Intraparticle diffusion of cadmium and zinc ions during adsorption from aqueous solution on activated carbon

The adsorption isotherms of cadmium(II) and zinc(II) onto activated carbons were obtained in a batch adsorber. The concentration decay data were obtained in a rotating basket adsorber and were interpreted by a mathematical model, which takes into account the adsorption rate, external mass transport and intraparticle diffusion. The results showed that the overall rate of adsorption of Cd(II) and Zn(II) was mainly controlled by the intraparticle diffusion which was solely due to pore volume diffusion. The contribution of the external mass transport resistance was negligible. The effective pore volume diffusivities of Cd(II) and Zn(II) were predicted reasonably well using the ionic diffusivity of the metal and the void fraction and tortuosity of activated carbon. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

活性炭对苯酚的吸附研究

进行了活性炭处理含苯酚废水的应用研究,考察了影响苯酚吸附效果的因素。确定了处理水中苯酚的最佳条件:吸附平衡时间为30 min;最佳pH值为6左右;苯酚初始浓度为10 mg/L;投炭量为20～25 mg/L;苯酚的吸附率高达97.4%;温度对苯酚吸附率的影响不明显。研究了活性炭对苯酚的吸附动力学特性,分别用伪一级动力学方程、伪二级动力学方程、修正伪一级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散模型进行拟合,对于不同浓度的苯酚废水都只有伪二级动力学方程拟合程度比较高,伪二级动力学方程更为真实地反映苯酚在活性炭上的吸附机理。     

酿酒酵母菌对重金属的生物吸附作用研究进展

结合最近的研究成果,总结了酿酒酵母菌作为生物吸附材料的优点、表现形式和吸附性能,重点讨论了酿酒酵母菌的生物吸附机理,提出今后的研究方向。     

Electrochemical studies of the interaction between a modified activated carbon surface and heavy metal ions

Cyclic voltammetric studies of the influence of surface chemistry on the electrochemical behaviour of powdered activated carbon electrodes (PACE) in the presence of selected heavy metal ions (Pb²⁺, Hg²⁺, Cd²⁺) in bulk solution and pre-adsorbed on carbon were carried out. The variety of surfaces was achieved via the modification of carbon samples by heat treatment under vacuum and in an oxygen/ammonia atmosphere, as well as oxidation with conc. nitric acid. The chemical structures of the modified carbon surfaces were characterised by XPS and standard pH-titration. The adsorption capacities of the modified carbon samples towards the heavy metal ions in question were estimated. The mechanisms of adsorption processes of metal species on carbon surfaces were analysed and described on the basis of their electrochemical behaviour. The nature of the interactions between the modified carbon surfaces and adsorbed cations is discussed.     

Biosorption of heavy metals by chemically‐activated alga Fucus vesiculosus

The sorption capacity of the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus for copper, cadmium, lead and nickel was investigated. Metal sorption yields were modified using different kinds of pretreatment reagents: HCl, CaCl₂, formaldehyde, Na₂CO₃ and NaOH. The Langmuir isotherm was applied to both the non‐treated and all treated biomass tests. Calcium chloride was the only chemical that improved the maximum sorption capacity of the biomass. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

吸附重金属离子活性炭再生工艺研究

为评价吸附后活性炭再生效果,对吸附重金属离子活性炭的再生工艺进行了研究。考察了各因素对再生活性炭性能的影响。结果表明:升高再生温度及延长再生时间,活性炭质量损耗率随之上升,活性炭性能恢复率随之增加。增加再生次数,活性炭质量损耗率随之上升,活性炭性能恢复率随之降低。     

Adsorption of thiram from aqueous solution on activated carbon and sepiolite

Adsorption of thiram on activated carbon and acid-heat treated sepiolite from aqueous solution at 10° C, 20° C, 30° C and 40° C has been studied. The adsorption isotherms may be classified as L type of the Giles classification which suggests that there is no strong competition from the solvent for adsorption sites. The experimental data points have been fitted to the Langmuir equation in order to calculate the adsorption capacities of the solids as well as their surface areas available to the thiram molecules. The removal efficiency (P) has been calculated for both adsorbents resulting that activated carbon is more effective (P = 98–100%) in removing thiram from aqueous solution than acid-heat treated sepiolite (P = 14–52%).     

活性炭对重金属离子的吸附研究

研究了活性炭分别对铅、镉、铜及锌离子的吸附作用,研究了pH值、温度及活性炭的投加量等因素对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,当pH〉5时对四种离子的去除率均达到98％以上,能达到很好的吸附。低温有利于吸附的进行。随着活性炭的增加．重金属离子的去除率增加．而且铜离子的活性炭最佳用量是0．3000g．铅、镉和锌的活性炭最佳用量均为1．000g。随着吸附时间的增加,去除率上升。铜、铅、镉和锌离子的吸附平衡时间分别为3．5h、1h、1．5h和1．5h。铜离子的吸附符合Langmuir等温模式,而锌、铅和镉离子的吸附符合Freundlich等温模式。     

Biosorption of heavy metals by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Effects of nutrient conditions

Studies took place to investigate the effects of different nutrient conditions on the biosorption ability and selectivity of heavy metals by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. After having grown in media supplemented with additional glucose, ammonium, phosphate or cysteine, the yeast was exposed to an equimolar solution of lead, cadmium, zinc and copper. Lead removal from a mixed solution was significantly higher than that of copper, followed by zinc and cadmium. Generally, yeasts from cysteine-rich media showed greatest sorption capacity whereas phosphate addition influenced zinc selectivity. In addition, glucose, fructose and sucrose as carbon sources were examined. Cultures grown in glucose had a better uptake than those cultivated with fructose at an incubation time of 30 min.     

花生壳制活性炭及其脱六价铬研究

本文研究了用花生壳制备活性炭和用此活性炭去除水溶液中的Cr（Ⅵ）。采用化学活化法,即用H2SO4、H3PO4、ZnCl2、KOH活化花生壳中的炭。同时研究了这些活化剂的浓度和用量、热解时间和温度对活性炭性能的影响。采用亚甲基蓝吸附实验评价活性炭的性能。结果表明H3PO4和ZnCl2是良好的活化剂,KOH和H2SO4效果较差。溶液的pH值对活性炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的能力有很大影响。活性炭的吸附能力随着pH值的降低而升高,同时在不同的pH值下,炭的吸附速率也不同。pH值越低,Cr（Ⅵ）被吸附的越快。等温实验结果表明,在pH值等于2时,用H3PO4和ZnCl2活化的活性炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附能力分别达到125．0和83．3mg·g^-1。花生壳活性炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的机理比较复杂,与溶液的pH值有关。在pH值等于2时,等温吸附可以用Langmuir模型模拟;在pH值等于2～7时,可以用Freundlich模型模拟。     

Application of a carbon sorbent for the removal of cadmium and other heavy metal ions from aqueous solution

Treatment of flax shive with sulfuric acid produces a carbonaceous material that has been used to remove metal ions from aqueous solution. Metal ions including Cd(II), Cu(II), Cr(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) have been investigated for kinetic behaviour and sorption capacities. These metal ions show fast sorption kinetics following a first order rate equation. Cadmium was chosen as representative of these metal ions and a detailed study was carried out. The effect of pH on sorption was studied and it was found that maximum uptake occurred above pH 3–7, sorption was accompanied by release of protons into the solution and a ratio of [H⁺] released to [Cd²⁺] sorbed of approximately 2 was found. The sorption capacity showed no significant increase with increase of temperature. The presence of other metal ions such as K⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ decreases the Cd(II) capacity, indicating competition for the ion exchange sites. Successive sorption of Cd(II) shows that the capacity exceeds the monolayer capacity calculated from the Langmuir equation. Column studies showed good performance over a total of seven cycles of loading/stripping. These studies indicate that the sorption mechanism for these metal ions is related to a reversible ion exchange process on the carbon surface. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Removal of Hg2+ from aqueous solution using a novel composite carbon adsorbent

A novel composite carbon adsorbent (GCA) has been prepared by immobilizing activated carbon and genipin‐crosslinked chitosan into calcium alginate gel beads via entrapment and applied to the removal of mercury (Hg²⁺) ions from aqueous solution (e.g., drinking water). Two bead sizes and two mixing ratios of components were obtained and characterized. Batch experiments were performed to study the uptake equilibrium and kinetics of Hg²⁺ ions by the GCA. The Hg²⁺ adsorption capacity of GCA was found to be dependent of pH and independent of size of the adsorbent. The Hg²⁺ adsorption rate of GCA increases with decreasing its bead size. However, both adsorption capacity and rate of GCA for Hg²⁺ increase with increasing its chitosan content. Otherwise, it was shown that the GCA has higher Hg²⁺ adsorption capacity and rate than activated carbon, which might be caused by the incorporation of chitosan into the GCA. The maximum Hg²⁺ adsorption capacity of GCA was found to be 576 mg/g, which is over seven times higher than that of activated carbon. Our results reveal the uniform distribution of activated carbon and chitosan within the alginate gel bead and that Hg²⁺ ions can diffuse inside the bead. It also demonstrated the feasibility of using this GCA for Hg²⁺ removal at low pH values. The Hg²⁺ absorbed beads of the GCA can be effectively regenerated and reused using H₂SO₄. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Removal of metal ions from aqueous solution by activated carbons obtained from different raw materials

The adsorption of Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ from aqueous solution at 293 K by activated carbons obtained from different raw materials was studied. These carbons were prepared by water vapour pyrolysis of the raw materials—apricot stones, coconut shells and lignite coal. The influence of the solution pH on the adsorption processes has been studied. The presence of other metal ions in the solution decreases the adsorption of each of the ions. The selective adsorption of the metal ions is observed but the ones preferentially adsorbed do not completely prevent the adsorption of other ions. The chemical nature of the carbon surface and metal ions have great significance for the adsorption process.     

Adsorption of lead(II) from aqueous solution by activated carbon prepared from Eichhornia

Activated carbon prepared from Eichhornia was used for the adsorptive removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution. As the raw material for the preparation of the activated carbon is an aquatic weed, the production of this carbon is expected to be economically feasible. Parameters such as agitation time, metal ion concentration, adsorbent dose and pH were studied. Adsorption equilibrium was reached in 100 min for a solution containing 15 mgdm^?3 and 125 min for solutions containing 20 and 25 mgdm^?3 Pb(II), respectively. Adsorption parameters were determined using both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The adsorption capacity was 16.61 mgg^?1 at pH 3.0 for particle sizes of 125–180 µm. Pb(II) removal increased as the pH increased from 2 to 4 and remained constant up to pH 10.0. Desorption studies were also carried out with dilute hydrochloric acid to recover both carbon and Pb(II). Quantitative desorption of Pb(II) from carbon indicates that adsorption of metal ion is by ion exchange. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Adsorption of heavy metals and methylene blue from aqueous solution with citric acid modified peach stone

Peach stones (PS) modified by citric acid (MPS) were used to remove heavy metals and methylene blue (MB) from wastewater. The effects of experimental factors such as pH, adsorbent dosage and contact time, etc. were conducted. Moreover, the adsorption kinetics and isotherm studies also were investigated. According to the Langmuir isotherm model, the maximum adsorption capacities of Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺ and MB were 118.76, 37.48, 32.22 and 178.25 mg/g, respectively. Finally, column experiments were also carried out to investigate the adsorption of Pb²⁺ and MB. All results indicated that PS has a good potential for the treatment of wastewater.     

活性炭纤维吸附邻硝基苯胺水溶液的研究

采用活性炭纤维(ACF)处理邻硝基苯胺模拟废水,通过静态和动态吸附实验,研究了pH、盐含量、吸附时间对吸附效果的影响,测定了吸附等温线和动态穿透曲线,并进行了ACF再生实验。结果表明,在实验条件下,ACF对邻硝基苯胺的吸附速率很快,5 min去除率达96%,在pH4.4~10.4条件下吸附效果较好,盐的含量对吸附效果影响较小,吸附等温线能用Langmuir和Freundlich方程较好地拟合。溶液流速增大,穿透时间提前,吸附饱和的ACF用无水乙醇再生,重复5次,邻硝基苯胺的回收率均在95%以上,ACF的吸附效率无明显变化。     

膨润土吸附水中Cr(Ⅵ)的实验研究

研究了钠化膨润土对Cr6 的吸附行为,考察了溶液中Cr6 的初始质量浓度、吸附剂用量、pH、搅拌时间、温度、粒度等因素对膨润土吸附的影响.结果表明,钠化膨润土对于Cr6 的吸附在1h基本达到吸附平衡,吸附量随溶液pH的增大、温度的升高、膨润土粒度的增加以及溶液中Cr6 的初始质量浓度的增高而降低.在混合体系中,共存离子的存在影响金属离子的吸附效率,共存离子的质量浓度与Cr6 相近时,对Cr6 的吸附效果影响很大,其中,Zn2 的影响大于Pb2 ;共存离子的质量浓度远大于Cr6 时,Zn2 基本没有影响,Pb2 却能提高对Cr6 的吸附效率.     

活性炭纤维电极法降解水中有机物的研究

电化学氧化作为处理废水中的有机物 ,尤其是生物难降解有机物的方法之一 ,具有广泛的应用前景。采用一种新型电极———活性炭纤维电极 ,在低的电流密度 (<10mA/cm2 )和低的电解质浓度 (0 .0 7mol/LNa2 SO4)下 ,实现了对水杨酸水溶液的在线降解。同时还研究了电流密度、传质、电解质种类和浓度等因素对电解过程的影响 ,并对氧化机理进行了初步的讨论     

等离子体射流耦合活性碳纤维去除水中糖皮质激素

糖皮质激素（glucocorticoids,GCs）作为一类环境内分泌干扰物,引起了环境领域越来越多的关注。由于缺乏有效控制水中GCs污染的技术,本研究搭建了并联等离子体射流耦合活性碳纤维系统（paralleling plasma jet/activated carbon fiber,PPJ/ACF）以有效降解水中的糖皮质激素氟轻松（fluocinolone acetonide,FA）。当PPJ/ACF系统的放电功率为49.7W、ACF投加量为3g/L时,处理60min后,FA的去除率可达96 %,能量利用率为96mg/kWh,能耗量为0.36kWh/L。PPJ与ACF联用有显著的协同效应,ACF可提供催化位点及吸附GCs位点,PPJ可原位释放ACF吸附位点。通过添加自由基抑制剂,发现羟基自由基（·OH）是降解FA的主要作用自由基。通过超高效液相色谱飞行时间质谱联用仪（ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer,UHPLC-QTOF）检测分析了FA可能的中间产物,根据中间产物分析FA的降解途径主要包括脱氟、酮酸脱羧、脱甲基、分子内环化、裂解和酯水解,表明FA毒性降低。因此,PPJ/ACF系统可有效控制GCs污染。