基于催化剂活性分布的甲醇重整制氢研究

为了探索填充床内催化活性分布对甲醇重整制氢的影响,文中采用铜基催化剂设计了3种不同活性布置的催化剂床层,并在管式反应器内开展了实验研究,考察了3种不同活性分布的床层上空速和温度对甲醇转化率及产氢速率的影响。通过甲醇蒸汽重整实验表明,3种床层上甲醇转化率及产氢速率随着反应温度和空速的变化规律相同。但床层Ⅰ的催化剂布置形式,改善了局部热效应,提高了催化剂的利用效率。结果显示:床层Ⅰ的催化剂布置形式优于其他2种催化剂布置形式;相同催化剂用量下,床层Ⅰ中的甲醇转化率比床层Ⅱ的甲醇转化率提高9.91%;最佳的活性布置方式是,催化剂用量由反应器入口到出口梯级增加。且在甲醇裂解实验中,床层Ⅰ中的H2体积分数高于床层Ⅱ中的。     

仿蜂巢微通道分叉结构的甲醇重整制氢

针对甲醇蒸汽的微通道重整催化反应过程,建立了三维稳态多组分传输反应模型;利用数值模拟分析,分别研究了平行阵列微通道和仿蜂巢分叉微通道在Zn_Cr/CeO₂/ZrO₂催化剂下的反应情况。通过双速率模型考察这两种流道中操作条件对甲醇蒸汽重整制氢输运规律的影响,发现这两种微通道反应器均可促进甲醇转化率和氢气产率的提高。与常规平行微通道的比较发现,仿蜂巢分叉微通道内反应气流动所需的泵功较小;在相同的加热面积下所能吸收的热量更大,而且更有利于反应器内温度的均匀分布,从而提高甲醇的转化率、减小出口CO的含量。研究结果表明,仿蜂巢分叉微通道结构具有较好的重整制氢综合性能,并可改善氢气产出的品质。     

催化剂颗粒形状对甲烷水蒸气重整反应的影响及工业反应器模拟

甲烷水蒸气重整工艺是现阶段最主要的工业制氢技术,催化剂颗粒形状和反应器操作条件是影响重整反应器性能和产物组成的重要因素。首先从颗粒尺度研究催化剂形状对甲烷水蒸气重整反应的影响,在不同的反应温度和压力下,计算并比较了球形、柱形和环形催化剂的效率因子,其大小顺序为:柱形 < 球形 < 环形。其次,将反应器床层的质量、热量和动量传递与环形催化剂颗粒的扩散-反应方程相结合,建立了用于描述甲烷水蒸气重整工业反应器的一维轴向数学模型。计算并分析了反应器进口温度和压力对反应器床层的温度和压力分布、催化剂效率因子以及甲烷转化率和各组分浓度分布的影响,确定了适宜的工业反应器进口温度和压力,分别为773 K和3 MPa。     

Zn-Ni型甲醇水蒸气高温重整制氢催化剂

本文开发了一种Zn-Ni型甲醇水蒸气高温重整制氢催化剂。选用列管反应装置模拟活性测试,考察了SRM-5催化剂在不同反应温度、反应压力、液空速对甲醇水蒸气重整制氢的甲醇转化率及H_2选择性的影响,由此确定了催化剂的最佳适用范围(使用温度为350~400℃,使用压力≤2.0MPa,进料液空速≤3.0 h~(-1));同时,还考察了SRM-5催化剂的活性稳定性,连续运行720 h,催化剂活性变化不大,表现出优异的活性稳定性。在甲醇重整制氢燃料电池领域具有良好的应用前景。     

助剂对镍基生物质焦油重整催化剂性能影响的研究进展

分别以碱及碱土金属、过渡金属以及稀土金属3种常见助剂类型,探讨了不同助剂对镍基催化剂催化生物质裂解及气化重整制氢催化活性、催化剂物化特性及催化剂失活特性的影响。添加碱金属组分后,生物质热解反应速率会大幅上升,生物质焦的水蒸气气化反应得到促进,并且达到最大热解速率所需的温度也有所降低,热解产物趋向于小分子量产物;过渡金属对生物质气化过程中生成焦油的催化裂解重整具有较好的催化活性;稀土元素对甲醇水蒸气重整等催化反应有着重要的作用,镍基催化剂中加入Ce和Pr能提高甲醇转化率、改善产气组分、提高H₂的选择性。结合国内外的研究情况发现钴、镧等金属助剂有利于提升镍基催化剂重整制氢活性,催化剂积炭及表面活性颗粒的聚集是造成催化剂失活的主要原因。     

甲醇水蒸气催化重整制氢技术研究进展

针对甲醇水蒸气催化重整制氢的应用背景,综述了甲醇水蒸气重整制氢的反应机理和动力学,对用于该反应的催化剂进行了总结分类,阐述了催化剂制备和反应阶段相关因素对催化剂特性的影响。在此基础上,指出甲醇水蒸气重整制氢技术研究与应用存在的问题与瓶颈,并对两种创新的研究--太阳能驱动的甲醇水蒸气重整制氢技术和甲醇重整制氢微通道反应器的开发技术进行了总结展望。     

平板微反应器中甲烷蒸气重整与甲烷催化燃烧的耦合分析

针对间隔式甲烷蒸气重整与甲烷催化燃烧的平板微反应器,建立了二维稳态多组分传输反应的耦合模型,探讨在甲烷催化燃烧侧进口条件不变的情况下,甲烷蒸气重整侧进口速度以及反应通道长度对反应性能及热量匹配的影响.结果表明,可以通过调整重整侧甲烷进口速度来实现热量的良好匹配;增大反应通道的长度可以提高重整侧的甲烷转化率和降低反应器出口的温度.     

甲醇制氢反应器的一维模拟及工况分析

在温度220-280℃、液空速0．8-2．0h^-1、压力1．3-2．7MPa条件下，于无梯度反应器中测定了ALC-1A型双功能催化剂工业颗粒的宏观反应速率，得到了以速度表示的甲醇裂解重整多重反应的双速率宏观动力学方程。建立了甲醇裂解重整制氢工业管式反应器的一维拟均相数学模型，以工业反应器结构尺寸和操作数据为基准计算出计入壁效应及催化剂失活的活性校正因子。考察了不同的原料液配比、系统压力、液空速、壁温及进口温度下甲醇的转化率、氢气的时空产率和床层出口温度的变化。结果表明在一定范围内，降低甲醇在原料液中的含量，提高压力，选择适当的液空速和壁温，将有利于提高反应器的操作性能：单纯提高床层进口温度对反应几乎没有影响。     

操作参数对余热回收甲醇水蒸气重整制氢过程的影响

以模拟汽车尾气供热的甲醇水蒸气重整（MSR）制氢反应为研究对象,设计了集余热加热与MSR制氢反应于一体的肋式微反应器,考察了反应器进口热风速度、温度,反应物进口速度、温度、水醇比及顺逆流情况对MSR制氢过程的影响。计算结果表明,逆流、水醇比1.3、热风进口速度1.1 m/s、温度773 K、反应物进口速度0.1 m/s、温度493 K为该反应过程的最佳工况参数,此时甲醇转化率为99.4%,模拟汽车尾气余热的热效率为28%,反应器出口氢气的体积分数为69.6%。研究结果对开展余热综合利用及发动机尾气重整制氢掺氢燃烧的研究有借鉴意义。     

操作参数对余热回收甲醇水蒸气重整制氢过程的影响

以模拟汽车尾气供热的甲醇水蒸气重整(MSR)制氢反应为研究对象,设计了集余热加热与MSR制氢反应于一体的肋式微反应器,考察了反应器进口热风速度、温度,反应物进口速度、温度、水醇比及顺逆流情况对MSR制氢过程的影响。计算结果表明,逆流、水醇比1.3、热风进口速度1.1 m/s、温度773 K、反应物进口速度0.1 m/s、温度493 K为该反应过程的最佳工况参数,此时甲醇转化率为99.4%,模拟汽车尾气余热的热效率为28%,反应器出口氢气的体积分数为69.6%。研究结果对开展余热综合利用及发动机尾气重整制氢掺氢燃烧的研究有借鉴意义。     

Silicon-based miniaturized reformer with methanol catalytic burner

Silicon fabrication technologies such as a photolithography, a wet chemical etching and an anodic bonding were introduced to form micro-channel on silicon wafer. Pt–Al₂O₃ (5 wt%, Johnson Matthey) was loaded into the micro-channel to perform methanol oxidation reaction that is highly exothermic. The methanol oxidation reaction occurring in the micro-channel was investigated, and the heat of reaction and conversion were evaluated under various pretreatment experimental conditions. The methanol oxidation reaction occurring over layer type catalyst in the micro-channel showed the conversion over 90%, fast start-up and accurate temperature control.After testing the performance of a miniaturized methanol catalytic burner (MCB) separately, it was applied to a reformer as a heat source, and the performance of the reformer was analyzed. The temperature of a reformer-MCB stack consisting of three reformers and two MCBs was successfully controlled only with the MCB without the support of the electric heater. The stack produced 73% hydrogen and 5000 ppm CO with the methanol conversion of 65%.     

Reaction kinetics of methanol oxidation and decomposition on an SNM-1 catalyst as studied using an improved flow-circulation system

Methanol is a product of the large-scale chemical industry; it is promising for use as an alternative motor fuel and a hydrogen source for fuel cells. In actual practice, an approximate integral method, which does not allow one to measure the rates of reactions, is used to study the kinetics of catalytic reactions of methanol conversion. The kinetics can be most correctly studied experimentally using differential methods, primarily, a flow-circulation method, which has been considerably improved in the past few years. The improvements consist in the possibility of directly determining the rate of reaction (catalytic activity) at a specified composition of the contact reaction mixture. For the single-path process of the deep oxidation of methanol at 260–320°C, the absolute values of rates and apparent activation energy were obtained. For the multipath process of methanol decomposition, it was found that the activity and selectivity of reaction changed under variations in the fictitious contact time, and the catalytic conversion products of methanol exerted a considerable effect on these parameters. The advantages of the improved experimental system proposed, based on a flow-circulation method for the rapid determination of the activity and selectivity of methanol conversion, were demonstrated.     

甲醇与轻石脑油共裂解工艺的可行性分析

分析甲醇制低碳烯烃工艺与轻石脑油催化裂解制低碳烯烃工艺的相似性,论述了二者结合的可能性。实验表明,甲醇的加入能够促进轻油裂解为低碳烯烃的反应。分析了提升管反应器中的温度分布、催化剂活性分布以及这些因素对甲醇制烯烃反应的影响。同时对不同的甲醇加入方式进行了分析,提出甲醇在提升管反应器的适宜加入位置。具有一定的工业应用前景。     

Catalytic Oxidation of Methanol by Aqueous POM on Al2O3 Supported Catalysts and Electrochemical Performance of POM

Phosphomolybdic acid (H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀, POM) was attempted to be used as the energy‐storage agent in this paper to avoid some problems of the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), such as catalyst poisoning and methanol permeation. Catalytic oxidation of methanol by aqueous POM on Al₂O₃ supported catalysts with Pt and Ru active metal was evaluated in the presence of liquid water. The process takes advantage of the high catalytic activities of platinum for methanol oxidation. The effects of temperature, reaction time, and methanol concentration on activity were observed. The catalytic activity of Pt/Al₂O₃ is better than that of Ru/Al₂O₃ for the oxidation of methanol by POM. The methanol conversion rate reached 93.55% on the Pt/Al₂O₃ at 80 °C after reaction for 1 h. The electrochemical experiments indicate that POM shows a larger current density in redox processes on an Au electrode than methanol. The redox process of reduced POM is a reversible multi‐electron transfer process.     

A new low-temperature methanol synthesis method: Mechanistic and kinetics study of catalytic process

Mechanism and kinetics of catalytic process for a new low-temperature methanol synthesis on Cu/ZnO catalysts from syngas (CO/CO₂/H₂) using catalytically active alcohol promoters were investigated by in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). Two intermediate species, adsorbed formate species and alkyl formate species, were formed in this synthesis process. The adsorbed formate species easily reacted with ethanol or 2-propanol at 443 K and atmospheric pressure, and the reaction rate with 2-propanol was faster than that with ethanol. Alkyl formate was readily reduced to form methanol at 443 K and 1.0 MPa, and the hydrogenation rate of 2-propyl formate was found to be quicker than that of ethyl formate. As a promoter, 2-propanol exhibited a higher activity than ethanol in the reaction of the low-temperature methanol synthesis.     

Yield of gasoline-range hydrocarbons as a function of uniform ZSM-5 crystal size

Uniform ZSM-5 nanocrystals were synthesized by a single-templating procedure. The samples were then characterized by a variety of physical techniques such as XRD, SEM, BET, ICP and TPD. The dehydration of methanol over synthesized ZSM-5 zeolite was studied in a fixed-bed continuous flow reactor at 370 °C and WHSV of 2.6 gg⁻¹ h under ambient pressure. The effect of crystal size of zeolite catalysts on product distribution in methanol dehydration reaction was investigated. Good correlation was observed between catalytic performance, product distribution and size of ZSM-5 crystals. It was found that the decrease in crystal size significantly influences light olefins (ethylene and propylene) and paraffins (C₁–C₄) selectivity in methanol dehydration reaction. Furthermore, nanocrystal ZSM-5 showed long-term catalytic stability compared with conventional ZSM-5 provided that the reaction activity is strongly dependent on the crystal size in methanol dehydration process. The results indicated that crystal size significantly affects the catalyst lifetime and hydrocarbon distributions in product stream. Based on the obtained results, it is concluded that the use of uniform ZSM-5 nanocrystals improves the yield of propylene and alkyl aromatics in methanol conversion reaction at mild conditions.     

甲醇在耐高温磺酸树脂催化下的脱水反应动力学

为了开发反应精馏合成二甲醚新工艺,实验在2MPa(G)、120℃～155℃、初始甲醇摩尔分数100%～30%、液空速0.10mL/(min·g催化剂)～0.15mL/(min·g催化剂)条件下,以耐高温磺酸树脂作催化剂,在等温积分反应器内,系统地测定了甲醇脱水生成二甲醚的反应动力学数据。分别用L-H及E-R模型建立了反应动力学方程,并对实验数据进行了拟合。拟合结果表明:在实验范围内,按E-R模型拟合的反应动力学方程与实验结果更吻合。通过对动力学方程进行分析,发现随着反应温度的升高以及甲醇活度与水活度比值的增大,甲醇脱水反应速率都会增大。实验工作可为开发反应精馏合成二甲醚新工艺提供重要的反应动力学数据。     

Kinetic modeling and optimization of the operating condition of MTO process on SAPO-34 catalyst

In this paper, a new kinetic model for methanol to olefin process (MTO) over SAPO-34 catalyst was developed based on data obtained from a micro catalytic reactor using appropriate reaction network. The reaction rate equation has been introduced with consideration of reaction mechanism and the parameters were optimized on the experimental data by genetic algorithm. Comparing the experimental and predicted data showed that the predicted values from the presented model are well fitted to the experimental data. Using this kinetic model, the effect of most important operating conditions such as temperature, pressure, inlet water to methanol molar ratio and methanol space–time on the product distribution, has been examined. Finally, the optimal operating conditions for maximum production of the ethylene and the propylene were introduced.     

发泡银对甲醇空气氧化为甲醛的催化性能研究

研究了新型发泡银催化剂对甲醇空气氧化制备甲醛的催化作用 ,考察了催化反应温度、甲醇进料速率、进料体积分数及空气流量对甲醛产率的影响 ,得到了较好的催化反应工艺条件 :反应温度为 6 70℃、甲醇进料速率为 0 8mL·min-1、甲醇进料体积分数为 85 %、空气流量为 10 0 0mL·min-1,在此工艺条件下 ,甲醛的产率可达 85 %以上。对发泡银催化剂的稳定性进行了考察 ,结果表明在 5～ 6 0h内 ,其催化活性无明显变化。