管线钢X80的CCT曲线研究

采用膨胀仪研究管线钢X80连续冷却过程中的相变规律。采用热膨胀法和金相法相结合测绘管线钢X80的CCT曲线,并研究冷却速率对组织和硬度的影响规律。实验结果表明:不同的冷却速率下实验钢的组织不同。低冷速下,管线钢X80的组织均为多边形铁素体外加少量的珠光体;随着冷速的增加(3℃/s时),多边形铁素体逐渐转变为针状铁素体;当冷速达到50℃/s以上时,还会出现贝氏体组织。随冷速的提高,实验钢的硬度呈逐渐上升趋势。     

X80管线钢的过冷奥氏体转变规律和相变模型

利用L78RITA淬火热膨胀仪研究了X80管线钢过冷奥氏体转变的相变规律,结合金相-硬度法绘制了试验钢的连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线。结果表明,随着冷却速率的增加,X80管线钢过冷奥氏体分别发生了铁素体、贝氏体、马氏体转变;冷速小于3℃/s时,组织为铁素体和贝氏体;冷速在3～20℃/s时,组织只有贝氏体;冷速大于40℃/s时,组织中开始出现马氏体,且随着冷速的进一步增大,马氏体的含量逐渐增多,贝氏体逐渐减少直至消失。试验钢硬度随着冷却速率的增加呈逐步升高的趋势。在CCT曲线基础上,建立了相变点温度-冷却速率关系模型,并通过回归计算得到拟合度较高的相变模型,且模型计算值与试验值之间能够很好的地吻合,证明了该相变模型的可行性。     

X65管线钢连续冷却转变曲线的测定

采用热膨胀法和金相法,通过Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机测定X65管线钢在不同变形条件、冷却条件下连续冷却热膨胀曲线,确定其相变点。结合金相显微组织,并借助Origin绘图软件绘制X65钢的连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线,分析冷却速度、变形温度和变形量对相变点及相变后组织的影响规律,为X65管线钢的现场控轧控冷工艺提供理论依据。     

X100管线钢的CCT曲线

用Gleeble-3500热/力模拟试验机对X100管线钢进行热模拟试验,研究X100管线钢经轧制变形后连续冷却过程中的相变规律,采用膨胀法和金相法建立动态CCT曲线。结果表明：随着冷却速率的增大,X100管线钢的组织由铁素体逐步转变为贝氏体组织;硬度呈上升趋势。     

55NiCrMoV7钢的过冷奥氏体连续冷却转变曲线

采用Formastor-F Ⅱ型膨胀仪测量了 55NiCrMoV7钢以不同速度连续冷却时的膨胀曲线,利用膨胀法与金相—硬度法,确定了相变温度点,绘制出了试验钢的过冷奥氏体连续冷却转变曲线(CCT曲线),分析了冷却速度对其相变组织、CCT曲线和显微硬度的影响.结果表明:试验钢可以在较宽的冷却速度范围内得到马氏体组织,当冷...     

X80管线钢连续冷却相变研究

在Gleeble-3800热模拟机上研究了X80管线钢经两阶段轧制后连续冷却过程中的相变行为,用热膨胀法和金相法建立了连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线.结果表明,在低冷速下,X80管线钢组织主要由铁素体+贝氏体组成,当冷速大于1 ℃/s时,组织全部转变为不同形貌的贝氏体,随冷速增加,组织明显变细,同时材料的硬度逐步增高.根据CCT曲线,在实际生产中,终轧温度控制在750 ℃以上且轧后冷却速率控制在20~30 ℃/s最好,此时可获得含高密度位错和弥散MA组元的贝氏体组织,使X80管线钢同时达到高强度高韧性.     

ZG80CrMnMo钢的CCT曲线及组织研究

在Gleeble- 1500热模拟试验机上测试了ZG80CrMnMo钢的奥氏体连续冷却转变曲线(CCT曲线),并检测了不同冷却速度下转变产物的显微组织和硬度.研究了以1℃/s至45℃/s冷速连续冷却时的组织转变规律.结果表明,CCT曲线明显右移,珠光体和贝氏体转变被抑制,在所研究的冷却范围内容易得到马氏体+残余奥氏体组织.所测得的ZG80CrMnMo钢的CCT曲线可为生产马氏体钢提供参考.     

压铸用模具钢4Cr5Mo2V的过冷奥氏体连续冷却转变

通过测定不同冷却速度下的相变膨胀曲线、显微组织和硬度,得到了4Cr5Mo2V钢的过冷奥氏体连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线;结合CCT曲线,研究了不同冷却速度下组织形貌演变及硬度变化的规律;比较分析了4Cr5Mo2V钢与H13钢过冷奥氏体连续冷却转变的异同。结果表明:经过不同冷却速度冷却后,4Cr5Mo2V钢的相变产物主要为贝氏体(B)和马氏体(M);冷速小于0.06℃/s时,相变产物主要是贝氏体组织;冷却速度在0.06~0.14℃/s之间,相变产物中出现了贝氏体和马氏体的混合组织;当冷速大于0.14℃/s时,相变产物为马氏体组织。4Cr5Mo2V钢与H13钢的CCT曲线相比,位置向右整体偏移,无铁素体+珠光体转变区,且贝氏体生成区变小,相同冷速下硬度明显提高。     

汽车用铌钛微合金钢连续冷却过程中的组织变化

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机,分析了汽车用BM510L铌钛微合金钢在连续冷却过程中的热膨胀曲线以及CCT转变曲线,同时采用维氏硬度测试仪和光学显微镜,测试试验钢在不同冷却速率下的显微硬度及金相组织。结果表明:随着冷却速率的升高,钢中铁素体开始转变温度降低,试验钢硬度不断增加,当冷却速率进一步增加,试验钢发生贝氏体相变、直至其组织全部转变成贝氏体。     

热变形条件下X80管线钢连续冷却相变

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机研究了两种不同Nb含量的X80管线钢变形后连续冷却过程中相变行为,绘制了连续冷却转变曲线(CCT曲线);分析了控轧控冷工艺以及Nb含量对X80管线钢连续冷却相变的影响。结果表明,随着冷却速度的增加,降低了铁素体转变开始温度,组织得到细化,铁素体形貌从多边形逐渐向针状转变;变形量的增加和变形温度的降低,对铁素体相变也有促进作用,并使铁素体晶粒尺寸进一步细化;Nb可推迟铁素体和珠光体转变,并显著降低铁素体开始转变温度,细化了铁素体晶粒尺寸。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.