性成分进行研究,同时对柚子籽粕中多肽、多糖、多酚和黄酮含量进行了测定。结果表明:柚子籽油得率为(55. 74±1. 25)%,柚子籽油不饱和脂肪酸含量高达68. 43%,主要是亚油酸((40. 45±0. 05)%)和油酸((23. 08±0. 03)%);柚子籽油中生育酚和角鲨烯的含量分别为(56. 04±0. 36)μg/g和(4. 22±0. 22)μg/g,酸价(KOH)((0. 86±0. 16) mg/g)、过氧化值((0. 63±0. 14) mmol/kg)均较低,且在国标限量范围内;柚子籽油共鉴定出57种挥发性成分,包括烃、醇、酸、酯、醛酮、酚和含氮类化合物,赋予了柚子籽油独特的柚子香味;柚子籽粕中多肽和多糖含量较高,分别为3. 50%和3. 90%,柚子籽粕中多酚和黄酮含量较低。     

野生柳叶蜡梅籽油理化性质、脂肪酸组成及抗氧化活性研究

以成熟的野生柳叶蜡梅种子为材料,采用超声波辅助法提取籽油,测定籽油的理化性质、维生素E含量和脂肪酸组成,并以ABTS自由基清除作用和金属离子螯合作用为指标评价籽油的抗氧化活性。结果表明:野生柳叶蜡梅籽油酸价(KOH)为2. 28 mg/g、碘值(I)为109. 47 g/100 g、过氧化值为2. 03 mmol/kg、皂化值(KOH)为185. 81 mg/g、水分及挥发物为0. 82%、相对密度(20℃)为0. 927 5、折光指数(20℃)为1. 467 3、维生素E含量为109. 27 mg/kg;从野生柳叶蜡梅籽油中共鉴定出22种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(24. 28%)和14种不饱和脂肪酸(75. 37%),含量较高的脂肪酸有亚油酸(55. 60%)、棕榈酸(20. 26%)、油酸(8. 08%)、10,13-十八碳二烯酸(8. 02%);野生柳叶蜡梅籽油具有良好的抗氧化活性,对ABTS自由基清除效果优于葡萄籽油,对金属离子螯合作用弱于葡萄籽油。     

麻疯树籽油理化特性和脂肪酸组成分析

对产于我国西南部金沙江沿岸的麻疯树籽油的理化特性及主要脂肪酸组成进行了分析研究.结果表明,麻疯树籽含油量高,且富含油酸和亚油酸(70%以上);油脂碘值低,属于半干性油,特别适合做工业用油,具有较好的开发利用前景.     

柑橘籽油理化特性及脂肪酸组成研究

利用索氏抽提法从3种柑橘籽中提取油脂,并对柑橘籽油的理化特性进行了测定。利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对3种柑橘籽油的脂肪酸组成进行了分析和鉴定,每种柑橘籽油都分析鉴定出了10种脂肪酸,其中主要成分为亚油酸和油酸。柑橘籽油具有较高的营养价值,作为新油源具有一定的开发前景。     

白木通籽分离蛋白的理化与功能性质研究

以白木通籽为原料,采用碱提酸沉法,制备白木通籽分离蛋白（API）,并对其理化性质与功能性质进行了分析。结果表明:白木通籽分离蛋白含17种氨基酸,其中谷氨酸和天门冬氨酸的含量相对较高,有贮藏蛋白的共性。苏氨酸为白木通籽分离蛋白的第一限制性氨基酸。通过SDS-PAGE分析,白木通籽分离蛋白的亚基分子量范围为25～35ku。圆二色性光谱分析表明,白木通籽分离蛋白的二级结构主要由β-折叠和无规则卷曲组成,含量分别为31.2%和36.6%。白木通籽分离蛋白的等电点在pH4～5之间,在此pH范围内,蛋白的溶解性和起泡能力均最低。      

红麻籽油的理化性质及碱炼工艺研究

以6个新品种红麻籽为原料,测定其含油量并分析了红麻籽油的理化性质和脂肪酸组分,并通过正交试验优化其碱炼工艺。结果表明,红麻籽含油量(干基)在20.8%~23.4%之间。红麻籽油的脂肪酸组分以油酸和亚油酸为主,油酸含量在22.16%~28.72%之间,亚油酸含量在47.20%~54.23%之间,还含有少量的亚麻酸,总不饱和脂肪酸含量达80%,红麻籽油的各项感官指标和理化指标均符合《食用植物油卫生标准》。红麻籽油碱炼的优化工艺条件为:水化加水量为油质量的3%,碱液质量分数8%,超碱量为油质量的0.3%,碱炼温度60℃。在优化条件下,红麻籽油收率达91%。