Experimental and analytical studies on lightning surge characteristics of ground mesh

Lightning surge characteristics of a ground mesh have an influence on electromagnetic transient behaviors in low‐voltage and control circuits. This paper describes experimental and analytical studies on lightning surge characteristics of a ground mesh. The experimental studies are carried out under various conditions. The experimental parameters considered in this measurement include earth resistances, current injection points, and injection current waveforms. These measured results are compared with calculated results based on the theoretical studies by Sunde. A comparison of the measured results with the calculated results shows good agreement. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(4): 16– 23, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20559     

Effect of lightning overvoltages on low-voltage power distribution lines due to direct lightning hits to overhead ground wire

Overhead ground wires and surge arresters have been installed to protect high-voltage power distribution lines and apparatus from overvoltages induced by nearby lightning strokes. The effects of surge arresters for protection of high-voltage distribution lines against direct lightning strokes have already been investigated using the digital simulation program EMTP (Electromagnetic Transients Program). With regard to the protection of low-voltage distribution lines from overvoltages induced by lightning strokes, experimental analyses using a scale model line have been reported. This paper reports on the comparison between the experimental analyses and EMTP simulation of power distribution lines, including low-voltage lines, and the validity of EMTP simulation. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the overvoltages on low-voltage power distribution lines against direct lightning strokes to overhead ground wire using the digital simulation.     

雷电侵害DCS的途径及防范措施

2004年夏天，上海地区有4个火电厂因雷击造成DCS部分I／O摸块和外围压力，温度变进器等损坏及部分温度参数突变。引起热控设备损坏的原因有电源及信号电缆接地不良、虚接地及利用安装支架作为接地等情况。从雷电对控制设备损害情况分析，由感应雷引起的事故约占雷害事故的80％-9％。雷电对DCS的危害主要是通过直击雷和雷电电磁脉冲的冲击干扰．造成对电子设备的直接损坏。DCS防雷手段主要有防雷接地和防雷保护器，而良好的接地及尽量减小接地电阻是有效防雷的基础条件。电力行业对DCS接地电阻的要求是：采用独立接地时接地电阻应小于4Ω；采用与电气网共地时接地电阻应小于1Ω；采用防雷地、电气地、DCS地三者共地时应小于0．5Ω。     

Analysis of lightning surge propagation in wind farm

Wind power generation is expected to become more important in future distribution systems. Although several prospective reports such as IEC 61400‐24 and NREL SR‐500‐31115 indicate an insulation scheme and grounding design for lighting protection, there still seems to be too few investigations on the problems. This paper therefore discusses lightning surge analysis using a wind farm model with 2 or 10 ideal wind turbines. Changing parameters such as grounding resistance and lightning strike points, several cases were studied. As a result of the analysis using digital simulator ARENE, it is clear that the surge tends to propagate toward the end of a distribution line in a wind farm and there is the possibility of insulation accidents at the other wind turbines when lightning attacks a wind turbine. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 162(2): 30– 38, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20364     

Results of lightning impulse tests for a 275‐kV full GIS substation

This paper describes the outline and results of the lightning impulse tests for a 275‐kV full GIS substation. The behavior of lightning surges is a very important factor for the rational design of substations and low‐voltage and control circuits inside the substations. For the above reason, we carried out lightning impulse tests for a new 275‐kV full GIS substation. In these tests, we measured voltage induced in low‐voltage and control circuits, transient characteristics of grounding grid, injected voltage and current waveforms, and so on. By investigating these data, we confirmed the behavior of lightning surges inside the substation. We also compared simulated waveforms by EMTP analysis with the measured waveforms. The simulated results agreed well with the measured results. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(1): 46–58, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10230     

An impedance measurement of a small‐capacitance circuit using transient responses for lightning surge analysis

A method to measure a small capacitance with its loss resistance using a set of transient current waveforms is proposed in this paper. The parameters are obtained from the time constants in the time domain. The method has high resistance to extraneous noise, because a time‐to‐frequency transformation, which is sensitive to noise, is not required. The transient current waveforms are obtained by a voltage or current source, a current transformer, and a waveform recorder. The measured capacitance by the proposed method is not affected by the capacitance of the voltage probe, because it is obtained without any voltage information. The sheath surge impedance of the current injection cable, which is indispensable for the transient measurement, is corrected. The application of the method has the advantage in that it allows the modeling of a fast transient of a power apparatus, comparing it with the steady‐state measurement using an impedance measuring instrument. The proposed method is applied to create an equivalent circuit between electrodes implanted into a piece of wood, and its reliability is confirmed by comparison between the measured and calculated results. Stray capacitances of a miniature circuit breaker are also measured, and the results show that the proposed method is applicable to equipment in power systems. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

计算机信息系统安全防雷研究

研究了计算机信息系统的安全防雷区域的划分原则，提出了计算机信息系统防雷设备的最佳配置方案、联接方式及容量计算方法，对单级防雷和多级防雷原理进行了理论分析和实际工程应用效果的分析对比，并对防雷设计中地网接地电阻值的大小提出了新的研究见解。     

输电线路雷害分析及防雷措施

基于对黄冈电网220kV及以上输电线路历年雷击闪络故障的分析,以及找到的故障原因,提出了降低杆塔接地电阻、加装线路避雷器和安装可控放电避雷针等多种防雷措施,并进行了实施,经过实际运行验证,采取的这些防雷措施有效地降低了线路雷击跳闸率。     

500 kV变电站运行方式及工频相角对雷电侵入波过电压的影响

雷电侵入波过电压是对500kV变电站电气设备绝缘构成威胁的主要方式之一.选取典型500kV变电站,分析了杆塔与绝缘子的计算模型,并应用ATPDraw仿真软件计算500kV变电站运行方式与工频电压相角对雷电侵入渡过电压的影响.     

Switching surge overvoltages on the feeding system of a MAGLEV train

This paper investigates switching surge overvoltages due to a section switchgear between coils and a feeding cable, and surge overvoltages due to a ground fault in the feeding cable. The maximum overvoltage due to switchgear closing is about 25 kV on the coil and 15 kV on the cable sheath. The coil overvoltage becomes greater as a source voltage reaches its peak. The overvoltages due to switchgear breaking is dependent on the breaking current and they reach 115 kV on the coil and 15 kV on the cable sheath when the current is 50 A. The fault surge overvoltage is about 24 kV on the coil which is smaller than the switching overvoltage. On the other hand, the cable sheath overvoltage reaches 32 kV, which is the largest among various overvoltages investigated in this paper, and could result in sheath insulation breakdown. The coil overvoltage due to current breaking by a section switchgear may cause coil insulation breakdown when the breaking current is large. Both the coil and sheath overvoltages can be controlled to less than the insulation level by arresters. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, (4): 58–66, 1998     

雷击建筑物时的雷电流分布研究

建立了雷电流、雷电防护系统、配电变压器等配电网络的模型，利用国际通用的电磁暂态分析程序EMTP研究了TT系统（一种典型的低压与电系统）在遭受雷击时，雷电流在TT系统中的分布。并研究了单相和三相供电、不同波形的雷电流、传输线的线路阻抗对雷电流分布的影响。     

再析避雷针(线)防直击雷作用

从影响避雷针（线）保护范围主要因素及其无法定量等方面说明了世界各国的避雷针（线）保护范围计算方法均是经验公式,并就GB 50057—1994选用外国经验公式提出质疑;同时指出避雷针（线）保护范围的绕击率除应经理论、实验室分析研究外还要靠实践运行统计分析得出,并分析了实际工程中不宜设置较高的独立避雷针（线）,非金属结构屋顶应用避雷网,不宜用避雷针的原因。     

农村配电网线路和设备的防雷接地保护研究

针对1起10 kV配电变压器高压侧避雷器爆炸引起的低压侧用户电击死亡事件,分析农村配电网的防雷保护和低压配电线路上用户的电气安装等问题,并提出相应的修改措施。     

一种接地网雷电流冲击数值模型模拟的计算方法

通过傅里叶级数对双指数函数的雷电流进行分解,得到各个频率分量.在此频域特性的基础上提出一种计算接地参数的等效模型,利用电路的节点电压法得出接地网雷电冲击数值模型模拟的计算方法.根据该方法运用MATLAB进行编程,将运行的结果与权威的接地分析软件CDEGS的结果相比较,证明了提出的计算方法正确、可行.     

基于KBM法的气垫式调压室涌波显式解析解研究

调压室涌波计算是水电站引水系统设计和优化的重要内容。为解决现有调压室涌波隐式计算公式应用困难、显示计算公式通用性差等问题,本文通过建立统一的气垫式调压室室内气体体积与水位关系,考虑过渡过程流量变化状态和系统阻力、阻抗作用特点,推导出对各种体型均适用的气垫式调压室水位涌波方程,分别以稳定终了、初始稳定时刻为基准,采用KBM渐近法求得其水位涌波及相关极值的显示解析计算公式,并分析了不同基准的公式误差。这些公式求解方便,其中以稳定终了为基准的公式计算误差可控制在1%以内,且对各种体型的气垫式调压室及开敞式调压室均适用。     

海底电缆-架空线线路雷击过电压分析与计算

结合某实际海上风电场,计算了某岛屿的海底电缆-架空线线路的雷击过电压。基于对线路各部分结构的分析,在ATP-EMTP软件中搭建了仿真计算模型,利用该模型,计算了线路在不同工况下的雷击过电压,利用计算结果分析了避雷器布置方式、杆塔冲击接地电阻、海底电缆长度对雷击过电压的影响。计算和分析结果表明:当采用不同形式的避雷器布置方式时,线路首末两端的过电压均未超过海底电缆主绝缘水平;海底电缆的末端过电压随冲击接地电阻的增大而增大;海底电缆首末两端的雷击过电压值均受海底电缆长度的影响。     

Influence of Grounding Resistance Connecting to Surge Arrester on Effectiveness of Lightning Protection Caused by Direct Hit for Power Distribution Lines

In Japan, the grounding resistance of surge arresters (Arrs) for the lightning protection of power distribution lines is generally maintained below 30 Ω. Therefore, electric power companies have been spending large amounts of money on the construction and maintenance of low grounding resistances. In this paper, the influence of grounding resistance on lightning protection measures for power distribution lines with both a ground wire (GW) and Arrs is investigated by EMTP analysis and experiments. These results showed that even if the grounding resistance of Arrs becomes high, the effectiveness of lightning protection is hardly decreased. The results also indicated that it is more important for constructing a rational lightning protection system to install a large number of lightning protection devices on power distribution lines than to lower the grounding resistance of Arrs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 179(3): 10–22, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21280     

配线接地雷电感应过电压特征分析

为了解架空配电线路雷电感应过电压特征,以及穿过金属管埋地的防护措施对入侵过电压的实际衰减作用,对自然闪电发生时穿过金属管埋地前后的过电压波形进行了观测和分析。观测表明,穿过金属管埋地约50 m后过电压的波形特征基本没有变化,但其幅值有了一定的衰减。衰减效能主要与闪电的距离有关,当闪电离观测点距离约1 km时,衰减比例约20%。衰减比例随着距离的增加而降低,3～7 km的闪电衰减比例平均约为6%,衰减比例还与闪电不同的方位有关。     

关于输电线路耐雷水平的综合研究分析

雷击是危及输电线路安全可靠运行的主要因素,深入研究输电线路的耐雷水平对保证电力系统的安全可靠运行具有重要的工程意义。介绍了输电线路的雷击类型,分别分析了杆塔接地电阻、线路档距、杆塔高度、导线电压、杆塔波阻抗对输电线路耐雷水平的影响,阐述了输电线路常用的防雷措施：架设避雷线、降低杆塔接地电阻、增设耦合地线、提高绝缘等级,为输电线路耐雷水平的深入研究打下基础。     

27.5 kV电缆金属护层雷击特性的建模与仿真

基于行波理论,通过仿真计算不同分段情况下27.5 kV电缆分布式参数等效模型上雷电流波传播的速度,对比验证模型的准确性。通过理论计算确定金属护层装设护层保护器的必要性和护层保护器装设在首端的合理性。在此基础上,采用仿真软件研究雷电流波经接触网入侵电缆线芯时电缆长度、金属护层末端接地电阻和线芯末端阻抗对金属护层雷击感应电压的影响。结果表明,长度约为800 m的电缆其金属护层雷击感应电压最大值的平均值最小;接地电阻在2.5～3Ω内时,电缆金属护层雷击感应电压最大值的平均值最小,且均低于25 kV,当接地电阻超过5Ω时,外护套冲击耐受电压小于电缆金属护层雷击感应电压最大值,可导致外护套击穿;当接有较大容性阻抗或电缆末端短路,外护套冲击耐受电压远小于金属护层雷击感应电压,而接有较大感性阻抗或电缆末端开路时,金属护层雷击感应电压低于外护套冲击耐受电压。