A modal-coherency technique for deriving dynamic equivalents

A technique for deriving dynamic equivalents is developed that combines the advantages of modal and coherency analysis. The electromechanical mode shapes are examined to find all the possible coherent groupings of machines in a given system. The results are displayed as a tree structure in which the whole interconnected power system forms the root of the tree and the various subdivisions of the system constitute the branches. The modal tree can be used to extract coherent machine groups to suit any particular application. A 24-machine test system is presented as an illustration     

Coordinated Synthesis of Multimachine Power System Stabilizer Using an Efficient Decentralized Modal Control (DMC) Algorithm

This paper presents a new method for simultaneously selecting the power system stabilizer (PSS) parameters in multimachine power systems. Design of local output feedback power system stabilizer using local signal of the generator (e.g. speed or power) is formulated as a decentralized modal control (DMC) problem. Exact model reduction based on modal control theory is proposed to make the determination of PSS parameters highly efficient. Results obtained from the coordinated tuning of the parameters of three power system stabilizers equipped on a multimachine power system show that exact assignment of the eigenvalues associated with the poorly damped electromechanical modes can be achieved in a very efficient manner.     

电力系统特征值分类和区域振荡控制

一种由N个相同发电机组成的规则系统被考虑用来揭示电力系统振荡的一般规律。规则系统 的特征值分成两类：类型一对应系统中发电机的整体运动，这些特征值与单机供一负荷的 特征值 相同。类型二对应发电机的相对运动，这些特征值与单机对无穷大母线的特征值相似。实际 系统可以考虑为规则系统的扰动情况。扰动使特征值不再重叠一致而是分散在复平面上。一 个两 区域系统被用于区域振荡研究。特征值分类原则解释了单机对无穷大母线模型用于多机系统 控制的有效性。PSS被考虑用于区域振荡控制。     

Power system stabilization control based on the wide area phasor measurement

This paper presents a method of tuning power system stabilizers (PSS) in order to damp low‐frequency oscillations in a multimachine power system based on wide area phasor measurements. The authors have developed a method for detecting interarea low‐frequency modes from measured small oscillations associated with load fluctuations by approximating the oscillations as a coupled vibration model. In this paper, the coupled vibration model is extended to include the effect of PSS. PSS are tuned directly by using the extended model, since the model includes parameters of PSS. The advantage of this method is that steady state phasor fluctuations are available for tuning PSS and assessing the effect of the tuning control. That is, a large disturbance like a line fault is not necessary since the stability of major modes can be investigated directly by using eigenvalues of the extended model. The identification process does not require information on the input to the system for perturbation. Some numerical analyses demonstrate the effectiveness of the method by using phasor dynamical data obtained by a power system simulation package. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(1): 16–24, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20640     

Excitation and steam‐valving coordinated robust controller design for multi‐machine power systems based on the multi‐index nonlinear robust control approach

This paper proposes a novel multi‐index nonlinear robust control (MNRC) approach for multi‐machine power systems. The MNRC approach combines multi‐index nonlinear control with the control theory. With the multi‐index nonlinear control, which selects the output functions as arithmetic combination of state variables, multiple performance indices of the controlled system can be achieved simultaneously in the nonlinear control framework. The control is able to ensure that the system possess the desired robust performance during disturbance. Then, excitation and steam‐valving coordinated robust controllers are developed based on the MNRC approach for multi‐machine power systems. The effectiveness of the proposed robust controller is evaluated by a six‐machine power system simulation. Simulation results show that the expected dynamic and steady‐state performances of power system can be achieved with the MNRC approach. Meanwhile, it is able to achieve the prescribed system performance despite the presence of disturbances. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Eigenvalue analysis of very large power systems

A method of analyzing the small signal stability of very large power systems is described. The method is based on a frequency-domain approach which concentrates on the electromechanical modes of the power system under study. By using a modular modeling concept and an efficient sparsity network solution routine, systems having up to 12000 buses and 1000 detailed generator models can be studied. A comparison is made between eigenvalues calculated by this method and by other existing programs     

Low-order dynamic equivalent estimation of power systems using data of phasor measurement units

This paper utilizes data measured by phasor measurement units (PMUs) to extract a low-order dynamic equivalent model for power system stability studies. The estimated model is a 2-order model for synchronous machines. This model has the advantage of simplicity of classical model and considerably reduces the oversimplifying error of classical model. This method offers an alternative approach to analytical model reduction techniques based on the detailed system models. The proposed method uses the synchronized bus voltage and current phasors measured by PMUs. Using post disturbance data, electrical and mechanical parameters of the equivalent generator are estimated sequentially. Furthermore, a new approach for estimation of two-machine and single machine infinite bus (SMIB) equivalent systems are presented for analysis of electromechanical oscillations. To evaluate the performance of the proposed approach, simulations are performed on a two area 13-bus test system and real measured PMU data. Simulation results show that the estimated model can represent the dynamic behavior of the studied system with good approximation.     

Inertial and slow coherency aggregation algorithms for power systemdynamic model reduction

This paper presents new aggregation algorithms for obtaining reduced order power networks when coherent generators are aggregated. The generation terminal bus aggregation algorithm in the EPRI DYNRED software tends to stiffen the reduced order network during the aggregation process, thus increasing the frequencies of inter-area modes. The inertial and slow coherency aggregations will decrease the stiffening effect and produce, for the same coherent machine groups, aggregate networks with improved inter-area mode approximations. This paper contains new procedures to construct these aggregate networks and demonstrates the benefits of these new aggregate networks on a 48-machine power system using eigenvalues and nonlinear simulations     

双馈风电机组虚拟惯量控制对电力系统机电振荡的影响分析

虚拟惯量控制能使双馈风电机组为电网提供类似同步发电机的调频特性而得到广泛关注,但同时这种有功—频率外特性将不可避免地使双馈风电机组参与到同步发电机的机电振荡模式中,导致系统动态变得更为复杂。为了揭示双馈风电机组中虚拟惯量控制对电力系统机电振荡模式的影响规律,文中建立了基于虚拟惯量控制的双馈风电机组并网系统小信号模型,采用模态分析法分析了虚拟惯量控制相关控制回路(即虚拟惯量模拟环、锁相环和有功控制环)对同步发电机间机电振荡模式的影响规律。基于改进四机两区域系统的研究表明,增大下垂系数和适当增大滤波时间常数能改善系统阻尼,锁相环带宽和功率外环带宽过小将使双馈风电机组有功控制延迟,从而无法提供正向的阻尼转矩,导致系统阻尼减小。     

小干扰稳定性分析中按阻尼比递增关键特征子集计算

提出了大规模电力系统小干扰稳定性分析中计算机电振荡模态的一种有效方法。用Jacobi-Davidson方法求取系统状态矩阵按阻尼比递增的特征值子集,抓住了电力系统机电振荡分析问题的本质,避免了大量冗余特征值的计算,大大减少了计算量。另外提出了在Jacobi-Davidson方法中用Arnoldi分解构造初始正交子空间的方法,提高了该方法在迭代初期的计算效率。最后将提出的方法分别在46机和113机系统上进行了试验,结果表明利用所提方法能够有效地求出系统负阻尼和阻尼不足的所有振荡模态,适用于大规模电力系统的机电振荡分析。     

多机电力系统中灵活交流输电稳定器安装地点和反馈信号选择的降阶模态分析法

本文提出了一种在多机电力系统中选择灵活交流,输电稳定器（ＦＡＣＴＳ－ｂａｓｅｄｓｔａｂｉｌｉｚｅｒ）安装地点和反馈信号的新方法－降价模态分析法,这一方法形成于一组降价模态分析公式,它由电力系统推广Ｐｈｉｌｉｐｓ－Ｈｅｆｆｒｏｎ模型得到,与由全系统状态矩阵进行的通常模态分析完全等效,降价模态分析法能够保证,所有参加分析 矩阵的维数均不超过系统中的发电机数,这样,不仅大大降低了分析所需的运算量和计算机     

A distributed autonomous approach for bulk power system restoration by means of multi‐agent system

In recent years, the electric utility industry worldwide has been facing pressure to be deregulated. Also, the risk of blackout in large areas will increase. Actually, it is still vivid in our memory that the northeastern United States and southern Canada suffered the worst blackout in history. Consequently, a method to find the optimal solution rapidly is needed all the more. In this paper, we propose a new multi‐agent method for a bulk power system restoration. In order to demonstrate the capability of the proposed multi‐agent system, it has been applied to a model bulk power system, which consists of three local areas including 12 generating units and 12 loads, and three remote areas with 12 loads. A large number of simulations are carried out on this model network with changing conditions. The simulation results show that the proposed multi‐agent approach is effective and promising. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 164(1): 69–76, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20485     

周期性负荷扰动下电网及弹簧网强迫功率振荡分析

针对周期性负荷扰动下的电网振荡特征,文中提出了一种通过映射弹簧网获取系统振荡模态信息的方法。通过分析单机和多机系统及单自由度和多自由度弹性系统的数学模型,确定了电网与弹簧网模型之间的映射关系,然后在此基础上推导了周期性负荷引发系统强迫功率振荡的机理。当负荷出现周期性扰动,且扰动频率接近或等于系统固有振荡频率时,会诱发系统产生强迫功率振荡。算例分析进一步验证了电网与弹簧网之间的振荡模态具有一致性。该方法为研究低频振荡提供了一种新的思路,具有一定的参考价值。     

Midterm stability evaluation of wide‐area power system using synchronized phasor measurements

In recent years, the PMU (Phasor Measurement Unit) has received a great deal of attention as a synchronized measurement system of power systems. Synchronized phasor angles obtained by the PMU provide valuable information for evaluating the stability of a bulk power system. The aspect of instability phenomena during midterm tends to be more complicated, and the stability analysis using the synchronized phasor measurements is effective in order to keep a complicated power system stable. This paper proposes a midterm stability evaluation method for the wide‐area power system using synchronized phasor measurements. By clustering the power system to some coherent groups, step‐out is predicted on the basis of an aggregated two‐machine equivalent power system. The midterm stability of a longitudinal power system model of Japan's 60‐Hz systems constructed by a hybrid‐type power system simulator is practically evaluated using the proposed method. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 147(1): 25–32, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10274     

STATCOM阻尼控制器及发电机PSS参数协调设计

研究一种考虑STATCOM有功损耗的潮流算法,推导出协调设计STATCOM阻尼控制器及PSS参数的数学模型,提出采用修正单纯形—模拟退火(SSA)算法协调设计STATCOM阻尼控制器及PSS参数。该方法能够将系统有代表性运行方式下的机电模式及非机电模式特征值移动到复平面上指定的区域内。采用该方法在新英格兰典型10机系统上进行的算例研究验证了它的有效性及其潜在应用价值。     

Identification of characterization factor for power system oscillation based on multiple synchronized phasor measurements

Electric power systems in Japan are composed of remote and distributed location of generators and loads mainly concentrated in large‐demand areas. The structures having long‐distance transmission tend to produce heavy power flow with increasing electric power demand. In addition, some independent power producers (IPP) and power producer and suppliers (PPS) are participating in the power generation business, which makes power system dynamics more complex. However, there was little observation as a whole power system. In this paper the authors present a global monitoring system of power system dynamics by using the synchronized phasor measurement of demand‐side outlets. Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) are synchronized based on the global positioning system (GPS). The purpose of this paper is to show oscillation characteristics and methods for processing original data obtained from PMU after certain power system disturbances triggered by accidents. This analysis resulted in the observation of the lowest and the second lowest frequency mode. The derivation of eigenvalue with the two‐degree‐of‐freedom model brings a monitoring of two oscillation modes. Signal processing based on wavelet analysis and simulation studies to illustrate the obtained phenomena are presented in detail. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(3): 10– 18, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20316     

Assessment of the continuous wavelet transform in the modal parameters estimation of 2MM and 3MM systems

In this paper, our interest is in the identification of a special class of electromechanical systems: a motor‐drive system using the continuous wavelet transform method. This new modal analysis technique is evaluated in terms of its accuracy in the estimation of the modal parameters, its ability in distinguishing and separating several modes, its resistance to noisy conditions, and its usability with different excitations types. For this investigation, two models of elastic drive systems are considered: the two‐mass model and the three‐mass model. Simulation results of the study are presented, and the effectiveness of the developed identification method is discussed. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

An optimal location of static VAr compensator based on Gramian critical energy for damping oscillations in power systems

The increase in the scale and complexity of interconnected power systems leads to multiple electromechanical oscillations. Therefore, the electric network needs to be made more stable. One type of Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices, namely the static VAr compensator (SVC), can be installed at buses to increase the stability margins and dampen the power system oscillations by exchanging capacitive and/or inductive load to maintain and/or control specific parameters of electrical power systems. The efficiency and performance of the SVC depend on its optimal location. Consequently, seeking the optimal placement for SVC has become a key issue. In this paper, we propose a novel method to find the optimal location for the SVC based on a two‐step approach. First, an energetic approach based on the combination of the controllability Gramian critical energy analysis with the balanced realization reduction technique is used to search for several feasible locations; then the transient stability is analyzed to compare and determine an optimal location through various test cases. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been demonstrated on the IEEE 39‐bus England power system and compared with the modal controllability index. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Usefulness of a frequency‐hybrid vector control for a sensorless induction motor drive

This paper examines and demonstrates the usefulness of a frequency‐hybrid vector control scheme for sensorless induction motor drive through actual‐machine‐based performance evaluation tests. The new approach utilizes a new indirect orientation scheme and a stable‐filter‐embedded direct orientation scheme, and exploits their advantages. It is confirmed through extensive tests with small and large standard motors such as 0.3, 3.7, 30 kW and special low‐voltage motors dedicated to electric vehicles that the sensorless vector control scheme has the following potential usefulness: (1) it can make machines that produce more than 200% rated torque at standstill, (2) in both motoring and regenerating modes, the rated torque can be produced even in the very slow speed range, including zero speed and zero frequency, (3) for constant speed, good linearity of torque response is attained, (4) it has the ability to track variable speed acceleration commands up to ±5000 rad/s² in the mechanical frequency sense, (5) it can accept a zero‐speed command and settles the machines to a stable standstill with no vibration, (6) it accepts instant injection of rated load even for zero‐speed control, and (7) it accommodates a load with huge inertia. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(4): 44–58, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10073     

运用GPS测量技术的临界机组判别

提出了一种在电力系统暂态稳定分析中判别临界机组的方法。它运用基于GPS的相量测量技术 ,利用故障期间发电机转子角速度的增量和预测功角曲线来在线识别临界机组 ,为单机能量函数法提供分析的参考依据 ,对促进这种方法的在线应用进行了尝试。经仿真计算 ,可得到较满意的结果。