海上固定生产平台消防泵数量配置探讨

消防泵设计是海上固定平台设计的重要组成部分。结合规范标准的要求,对海上固定生产平台不同数量的消防泵设计方案进行探讨,分析其优缺点以及适合使用的情况,给出了各种不同设计方案应该考虑的因素。并结合南海海域某固定生产平台的设计实例,对不同数量的消防泵配置进行了分析。     

Fire effluent component yields from room‐scale fire tests

Estimation of the time available for escape (ASET) in the event of a fire is a principal component in fire hazard or risk assessment. Valid data on the yields of toxic smoke components from bench‐scale apparatus is essential to accurate ASET calculations. This paper presents a methodology for obtaining pre‐flashover and post‐flashover toxicant yields from room‐scale fire tests. The data are to be used for comparison with bench‐scale data for the same combustibles: a sofa, bookcases, and electric power cable. Each was burned in a room with a long adjacent corridor. The yields of CO₂, CO, HCl, HCN, and soot were determined. Other toxicants (NO₂, formaldehyde, and acrolein), whose concentrations were below the detection limits, were of limited importance relative to the detected toxicants. The uncertainty values were comparable to those estimated for calculations used to determine ASET and were sufficiently small to determine whether a bench‐scale apparatus is producing results that are similar to the real‐scale results here. The use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was useful for obtaining toxicant concentration data; however, its operation and interpretation are not routine. The losses of CO, HCN, and HCl along the corridor were dependent on the combustible. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fuel loads and their composition,and compartment characteristics in educational,office and library buildings

This paper presents the fire load data in educational, office and library buildings, obtained through an extensive inventory survey. This data collection effort is prompted by a growing need to simulate compartment fires, wherein estimating realistic fire scenarios is essential to assess the level of fire severity in a structure, and consequently the strength of the various structural members at elevated temperatures. The attributes of compartment fires primarily depend upon the fuel load and its composition, compartment dimensions, ventilation characteristics, and construction materials. Despite an acute need, fire load data across the world is scarce and outdated, and does not reflect the change in the type of materials in-use today. The survey data presented in this paper is collected from 108 rooms in 10 educational buildings, 51 rooms in three office buildings, and 13 rooms in a library building. This paper also presents the composition of fire loads and the levels of ventilation in these buildings. The studies show that fire loads can vary significantly depending on the room-use; thereby basing fire load values solely on the overall category of a building may result in either conservative or unsafe design. This study also finds that certain room types (e.g., computer labs) have significant plastic-based fuels, indicating that typical modelling recommendations based on cellulosic fuels for heat release rate, combustion heat, etc. may not always be appropriate. The paper finally examines the statistical distribution that best describes the measured values of the fire load densities.     

涂装线喷漆室排风管路的自动消防装置

设计了一种用于涂装线喷漆室排风管路的自动消防装置,主要包括排风组件和自动喷淋系统.详细介绍了它的结构.该装置在监测到排风管道内的火势时,能通过阀门自动将排风管道与外界空气隔绝,同时启动喷淋系统.该装置结构简单,设计合理,使用方便.     

Repeatability assessment of large‐scale fire experiment involving water spray system in a forced ventilated compartment

Repeatability of large‐scale fire test remains a key issue for code validation process. Most of the large‐scale experimental studies are based on single experiment, and the influence of repeatability is barely considered in the test analysis process. Due to the substantial cost, reproducing several trials of a given large‐scale fire scenario is not often performed. In the framework of the OECD PRISME 2 project, this topic has been identified, and a specific large‐scale fire test has been reproduced twice in the final goal of assessing the level of repeatability. The scenario is an oil pool fire in an enclosure mechanically ventilated and during which a water spray system is activated. The analysis consists in identifying a set of variables on which metrics is applied in order to quantify the levels of discrepancy between the two tests. A set of 27 variables are selected such as they characterize the whole fire scenario (the fire source, the gas phase, walls, the ventilation network, and the water spray system). The analysis points out that the repeatability levels are different depending on the type of variable. The gas temperature or species concentrations are more repeatable than gas pressure or air flow rate. In addition, a new methodology is proposed in comparing, for each physical variable, the variations due to repeatability (ie, the precision) and the uncertainty. A new metric is proposed helping modelers in code validation process.     

Thermal modelling of gypsum plasterboard assemblies exposed to standard fire tests

Gypsum plasterboards are widely used for compartmentation and for retarding the spread of fire in buildings. Although numerous heat transfer studies have been conducted, literature indicates there are extensive differences in the thermal properties used in these studies. Comprehensive experimental and numerical analyses have been conducted to elucidate the leading factor in the ablation of a gypsum board system when it is exposed to the standard fire resistance test. A methodology based on both simultaneous thermal analysis and computational modelling is proposed to understand the behaviour of a gypsum plasterboard when the boundary temperature increases quickly as one side of the wall is subjected to the standard ISO 834. Finally, four different wall assemblies made of a commercial fireproof plasterboard system are exposed to the standard test. The temperature on the unexposed face is examined to validate the computational model of the plasterboard. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Heat release rate and computer fire modelling vs real‐scale fire tests in passenger trains

The materials and products used in passenger trains may not be the first ignited element, but during the fire development, these materials, especially ceiling linings and wall coverings, contribute significantly to the fire growth. The fire safety requirements in passenger trains consist mainly of bench‐scale tests, with particular focus on the sample geometry, position and fire exposition. When this information is extrapolated to real end use conditions limitations appear. In this paper, a discussion of the use of fire dynamics simulator model and heat release rate experiments in cone calorimeter (bench‐scale test) is presented in order to represent the fire development in a passenger train compartment. For the study, two fire scenarios were selected: (1) the single burning item SBI test (modified) and (2) a passenger train compartment. Initially, the limitations of the assumptions and hypothesis made when producing the model were analyzed and the research team carried out a sensitivity study of the model results considering different grid sizes. In order to validate the model, both bench‐ and full‐scale fire tests were considered based on the results provided by the European research program FIRESTARR. The limitations and uncertainties in the results demonstrate the importance of two basic factors: the incident heat flux in the cone calorimeter tests and the prescribed ignition temperature. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of simulated wet bench fires with small‐ and intermediate‐scale fire tests

Fire hazard studies of clean room facilities indicated that significant losses due to fire may occur in the semiconductor industry. The present study reports the results of full‐scale wet bench fire tests conducted (1) to assess the fire hazards of existing wet bench materials not meeting the listing requirement of NFPA 318, (2) to assess the impact on wet bench fires of engineered materials with improved flammability characteristics, and (3) to compare the observed fire behavior with the results of simpler small‐ and intermediate‐scale fire tests using the same materials. The full‐scale wet bench fires were observed to be consistent in terms of chemical heat release rate, fire propagation, and smoke generation with the results of the small‐ and intermediate‐scale test results. The simpler fire tests are incorporated in FM Approvals 4910 certification for materials to be used in semiconductor fabrication facilities. The small‐scale test protocol is also standardized in NFPA 287. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessment of fire behaviour of high‐speed trains' interior materials: small‐scale and full‐scale fire tests

The development of fire‐safety measures for high‐speed passenger trains has been focused on preventing fire initiation or delaying fire growth and spread through small‐scale tests of the materials used in trains. However, new fire‐safety approaches for trains consider a systemic approach. This approach considers numerous global factors that influence fire dynamics, such as the influence of vehicle design, selection of materials, and active and passive protection systems installed. In the present paper, the results of small‐scale and full‐scale tests carried out on the new generation of high‐speed trains operating in Spain are presented. This rolling stock is classified as category B according to the Technical Specification for Interoperability and Operation Category 3 according to EN 45545–1. The results confirmed good fire behaviour using both approaches (small and full‐scale tests). Additionally, several analyses have been performed, including an analysis of the quality of materials used for making different components of the passenger compartment and the influence of ignition source position on fire development. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparative energy analysis from fire resistance tests on combustible versus noncombustible slabs

Standard fire resistance tests have been used in the design of structural building elements for more than a century. Originally developed to provide comparative measures of the level of fire safety of noncombustible products and elements, the recent resurgence in engineered timber construction raises important questions regarding the suitability of standard fire resistance tests for combustible structural elements. Three standard fire resistance floor tests (5.9 m × 3.9 m in plan), one on a concrete slab and two on cross-laminated timber (CLT) slabs, were undertaken to explore some of the relevant issues. The fuel consumption rate within the furnace was recorded during these tests, and the energy supplied from this was determined. An external fuel supply (from natural gas supplied to the furnace) equating to approximately 3 MW was recorded throughout the concrete test, whereas this was about 1.25 MW throughout the CLT tests. The total heat release rate was calculated using carbon dioxide generation calorimetry; this yielded values of approximately 1.75 MW during the CLT tests (ie, an additional energy contribution of approximately 0.5 MW from the timber). This demonstrates that considerably more energy input (by about 1.25 MW) was needed to heat the system when the test sample was noncombustible. A further series of six large-scale compartment fire experiments (6 m × 4 m × 2.52 m) was undertaken to further explore comparative performance of combustible versus noncombustible construction when the external fuel load is kept constant and is governed by more realistic compartment fire dynamics. For a fuel-controlled case, the peak temperatures in the compartment with an unprotected CLT ceiling were approximately 200°C higher than in the compartments with a concrete ceiling, whereas for a ventilation-controlled case, the compartment with a CLT slab ceiling displayed a burning duration that increased by approximately 15 minutes. Potential implications for standard fire resistance testing of combustible specimens are discussed.     

Cable tray fire tests in a confined and mechanically ventilated facility

Cable fires are one of the main fire hazards in nuclear power plants. As part of the cable fire spreading (CFS) campaign of the OECD PRISME‐2 programme, 3 real‐scale cable tray fire tests were performed in open atmosphere (1 CFS support test, named CFSS‐2) and in a confined and mechanically ventilated facility (2 CFS tests, named CFS‐3 and CFS‐4). This study aims at investigating the effects of confined and ventilated conditions on cable tray fires that used a halogen‐free flame retardant cable‐type. The CFS‐3 and CFS‐4 tests involved 2 ventilation renewal rates of 4 and 15 h^?1, respectively. The confined conditions lead to decrease the fire growth rate and the peaks of mass loss rate and heat release rate, compared with open atmosphere. The reductions are larger for the lower ventilation renewal rate. Furthermore, it is shown that the CFS‐4 test may be classified as a well‐ventilated fire and the CFS‐3 test as an under‐ventilated fire. For this last one, its fire characteristics and its consequences in the fire room highlight an oscillatory behaviour, with the same low frequency, for about 30 minutes. These oscillations arise from successive combustions of unburnt gases.     

Evaluation of small scale n-heptane fire extinguishing efficacy by natural antioxidants based pyrotechnic compositions: An experimental study

The conventional pyrotechnic compositions (PCs) for firefighting application mostly consist of potassium nitrate, chlorate or perchlorate as oxidants and organic resin-like phenol-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde, epoxy resin and polyurethanes are used as reducers. Unfortunately, there are also some potential disadvantages to the use of conventional compositions. These are related to high combustion temperature with the generation of heat and flame which may cause secondary fire chances and hazards associated with the use of organic resins. Exposure to phenol, melamine, epoxy resins and polyurethanes are considered as a life-threatening occupational hazard. Under the present study, new pyrotechnic compositions were prepared with the combination of natural antioxidants like ascorbic acid and gallic acid as reductant and mixture of potassium nitrate with potassium chlorate as oxidant. Fire extinguishing efficacies, calorific value, burn rate, the flame temperature of newly developed compositions was evaluated against potassium nitrate and phenol-formaldehyde resin-based conventional composition. Although both the new and conventional composition has shown good fire extinguishing efficacies, extinguishing 4.57 KW of small scale n-heptane pool fire in 3 to 4 seconds, these newly developed compositions showed 67% to 76% reduction in flame temperature. It was also found that these new compositions exhibit a faster burn rate and lower calorific value than the conventional composition. To understand the fire extinguishing mechanism by the discharged aerosol particulate, its physical and chemical characteristics were assessed by a series of techniques viz; HRXRD, SEM, FTIR, EDX.     

Influence of modern plastic furniture on the fire development in fires in homes: large‐scale fire tests in living rooms

About 80% of all fire fatalities in Germany occur because of fires in homes. It has been known for some time that modern materials (synonym for materials consisting mostly of synthetic polymers) tend to burn differently from older materials (synonym for materials consisting mostly of fibrous cellulosic substances) and it has been acknowledged that the amount of combustible plastics in homes has increased significantly over the last decades. To investigate the influence of modern furniture and ventilation conditions of fires in homes, a series of four large‐scale tests in two living rooms (LRs) with adjacent rooms (ARs) was performed by BAM and the Frankfurt fire service. Two LRs, one with older furniture and one with modern furniture, were tested twice each. Each test started with the ignition of a paper cushion on an upholstered chair. The influence of modern materials on the fire development was investigated, as well as the influence of the ventilation on the fire development. In all settings, an upholstered chair was the first burning item. Results of the test series show that fires in rooms with modern furniture develop faster than fires in rooms with older furniture. This is true for temperature development in the rooms as well as for smoke production.     

Highway vehicle fire data based on the experiences of US fire departments

In 2003–2007, US fire departments responded to an average of 267 600 highway vehicle fires per year. These fires caused an average of 441 civilian deaths, 1326 civilian injuries, and $1.0bn (in US dollars) in direct property damage annually. Highway vehicles include cars, trucks, and other vehicles designed for highway use; highway vehicle fires can occur anywhere, not just on a highway. While these fires and associated losses have been falling in recent years, highway vehicles fires accounted for 17% of reported US fires, 12% of US fire deaths, 8% of US civilian fire injuries, and 9% of the direct property damage from reported fires. Data from the US Fire Administration's National Fire Incident Reporting System and the National Fire Protection Association's fire department survey were used to provide details about the circumstances of highway vehicle fires. Mechanical or electrical failures caused roughly three‐quarters of the highway vehicle fires but only 11% of the deaths. Collisions and overturns were factors contributing to the ignition in only 3% of the fires, but fires resulting from these incidents caused 58% of these vehicle fire deaths. The rate of bus fires per billion miles driven was 3.5 times that for highway vehicle fires overall. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

关于泡沫喷淋灭火系统的设计

整个系统主要由泡沫消防泵、稳压泵（也可不设）、泡沫液储存装置、泡沫比例混合装置、输送管道、湿式报警阀组（雨淋阀组）、喷头等组成。系统形式的选择,要综合考虑保护物料的燃烧特点,火灾的蔓延速度,火灾损失的严重程度,一旦发生火灾对周边建构筑物的影响等多种因素。     

Sodium‐based fire resistant geopolymer for passive fire protection

This paper primarily deals with the examination of the performance under thermal loading of a fire resistant sodium‐based geopolymer from Ferronickel slag. In addition, the mechanical, physical and thermal properties of material and their respective variation with time were measured. It is shown that the material presents good mechanical strength and excellent physical and thermal properties. The behaviour of the material on fire was tested by subjecting it to thermal loading with the modification of a standardized passive fire protection test. Two different fire scenarios were investigated: (1) the least intensive standard ISO 834 fire load curve and (2) the most severe Rijkswaterstaat fire load curve. The material behaviour was excellent under its exposure at the ISO 834 fire load curve, showing optimal thermal insulating function and very good structural integrity. Under the Rijkswaterstaat fire load curve, the material showed again a very good thermal insulating function while at the same time suffered from creeping phenomena at the extremely high temperature of 1300°C that affected drastically its structural integrity. As a conclusion, the sodium‐based geopolymer from FeNi slag may be an appropriate material for passive fire protection systems under cellulosic fires but inappropriate against more intense fire incidents. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

消防稳压装置在消防系统中的应用

阐述了消防稳压装置在消防系统中的应用情况。介绍了装置的工作原理、特点和日常注意事项。     

LNG储罐消防设计

对国内某公司20000m^3液化天然（LNG）储罐的消防水喷淋系统进行设计。确定喷淋水量、喷头数量、管道直径等。     

A guide to characterizing heat release rate measurement uncertainty for full‐scale fire tests

Accurate heat release rate measurements provide essential information to defining the fire safety characteristics of products. The size, complexity, and cost of full‐scale fire tests make achieving accurate and quantitative results a serious challenge. A detailed uncertainty analysis of a large‐scale heat release rate measurement facility is presented as a guide to the process of estimating the uncertainty of similar facilities. Quantitative heat release rate measurements of full‐scale fires up to 2.7 MW were conducted using the principle of oxygen consumption calorimetry. Uncertainty estimates were also computed for the heat input measurements from a well‐controlled natural gas burner. The measurements of heat input and heat release rate were performed independently, and the discrepancy between the two was well within the uncertainty limits. The propagation of uncertainty was performed at the level of voltage and temperature measurements, which avoided using mutually dependent measurement parameters. Reasons for the significant contribution to the combined uncertainty from the oxygen concentration and exhaust flow measurements are demonstrated. Also presented is a first‐order effort to account for the uncertainty due to factors in full‐scale fire tests such as operator error and environmental influences that are not modeled by the heat release rate equation. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.