典型封闭环焊缝多道焊焊接残余应力的模拟分析

针对两种典型的封闭环焊缝焊接--圆盘镶块和平板垂直接管的多道焊焊接进行了三维数值模拟,分析采用子程序来实现高斯分布表征的热源移动,得到了焊接的热循环过程及焊后残余应力分布.分析表明,封闭环焊缝在起焊/收焊区域的残余应力状况复杂,存在较大的环向残余拉应力,往往会诱使焊缝开裂失效.相比而言,接管环焊缝的应力状况更应引起足够的重视.     

换热器管子与管板焊接接头残余应力的数值模拟

基于ANSYS平台对油浆蒸发器伸出管板角接头的焊接残余应力进行数值模拟,获得了焊接接头的残余应力分布,成功的解决了焊缝的环形行走和不同部位之间的热传导问题.有限元分析结果表明.接管环焊缝的残余应力分布具有局部性的特点,高应力危险区集中在焊缝周围的管板热影响区.本文焊接条件下管接头环焊缝最大径向焊接残余应力出现在临近焊接热影响区的焊缝根部,对导致出现应刀腐蚀开裂起主要作用.合理的预热措施使最大环向焊接残余应力降低20%左右,同时管桥表面应力也得到明显改善,这就有效降低了管板表面出现应力腐蚀开裂的风险.     

二滩水电站6~#机座环与基础环连接板焊接裂纹产生原因剖析

二滩水电站首台机组座环与基础环连接板焊接产生二圈８ｍ径向焊缝开裂,经分析研究,认为裂纹的产生原因与低合金厚钢板角接的结构形式、焊接特点、焊接工艺措施、工艺程序、焊接顺序、焊接分段等各因素紧密相关。本文对焊缝产生裂纹的原因及返修工艺措施进行了剖析,对裂纹的处理及焊接工艺进行了阐述,为大型水电站金属结构及基础埋件的现场焊接积累了宝贵的经验     

非封闭环焊热力学过程的数值模拟

运用有限元计算软件ABAQUS,对薄壳结构非封闭环焊焊接热力学过程进行了数值模拟。有限元模型中选用三维实体单元,模拟中考虑了材料物理性能随温度的变化和周边对流、辐射散热的影响。针对电子束焊接热源的特点采用移动体积生热的模式来模拟匙孔效应。获得了非封闭环焊缝焊接温度场和残余应力场,并对模拟结果进行了分析。分析表明,焊缝区存在较大的环向残余拉应力,往往会诱使焊缝开裂失效。     

BGL气化炉燃烧环焊缝开裂分析及工艺改进

燃烧环是BGL气化炉核心专利部件之一。燃烧环角焊缝在运行过程中产生裂纹，文中通过对燃烧环工况进行模拟、焊缝开裂原因分析及工艺改进，成功解决了燃烧环焊缝开裂问题。     

L415QB/UNS S31603双金属复合管环焊缝失效原因分析

针对国内油气田较多应用的L415QB/UNS S31603双金属复合管环焊缝失效原因,采用金相显微镜、显微硬度计、扫描电镜和能谱仪对失效裂纹进行了形态、组织、成分分布和断口分析。研究发现,焊缝不同焊层间的组织差异,是焊缝开裂的组织因素;内衬与基管间贴合性能差造成的径向应力和焊缝横向应力,是焊缝开裂的力学因素。L415QB/UNS S31603复合管环焊缝焊接应采用ER309Mo L或E309Mo L填充材料,不应采用低合金E71T8-Ni1J焊材作为填充材料;焊接应选用较低热输入量的脉冲焊接工艺方法,以降低熔合比。     

二潍水电站6^#机座环与基础环连接板焊裂纹产生原因剖析

二滩水电站首台机组座环与基础环连接焊接产生二圈φ８ｍ的径向焊缝开裂，经分析研究，认为裂纹的产生原因与低合金厚钢板角接的结构形式，焊接特点，焊接工艺措施，工艺程序，焊接顺序，焊接分段等各因素紧密相关，本文对焊缝产生裂纹的原因及返修工艺措施进行了剖析，对裂纹的处理及焊接工艺进行了阐述，为大型水电站金属结构及基础埋件的现场焊接积累了宝贵的经验。     

前箱底焊缝的断裂失效分析

油箱前箱底γ环和前底通过自动氩弧焊焊接而成,在水压试验过程中出现漏水现象。通过荧光无损探伤、断口分析、金相检验、残余应力测试确定了前箱底的失效原因。结果表明,焊缝组织中的富氧α层导致前箱底脆性裂纹的萌生,是其开裂的主要原因,焊缝存在较大的残余拉应力、焊缝组织粗大促进了前箱底脆性开裂。建议加强焊接过程中的气氛保护,以避免在零件表面形成富氧α层,并检查和完善焊接工艺、热处理工艺。     

长期服役后TP304H/T22型异种钢焊缝失效原因分析

某电厂进口亚临界锅炉在检修中,发现高温过热器出口管段TP304H/T22型异种钢焊缝从内壁开裂。通过对失效异种钢管样的宏观形貌、规格尺寸、化学成分、显微硬度、显微组织等方面的分析,得出结论:裂纹从内壁的焊接内衬环与母材的未熔合位置起裂,并向焊缝内部扩展;焊缝及两侧母材的规格尺寸、化学成分、显微硬度和显微组织均符合要求;焊接衬环与母材的未熔合界面具有应力集中效应,是异种钢焊缝在设计寿命前开裂的主因。检测试验发现,射线检测和超声相控阵检测均无法有效检出此类裂纹。     

高钢级管道环焊缝裂纹失效分析

含裂纹缺陷的环焊缝失效分析,是解决X70及以上高钢级管道环焊缝质量风险的必要环节。文中对现阶段含裂纹缺陷的环焊缝排查和失效分析进行了梳理和成果总结分析,及时发现问题和规律,为后续安全管控和裂纹机理研究提供参考。已有失效分析规律总结如下：X70及X80管道环焊缝裂纹以根焊开裂形式为主;变壁厚、管道顶部和底部等位置容易发生环焊缝裂纹缺陷,焊接施工和缺陷无损检测及评判时应重点关注,尽量避免漏评误判;焊瘤、错边、余高等外观检测指标超标,导致环焊缝成形较差,影响裂纹缺陷的检出并加重根焊位置的应力集中。基于上述规律,建议对新建管道需加强针对管道环焊缝外观检测、根焊裂纹检测工艺。而对于在役管道,重点防范弯曲等附加载荷影响,依托环焊缝裂纹失效分析,进一步研究环焊缝裂纹形成的微观机理和控制参数。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。