序批式生物反应器工艺脱氮除磷过程控制参数

为了实现序批式生物反应器(SBR)的自动控制,利用SBR工艺厌氧-好氧-缺氧(AOA)的运行方式处理模拟废水,考察溶解氧(DO)、p H值及氧化还原电位(ORP)作为各反应阶段终止(包括厌氧释磷、好氧硝化、曝气、好氧吸磷和缺氧反硝化)控制参数的可行性。结果表明:厌氧段,p H值与ORP曲线下降至平台的转折点对应厌氧释磷的终点;好氧段,p H值曲线的最低点对应硝化作用的终点,p H值、DO与ORP在硝化结束后均上升至一个稳定的平台,三者结合来判断曝气时间的结束以及好氧吸磷的终点;缺氧段,ORP曲线的最低点对应反硝化作用的终点。DO,p H值与ORP的特征点可以作为SBR工艺脱氮除磷的过程控制参数。     

SBR工艺除磷过程与种群结构在线监测

For efficient energy consumption and control of effluent quality, the cycle duration for a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) needs to be adjusted by real-time control according to the characteristics and loading of wastewater. In this study, an on-line information system for phosphorus removal processes was established. Based on the analysis for four systems with different ecological community structures and two operation modes, anaerobic-aerobic process and anaerobic-anaerobic process, the characteristic patterns of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH were related to phosphorous dynamics in the anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic phases, for determination of the end of phosphorous removal. In the operation mode of anaerobic-aerobic process, the pH profile in the anaerobic phase was used to estimate the relative amount of phosphorous accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs), which is beneficial to early detection of ecology community shifts. The on-line sensor values of pH and ORP may be used as the parameters to adjust the duration for phosphorous removal and community shifts to cope with influent variations and maintain appropriate operation conditions.     

碳源在连续批式反应器中对生物养分移动的影响

连续批式操作用来研究利用不同的碳源从合成废水中移动养分(COD、 NH4-N、 NO3-N、 PO4-P)的过程,本操作包括缺氧症、缺氧的、有氧的、缺氧和有氧的(An、Ax、Ox、Ax、Ox)时期,分别持续2 h、1 h、4.5 h、1.5 h、1.5 h.葡萄糖、醋酸盐、葡萄糖和醋酸盐混合物作为碳源在机械中产生的COD∶N∶P为100∶5∶1.5,污泥稳定保存10 d.当葡萄糖和醋酸盐混合物比例是50∶50时,COD、NH4-N、NO3-N和PO4-P最大迁移率分别是96%、87%、81%和90%.     

SBR工艺的现状与发展

序批式间歇活性污泥法(SBR)是近年来应用日趋广泛的一种污水处理工艺,在SBR工艺的基础上,又发展了一些SBR的变型工艺,例如ICEAS工艺、CASS工艺、UNITANK工艺、ASBR工艺、BSBR工艺等。今后应加强SBR工艺中微生物的研究和可靠的工程设计模式的探讨。     

Effects of Operational Variables on Nitrogen Removal Performances and Its Control in a Pre‐Denitrification Plant

The aim of this work is to study the effects of six operational variables, i.e., dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate recirculation flow, sludge recycle flow, sludge wastage flow, external carbon dosage, and anoxic volume fraction, on the performance of nitrogen removal and its control in a pre‐denitrification plant. The results obtained show that the six operational variables have a significant influence on nitrogen removal in such a system, while the utilization of the control strategies can improve the situation to a significant extent. The control of DO concentration should be correlated with the influent ammonia load, the effluent requirement and nitrification type. The anoxic effluent nitrate concentration should be controlled at ca. 2 mg/L or the ORP value at the end of the anoxic zone should be controlled at ca. –90 mV. The control of the sludge recycling flow by online monitoring of the sludge blanket height (SBH), is an alternative to the conventional control of the constant sludge recycle flow. It may be possible to achieve the automatic control of sludge wastage flow by online measuring of the ammonia concentration and the nitrification capacity of the sludge. The recirculation of nitrate and external carbon dosage should be simultaneously controlled to optimize nitrogen removal. The anoxic volume fraction should also be optimized, to ensure a good balance between nitrification and denitrification.     

SBBR工艺的研究现状与发展

叙述了序批式生物膜丁艺（SBBR）的原理与工艺特点,介绍了SBBR技术在国内外污水处理实验室的研究现状,以及有待发展、完善的问题。     

混凝-SBR工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

:对混凝-SBR工艺处理生活垃圾渗滤液进行研究,确定了混凝剂的种类、用量以及pH值、生化时间等技术参数。研究结果表明,采用聚合氯化铝铁混凝-SBR生化处理工艺,能够使垃圾渗滤液的CODCr值从5000～14000mg/L降低到200mg/L以下,BOD5值从1800～5600mg/L降低到100mg/L以下,NH3-N值从47～374mg/L降低到15mg/L以下。     

间歇过程控制标准化

本文介绍了间歇过程控制标准ＳＰ８８，以便从事间歇过程的人员了解该领域的最新国际动态。ＳＰ８８强调间歇过程控制的体系和横模块化。它定义了适用于间歇过程控制的专业术语，控制功能和控制模型，这对于推动间歇过程控制自动化具有重要意义。     

厌氧生物处理新工艺——厌氧序批式反应器

形成颗粒污泥和可以在常温下处理低浓度废水是厌氧序批式反应器的两个基本特征。文中讨论了厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)的进水时间与反应时间之比、碱度和温度对ASBR运行的影响以及ASBR一个运行周期中各时间段的确定。     

Effect of pH on Aerobic Granulation and Treatment Performance in Sequencing Batch Reactors

Two sequencing batch reactors were operated to investigate the effect of influent alkalinity and reactor pH on aerobic granulation. In the first reactor R1 with high influent alkalinity the pH was adjusted in the neutral range, and in the second reactor R2 with low alkalinity the pH was held within the acidic range. The R1‐dominating species were bacteria and the appearance time of granules was three weeks after reactor start‐up. On the other hand, the acidic environment of R2 provided favorable conditions for fungal growth, and rapid granule formation occurred within the first week of operation. The varying microbial structure of granules resulted in different reactor performance in terms of evolution time and morphology of granules, suspended solids in the reactors, settling ability of granules, effluent quality of treated wastewater, and physical strength of the granules.     

间歇聚合反应过程的计算机控制及先进控制技术应用进展

间歇聚合反应过程由于其具有时变、非线性、反应机理复杂等特点,其控制问题一直是过程控制界具有挑战性的研究课题之一。本文分析了间歇聚合反应过程的特点,介绍了近年来间歇聚合反应过程的计算机控制和先进控制技术的研究与应用情况,包括预测控制、自适应控制、模糊控制等。     

温度对SBBR亚硝酸型同步硝化反硝化及过程控制的影响

在序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)中,当温度在较大的范围内(21～35℃)均能有效地实现亚硝酸型同步硝化反硝化。试验还发现反应过程中DO、pH和ORP的变化与有机物降解、氨氮化之间存在着很好的相关性,可以根据DO、pH和ORP在变化曲线上的特征点来判断SBBR法亚硝酸型同步硝化反硝化的终点。     

Optimum Process Parameters for the Treatment of Landfill Leachate Using Powdered Activated Carbon Augmented Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) Technology

The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process was used for the treatment of raw landfill leachate. Optimum preliminary parameters of leachate/activated sludge ratio, powdered activated carbon (PAC) dosage, and settling time were studied. Optimum obtained parameters (mixing ratio of 10%, PAC dosage of 10 g/L, and settling time of 1.5 h) were applied on two types of SBRs, namely, non-powdered and powdered activated carbon (NPAC and PAC, respectively). Consequently, the effect of factors, the aeration rate and contact time, on both NPAC and PAC reactors were studied. Response surface methodology was used for the design, analysis, and optimization of the experiments. Removal efficiencies of ammonia (NH₃-N), color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved salts (TDS), and sludge volume index (SVI) were measured for 13 experiments. Based on the obtained results, the optimum aeration rate and contact time for both NPAC and PAC reactors were 2 and 1 L/min and 5.56 and 5.5 h, respectively. Better performance (in terms of NH₃-N, color, COD, and TDS removal efficiencies and SVI values) was exhibited by PAC reactors rather than NPAC.     

厌氧序批式反应器（ASBR）的污泥快速颗粒化的促进措施简评

厌氧序批式反应器是第三代新型高速厌氧反应器,其污泥快速颗粒化的研究相对较少。本文总结了目前国内外关于ASBR快速形成颗粒污泥的研究进展情况,并结合试验成果,从运行方式,搅拌、种泥、投加物、反应器构型等方面论述了其促进措施,以及当前的研究存在的问题。     

氯霉素对序批式反应器生物脱氮及微生物群落的影响探究

为探究新型污染物氯霉素类抗生素对活性污泥生物脱氮的影响,构建了批式生物反应器,在中温条件下研究不同浓度氯霉素（CAP）对生物脱氮的影响。结果表明,CAP的存在抑制了脱氮效率,且当CAP的质量浓度为5.0mg/L时,氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）和总氮（TN）的去除率分别为81.3%和61.2%,仅为空白组的88.1%和77.9%。CAP存在提高胞外聚合物（EPS）的含量,且CAP质量浓度越高,EPS的含量提高越明显。CAP显著降低硝化与反硝化过程,降低氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌的活性。此外,CAP的质量浓度影响脱氮关键酶的活性,CAP质量浓度越高,脱氮关键酶抑制越明显。微生物分析表明,CAP存在降低Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes及Chloroflexi的相对丰度。     

厌氧序批式反应器预处理焦化废水研究

在中温35℃条件下,利用厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)试验装置对焦化废水进行了厌氧预处理研究。对以蔗糖为基质培养的接种颗粒污泥进行了225d的驯化。生物化学甲烷势(BMP)测定结果表明,焦化废水的最大甲烷化率是41.9%。采用正交试验分析研究了进水时间与反应时间比值(tf/tr)、沼气搅拌强度、间歇搅拌方式3个工艺条件对CODCr去除效率的影响程度,并对3个工艺条件进行了优化研究。     

基于广义预测控制的间歇生产迭代优化控制

针对间歇生产,提出了一种基于广义预测控制的批次迭代优化控制策略--BGPC,在间歇过程中引入批次间优化的思想,将迭代学习控制ILC和广义预测控制GPC相结合,在GPC实时结构参数辨识的基础上利用前面批次的模型预测误差修正当前批次的模型预测值.该算法能够有效地克服模型失配、扰动和系统参数变化等情况.文章最后以一个数值例子和间歇反应器为对象进行仿真试验,验证了该算法是有效的.     

Experimental Fuzzy/Split-Range Control: Novel Strategy for Biodiesel Batch Reactor Temperature Control

With respect to environmental concerns, biofuels have been used around the world, such as biodiesel, and any improvement in the biodiesel production process is desirable. This paper proposes three different control systems based on fuzzy logic and output control signal split-range. Regulating reaction temperature with low settling time and process variable oscillation are the process control aims, and smooth output control signal for actuators protection is also desired. An automated biodiesel production prototype was used and the experimental results demonstrate that a fuzzy/split-range structure with three input variables showed the best performance, resulting in process variable regulation in set-point value with small settling time and actuators premature wearing prevention.     

尿素生产过程产生废水的脱总氮处理研究

采用富集优化的短程反硝化菌对氮肥厂产生废水进行脱氮处理,在进水TN为200 mg/L、MLSS为1 800 mg/L、DO为0.5~2.0 mg/L条件下,研究了反硝化菌的脱氮规律。结果表明:当C/N为3:1、初始p H在8.0~9.0之间时,4 h后出水总氮低于2 mg/L,总氮去除率99%以上,COD去除率80%以上;当p H为8.0、C/N在3:1~6:1之间时,6 h后总氮去除率达99%,COD去除率随碳氮比的增加而降低。