Analysis of read speed latency in 6T-SRAM cell using multi-layered graphene nanoribbon and cu based nano-interconnects for high performance memory circuit design

In this study, we designed a 6T-SRAM cell using 16-nm CMOS process and analyzed the performance in terms of read-speed latency. The temperature-dependent Cu and multilayered graphene nanoribbon (MLGNR)-based nano-interconnect materials is used throughout the circuit (primarily bit/bit-bars [red lines] and word lines [write lines]). Here, the read speed analysis is performed with four different chip operating temperatures (150K, 250K, 350K, and 450K) using both Cu and graphene nanoribbon (GNR) nano-interconnects with different interconnect lengths (from 10 μm to 100 μm), for reading-0 and reading-1 operations. To execute the reading operation, the CMOS technology, that is, the16-nm PTM-HPC model, and the16-nm interconnect technology, that is, ITRS-13, are used in this application. The complete design is simulated using TSPICE simulation tools (by Mentor Graphics). The read speed latency increases rapidly as interconnect length increases for both Cu and GNR interconnects. However, the Cu interconnect has three to six times more latency than the GNR. In addition, we observe that the reading speed latency for the GNR interconnect is ~10.29 ns for wide temperature variations (150K to 450K), whereas the reading speed latency for the Cu interconnect varies between ~32 ns and 65 ns for the same temperature ranges. The above analysis is useful for the design of next generation, high-speed memories using different nano-interconnect materials.     

A bilayer graphene nanoribbon field-effect transistor with a dual-material gate

This paper introduces dual-material gate (DMG) configuration on a bilayer graphene nanoribbon field-effect transistor (BLGNRFET). Its device characteristics based on nonequilibrium Green׳s function (NEGF) are explored and compared with a conventional single-material gate BLGNRFET. Results reveal that an on-off ratio of up to 10 is achievable as a consequence of both higher saturation and lower leakage currents. The advantages of our proposed DMG structure mainly lie in higher carrier transport efficiency by means of enhancing initial acceleration of incoming carriers in the channel region and the suppression of short channel effects. Drain-induced barrier lowering, subthreshold swing and hot electron effect as the key short channel parameters have been improved in the DMG-based BLGNRFET.     

使用双绞差分结构减小印刷电路板上的串扰和辐射发射

随着发展的需要,高速数字电路PCB板上信号速度越来越快,由于差分信号有较强的抗干扰能力,因此用的得越来越普遍。但是,随着上升时间的进一步减小,差分信号的信号完整性问题也变得越来越重要。由于双绞的结构在一定程度上使得干扰相互抵消,从而提高系统对串扰和辐射发射的抵抗能力,因此,近两年来有一种新的双绞差分传输线被引入到布线中。本文从理论上分析了双绞差分线结构减小串扰和辐射发射的机理,并且通过建模仿真验证了其正确性．     

Crosstalk analysis for a CMOS gate driven inductively and capacitively coupled interconnects

This paper deals with crosstalk analysis of a CMOS driven capacitively and inductively coupled interconnect. The Alpha Power Law model of MOS transistor is used to represent a CMOS driver. This is combined with a transmission line-based coupled RLC model of interconnect to develop a composite model for analytical purpose. On this basis a transient analysis of crosstalk noise is carried out. Comparison of the analytical results with SPICE extracted results shows that the error involved is nominal.     

Delay and crosstalk reliability issues in mixed MWCNT bundle interconnects

Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) bundles have potentially provided attractive solution in nanoscale VLSI interconnects. In current fabrication process, it is not trivial to grow a densely packed bundle having MWCNTs with similar number of shells. A realistic nanotube bundle, in fact, is a mixed CNT bundle consisting of MWCNTs of different diameters. This research paper presents an analytical model of mixed CNT bundle wherein MWCNTs having different number of shells are densely packed. Two different types of MWCNT bundles are presented: (1) MB that contains MWCNTs with similar number of shells (i.e., uniform diameters) and (2) MMB wherein MWCNTs having different number of shells (i.e., non-uniform diameters) are mixed. Multi-conductor transmission line theory is used to present an equivalent single-conductor (ESC) model of different MB and MMB configurations. Using the ESC model, performance is analyzed to address the effect of propagation delay, crosstalk and power dissipation that explores the reliability of an interconnect wire. It is observed that using an MMB arrangement, the overall reduction in delay and crosstalk are 15.33% and 29.59%, respectively, compared to the MB for almost similar power dissipation.     

Proposal and analysis of relative stability in mixed CNT bundle for sub-threshold interconnects

We introduce a Nyquist stability analysis of coupled mixed CNT bundle (MCB) for sub-threshold interconnects. In this analysis, the dependence of relative stability of sub-threshold MCBs with specific and probabilistic distribution of CNTs, on the geometry and probability of metallic CNTs, has been obtained. Using the proposed ABCD model and Nyquist stability criterion for sub-threshold MCBs, we show that, by increasing the diameter of each individual CNT and the length of MCB, the sub-threshold MCB interconnect system becomes more stable, while a densely packed MCB reduces the relative stability. Moreover, the crosstalk impact results in the greater stability of sub-threshold MCB system in comparison to a single interconnect. The crosstalk delay of MCB and composite Cu-MWCNT interconnects is also compared at various lengths. This is, so far, the first instance that such an analysis has been presented for coupled sub-threshold MCB interconnects.     

电磁场数值模拟TLM算法及其应用

传输线矩阵（TLM）算法是基于Huygens的波传播模型，与计算机结合起来后，成为一种强有力的三维时域电磁场数值仿真算法，在1971年TLM被首次提出以后，便得到不断的改进，从二维到三维，从扩展型结点到凝缩型结点，从时域TLM到频域TLM，而其应用也从最初的处理电磁场问题发展到对微波电路的模拟，高速IC的设计，以及处理光学，机械学，热学和声学问题，本文详细介绍了二维、三维空间的TLM算法，扩展型结点和几种改进的对称凝缩结点，阐述了TLM在各领域的应用，最后还简单介绍了我们完成的工作。     

Multi-band circuit model of tunable THz absorber based on graphene sheet and ribbons

Terahertz (THz) absorbers due to the high potential of providing reliable applications in modern devices and technology are increasingly being investigated. Recently, a dual-band THz absorber based on a graphene sheet and ribbons has been proposed in which the results were obtained using Full-wave simulations and its authors have not provided any specific design method. In this work, we have proposed and investigated that tunable THz absorber by its circuit model. A developed transmission line method beside the analytical circuit model of graphene continues sheet and periodic arrays of graphene ribbons are used to obtain analytical expressions for the circuit model. Here, first of all, we have compared the results of the proposed method with the results of that paper and secondly, using impedance matching concept we have proposed multi-band tunable THz absorber with near-unity absorption by the same structure. Then, we have compared the results of our circuit method with the Full-wave simulations. In either case, our proposed method in addition to excellent performance in terms of runtime and memory sources, has an acceptable agreement with the results of the Full-wave simulations. The proposed method is general and can be applied to design and simulate the other sub-wavelength structures.     

DYNAMIC BANDWIDTH ALLOCATION IN AN ATM MULTIPLEXER WITH MULTICLASS TRAFFIC AND ITS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

This paper introduces two source models: MAP(Markovian arrival process) model for the traffic with correlation and burst, e.g., voice, video, etc. and PAP(Poisson arrival process) model for the traffic with non-correlation, such as data, etc. Then a movable boundary bandwidth access policy is chosen.Basing on above model, the performance measures, e.g., mean waiting time and loss probability,especially the queue length time distribution are obtained. Finally, a number of numerical results are provided and shown through simulation.     

具有双周期势的石墨烯超晶格电子带隙和传输特性的研究

运用传输矩阵理论,研究了双周期势石墨烯超晶格(GSL)的电子带隙和传输特性。结果表明,这种准周期结构存在一个新的狄拉克点,并且它的位置恰好位于零平均波数带隙处;与传统的布拉格带隙相比,这种带隙的位置对晶格常数和入射角度的变化不敏感。讨论了入射角度对电子在双周期势中传输特性的影响,预言了双周期势中可控的电子传输过程,定量分析了允带宽度与周期总数目的幂指数关系。     

统计过程控制中的回归控制图技术

针对微电路生产中工艺条件的变化情况 ,首先采用最小二乘法建立回归方程 ,构成表征工艺参数变化规律的工艺模型 ,然后在此基础上建立了回归控制图 ,对工序的统计受控状态进行定量分析     

FTTH建设中几个问题探讨与分析

针对FTTH施工建设中设备安放、ODN规划、线缆的选择及分光器位置布放等问题进行了深入的探讨和分析,通过详尽的比较分析提出了合理的方案和方法,对FTTH设计、建设和维护具有科学的参考价值。     

Characterization of bonded silicon-on-aluminum-nitride wafers with RBS, TEM and HRXRD techniques

Bonded silicon-on-insulator (SOI) materials via the Smart-cut^TM (or ion-cut) process attract increasing interests due to their great capability and versatility in fabricating novel virtual substrates. Previously we reported the successful fabrication of silicon-on-aluminum-nitride (SOAN) structure with smart-cut process [C.L. Men, Z. Xu, Z. An, X.Y. Xie, M. Zhang, C.L. Lin, Physica B 324 (2002) 229]. In this work, we characterize the bonded SOAN structure with Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) together with Kikuchi line diffraction patterns, and high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) techniques. It is found that, after smart-cut process, the top Si layer preserves a rather good single crystalline quality, while strain is induced in top Si and can be altered in the annealing step. The rotational misalignment during bonding step can be evaluated by Kikuchi line patterns. Our discussions here may be common for all bonded virtual substrates via smart-cut technology.     

LTCC多层微波互连基板布局布线设计及制造技术

采用低温共烧陶瓷 (LTCC)技术制造多层微波互连基板 ,可以研制出高密度的T/R组件。讨论了多层基板中微带线和带状线的结构及其优化设计技术 ,介绍了制造工艺流程和关键工艺难点。     

Simultaneous extraction of source and drain resistances in top contact organic thin film transistors from a single test structure

A method of extraction of source and drain resistances in linear mode of operation from a single transistor is described. The proposed method can also be used to measure source resistance over the entire operating range from linear to saturation mode of operation. The method uses two floating probes outside the channel, one adjacent to the source and the other to the drain to sense the voltage under these contacts. Using transmission line analysis, the source and drain resistances are directly extracted from these measurements. 2D numerical simulation results confirm the validity of the proposed technique and sensitivity analysis shows that the method is more accurate than the conventional gated four probe technique, especially, when the source resistance is much smaller than the channel resistance. Experimental results obtained with Pentacene top-contact transistors are used to illustrate the proposed technique. Analysis of two devices with very different source resistance is carried out to highlight the ability of the proposed technique to offer insight into the different contributing factors. Current crowding under the source contact and accurate estimation of mobility without the distorting effects of source resistance are also described.     

Resource planning and bandwidth allocation in hybrid fiber–coax residential networks

The introduction of new high bandwidth services such as video-on-demand by cable operators will put a strain on existing resources. It is important for cable operators to know how many resources to commit to the network to satisfy customer demands. In this paper, we develop models of voice and video traffic to determine the effect of demand growth on hybrid fiber–coax networks. We obtain a set of guidelines that network operators can use to build out their networks in response to increased demand. We begin with one type of traffic and generalize to an arbitrary number of high-bandwidth constant bit rate (CBR) like services to obtain service blocking probabilities. We consider the effect of supporting variable bit rate (VBR) packet-switched traffic in addition to CBR services. These computations help us to determine how cable networks would function under various conditions (i.e., low, medium, and heavy loads). We also consider how the growth rate of the popularity of such services would change over time, and how this impacts network planning. Our findings will help cable operators estimate how much bandwidth they need to provision for a given traffic growth model and connection blocking requirement.     

Overview on Technical Issues for Future Mobile Network and a Proposal of DLC Scheme in Wireless Link

This paper gives an overview on technical issues for future mobile networks. the QoS control for multimedia services, security function, expansion of network capacity, expansion of address space, multicast function, radio link quality and mobility control of terminals are taken up as technical issues.Then, a novel DLC scheme in wireless link named EREP-ARQ (Estimation and Report of Error Pattern ARQ) which can reduce the retransmission ratio is proposed. In this scheme, error pattern generated in the radio link is estimated at the receiver side and the estimated error pattern is returned to the transmission side. If the estimation is correct, no retransmission is needed. Compared to conventional SR-ARQ, throughput can be improved by17% and Cell Loss Ratio (or Packet Loss Rate) can be reduced to less than 1/10 by the proposed EREP-ARQ.     

SSCA算法中FFT模块的设计与实现

该文介绍了高效循环谱估计算法SSCA（Strip Spectral Correlation Algorithm）中FFT模块的重要作用,给出了一种FFT模块的设计和实现方案。该方案采用定常构形算法,可以很好地满足SSCA算法对FFT核心模块的并行化以及高速运算要求,同时数据处理采用流水线工作方式,大大提高了FFT模块的连续处理数据能力。仿真测试表明,该方案能够满足SSCA算法对FFT模块的运算要求。     

Modeling and experimental analysis of an antagonistic energy conversion using dielectric electro-active polymers

Dielectric Electro Active Polymers (DEAP) have shown potential features to be applied into the wave energy harvesting purpose. However, current studies of DEAP in generator mode have not sufficiently provided perfect solutions for practical applications. This paper gives a detailed analysis on an antagonistic energy converter (AEC) using two DEAP generators for wave energy application. Firstly, an accurate model of conventional DEAP generator is investigated and compared with that of Neo-Hookean model. Then, the new AEC structure, which consists of two DEAPs in antagonistic connection mode to increase the harvested energy, is introduced. Elastic forces in relaxation phase of one DEAPs are employed to stretch the remained DEAP. Consequently, the required input mechanical energy for each DEAP in AEC is lower than one of conventional DEAP generator. A physical model DEAP generator is also developed for practical operating conditions. Here, electromechanical model of proposed structure is investigated to analyze the performance of the proposed structure. Finally, experiments have been carried out to investigate the performance of the AEC and energy conversion processes. Favorable results e.g. the good agreement between experiments and the modeling results, significant higher energy harvesting efficiency, compact design, and smoother output energy waveforms show great potential to apply the new AEC in real wave energy application.