冷速及变形对X70级管线钢相变及组织的影响

通过一种微合金高强管线钢未变形及热变形条件下连续冷却相变行为的研究,建立了相应的奥氏体连续冷却相变曲线,结合光学显微镜及扫描电镜的微观组织观察,研究了冷却速度及热变形对该钢相变及组织的影响;试验结果表明,试验钢在试验冷速范围内组织由多边形铁素体＋珠光体,针状铁素体,贝氏体铁素体构成;变形将针状铁素体的相变温度提高100℃以上,形成针状铁素体的冷速范围由未变形的0.5-15℃/s扩大到变形后的3-50℃/s以上,促进了针状铁素体转变;随变形后冷却速度及变形量的增加,基体组织变细,基体中M/A小岛变得更加细小、弥散。     

含Nb管线钢针状铁素体相变动力学研究

采用Gleeble 3500热模拟试验机,研究含Nb管线钢连续冷却过程中的针状铁素体转变行为。将试样加热到1 050℃奥氏体化,冷却至850℃并分别保温0,300,600,1 200 s后冷却到室温。根据热膨胀曲线,采用杠杆定律绘制了相转变量-温度曲线,建立含Nb针状铁素体相变Jeziorny动力学方程。结果表明:随保温时间的增加,由于Nb(C,N)的析出,Nb(C,N)颗粒为针状铁素体提供更多形核位置,提高相变温度,促进针状铁素体转变,抑制贝氏体转变,最终由贝氏体、针状铁素体的混合组织转变为针状铁素体组织;相变开始时间减少,同时相变完成时间缩短,针状铁素体体积分数增加。     

热变形条件下X80管线钢连续冷却相变

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机研究了两种不同Nb含量的X80管线钢变形后连续冷却过程中相变行为,绘制了连续冷却转变曲线(CCT曲线);分析了控轧控冷工艺以及Nb含量对X80管线钢连续冷却相变的影响。结果表明,随着冷却速度的增加,降低了铁素体转变开始温度,组织得到细化,铁素体形貌从多边形逐渐向针状转变;变形量的增加和变形温度的降低,对铁素体相变也有促进作用,并使铁素体晶粒尺寸进一步细化;Nb可推迟铁素体和珠光体转变,并显著降低铁素体开始转变温度,细化了铁素体晶粒尺寸。     

含Nb微合金低碳钢奥氏体连续冷却转变行为

用MMS-300型热力模拟试验机研究了含铌微合金低碳钢奥氏体连续冷却过程的相变规律,用热膨胀法结合金相法建立了实验钢变形和未变形奥氏体的连续冷却转变曲线(CCT),研究了加速冷却和热变形对组织转变的影响。结果表明:同静态CCT曲线相比,实验钢的动态CCT曲线整体向左上方移动,随冷却速度的增大,γ→α相变开始温度逐渐降低;高温变形促进铁素体和珠光体相变,同时抑制了贝氏体相变,扩大了铁素体转变区;奥氏体变形对贝氏体转变有双重作用:当冷速较低时,变形抑制贝氏体相变;冷速较高时变形促进贝氏体相变。     

热变形对高铌X80管线钢连续冷却转变曲线的影响

用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机测定了一种高Mn、高Nb X80管线钢连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线,研究热变形对连续冷却相变行为的影响.结果表明:变形可以促进多边形铁素体和珠光体相变,抑制针状铁素体相变,同时可以提高相变温度,细化相变组织.变形及冷却过程中Nb(C,N)的析出,降低了奥氏体的稳定性,加速相变,但抑制铁素体晶粒长大,细化室温组织.     

抗H_2S腐蚀X70管线钢的奥氏体连续冷却相变行为的研究

利用全自动相变仪研究耐腐蚀管线钢X70连续冷却过程中的相变规律。采用热膨胀法和金相法相结合测定未变形条件下耐腐蚀管线钢X70的奥氏体连续冷却转变曲线,并研究冷却速率对组织的影响规律。结果表明:不同冷却速率下实验钢的组织不同。随冷却速度增加,组织逐渐由多边形铁素体和少量珠光体过渡到针状铁素体和粒状贝氏体。冷却速度为10~25℃/s时能获得以针状铁素体为主的金相组织。     

微量Nb对低碳低合金管线钢相变的影响

采用Gleeble-1500D型热模拟机,测定了不同Nb含量的低碳微合金管线钢在不同冷却速度下,过冷奥氏体连续冷却相变点,分析观察了显微组织,测定了其显微硬度.结果表明,在同一冷速下,随着Nb含量的增加,过冷奥氏体连续冷却相变点降低,组织中容易出现板条状贝氏体铁素体,显微硬度提高;在相同成分下,随着冷速的增加,含铌钢中铁素体越来越细小,由等轴大块铁素体组织向板条状贝氏体铁素体转变,显微硬度提高.     

低碳V-N-Cr微合金化耐候钢的连续冷却转变曲线

采用Formaster-FII全自动相变仪和MMS-300热模拟实验机分别对低碳V-N-Cr微合金化耐候钢未经变形及变形的奥氏体的连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线进行了测定。结果表明:与静态CCT曲线相比,低碳V-N-Cr微合金化耐候钢奥氏体变形后的动态CCT曲线的相变温度较高,曲线整体向左上方移动;变形会大幅度增加奥氏体内部缺陷密度,促进铁素体相变发生;对于变形奥氏体,当冷速小于2℃/s,相变组织为铁素体和珠光体;当冷速大于2℃/s,开始出现粒状贝氏体和针状铁素体;随着冷却速率的增大,铁素体和珠光体组织逐渐减少,贝氏体组织增多,存在粒状贝氏体和板条贝氏体,铁素体的晶粒尺寸也逐渐减小。在20～40℃/s相对大的冷却速度范围内,V-N-Cr耐候钢由板条贝氏体和针状铁素体组织组成。     

490MPa级TMCP厚板钢热形变奥氏体连续冷却转变行为的研究

在THERMECMASTER—Z热模拟试验机上研究了一种抗拉强度490MPa级TMCP厚板钢奥氏体变形后的连续冷却转变行为以及形变条件对相变组织的影响。实验结果表明，在冷却速率小于5℃／s时，相变组织为多边形铁素体 少量珠光体组织；当冷速大于5℃／s时，开始出现针状铁素体组织；在冷速大于20℃／s时，珠光体消失，形成针状铁素体 多边形铁素体混合组织；并且形变温度和形变量对组织均有影响。     

Nb微合金化X65MO钢连续冷却转变行为研究

利用Gleeble-2000D热模拟机研究了Nb微合金化X65MO海底管线钢连续冷却转变行为,采用膨胀测量法并结合金相-硬度法测定了试验钢X65MO的静态和动态连续冷却转变曲线(CCT曲线)。结果表明,试验钢X65MO的静态和动态连续冷却条件下组织均由多边形铁素体加珠光体向针状铁素体转变。静态连续冷却条件下冷却速度达到3℃/s时开始出现针状铁素体组织,而动态连续冷却条件下冷却速度为1℃/s时开始出现针状铁素体组织。当冷却速度达到30℃/s时,动态连续冷却条件下组织主要是针状铁素体,而静态连续冷却条件下组织主要是针状铁素体和多边形铁素体。无论是静态还是动态连续冷却条件下,硬度都随冷却速度的升高而逐渐增大。但动态连续冷却条件下,试样的硬度值比静态的高9～21 HV10。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.