我省已验收小流域存在问题及对策

为掌握已验收小流域在工程管护、经济效益变化、土地资源开发利用等方面的情况，以便总结经验，巩固和发展治理成果，我们在全省已验收的170多条小流域中选出比较有代表性的37条小流域进行了跟踪调查。调查内容包括：社会经济、土地利用结构变化、验收后治理及投资、生态效益变化，人为破坏造成水土流失情况。从调查结果看，目前我省已验收小流域在管护上存在下述问题。1重复造林现象严重重复造林的原因，一是在规划时偏重考虑生态效益，对经济效益考虑较少。在治理阶段，把一些立地条件较好适宜于种植经济林的地块种植了防护林，群众长期不…     

北京市密云水库上游小流域规划建设思路探析

以北京市境内密云水库上游小流域为例,梳理了小流域建设情况,分析存在问题及建设原则,并运用空间分析及群众座谈等手段,科学选取了规划治理区域,并针对具体问题提出了工程和管理措施,为小流域规划治理提供借鉴。     

小流域治理规划的设计与实施

邢台县位于河北省南部，太行山东麓，大体上是一个“七山二滩一分田”的山区县。多年来，邢台县非常重视小流域治理工作，始终坚持“防治并重、管治结合、突出重点、综合开发、讲究实效”的指导思想，以小流域为单元，集中治理、连续治理，取得一定成绩和经验，多次被评为全国绿化和水土保持先进县。邢台县多年小流域治理实践表明，制定切合实际的小流域治理规划，明确小流域治理的目的、原则、措施及成果监测评估方法是确保小流域治理取得实效的重要一环，笔者现就小流域治理规划的设计与实施谈如下几点。     

我省已验收小流域存在问题及对策

为掌握已验收小流域在工程管护、经济效益变化、土地资源开发利用等方面的情况，以便总结经验，巩固和发展治理成果，我们在全省已验收的170多条小流域中选出比较有代表性的37条小流域进行了跟踪调查。调查内容包括：社会经济，土地利用结构变化、验收后治理及投资、生态效益变化，人为破坏造成水土流失情况。从调查结果看，目前我省已验收小流域在管护上存在下述问题。     

唐县太平山小流域综合治理模式与成效

太平山小流域位于太行山东麓北段、唐县县城东北部浅山区4km处，辖10个行政村，流域总面积15．16km^2,水土流失面积9．83km^2，规划治理面积12-65km^2(包括退耕还林2．82km^2)。该流域于1998年被列入河北省重点治理小流域，1999年水利部、财政部命名为全国水土保持生态环境建设“十百千”工程示范小流域，其治理模式和经验已辐射到县内12条小流域，使全县水土保持生态环境建设进入一个新的阶段。，     

小流域治理效益综合评价方法的探讨

小流域治理效益综合评价方法的探讨河北省尚义县水利水保局王树清吉林省白山市水利局梁迎春几年来水土保持工作实践证明：不论搞小流域治理规划，还是开展对验收流域进行综合治理效益评价，进行小流域治理效益综合评价尤为重要。进行小流域治理效益综合评价有以下优点：一...     

小流域综合治理中的几个结合

小流域治理坚持以规划为龙头，动员全社会各方力量集资，形成合力，重点突出“综合”。介绍了丽水市山区小流域治理过程中几个紧密结合。     

辽宁省小流域生态特点与治理模式浅析

辽宁省的小流域分为３类：富资源型小流域、开发平衡型小流域、辽西丘陵区开发过度小流域。小流域水土保持措施体系包括规划经营措施、林草措施、工程措施、农业技术措施以及法律性措施。其布设特点是，“镶嵌治理模式”、“金字塔”型治理模式、区域经济与小流域开发治理相结合模式。     

小流域综合治理规划的逻辑论证方法

在小流域治理中，各项规划目标值的确定受诸多制约因素的影响，规划设计繁琐且复杂。在不具备计算机等现代化手段的情况下，可运用逻辑论证方法，较方便地制定出一套完整、科学、切合实际的规划设计方案，从而避免了诸多人为因素对规划结果的影响。     

农村土地延包后沂蒙山区小流域治理模式浅探

随着沂蒙山区农村土地延包的开展,小流域治理模式在内容和形式上发生了生化,新的治理模式逐渐形成。1 土地延包后小流域治理方式的变化1.1 小流域规划的变化 农村土地95%实行了延包,荒地也进行了平均分配,从而使小流域规划增加了一定难度。延包前     

小水电规划智能决策系统初步研究

小水电规划由于涉及因素众多、综合性强,采用传统方法来管理和决策在技术方法上已难以适应当今需求,充分利用专家长期积累起来的专业经验和知识,可以很好地解决水电规划中确定性、结构化的问题,也可以解决普通技术人员难以解决的不确定性、非结构化的问题,能快速获得准确详尽的小水电规划信息,获得更科学、合理、有效的规划方案.通过对小水电规划设计思路和方法系统分析研究,在重点探讨小水电规划智能决策系统中知识库设计、知识获取、知识模糊表示等内容基础上,构成了小水电规划设计决策支持系统,并结合实际生产给出一个小水电规划系统实例.     

用科学发展观的思路探索小流域治理

总结了广灵县牛口峪小流域水土流失的治理过程，包括规划、治理模式的选定和治理的成果和效益，介绍了所创建的小流域治理科学管理系统，它们是：计划管理系统、组织机构系统、治理施工系统、物资供应系统、资料信息系统、管理监督系统。     

Municipal Land Use Regulation and the Great Lakes Shoreline Hazard in Ontario

The application of the Ontario municipal land use planning process to the Great Lakes shoreline flood and erosion hazard during the decade following high lake levels of 1973 is assessed. Zoning bylaws and other planning documents for twenty selected shoreline municipalities were examined. Development occurring within the 100-year flood and erosion zone of each municipality was determined using air photos and municipal building permit files. By 1983 all study municipalities had recognized the shoreline hazard in their planning documents but only a minority had comprehensive development controls in place. During the 1973–82 period, an average 37.5 percent increase in development in the hazard zone among the municipalities was measured. While some of this development was permitted on condition of flood proofing or installation of erosion control works, more can be done to minimize an increase in hazard susceptibility. The study lends support to a recent Ontario government initiative designating regional conservation authorities as implementing agencies for shoreline hazard management.     

Development and Application of a Nowcast and Forecast System Tool for Planning and Managing a River Chain of Lakes

A nowcast and forecast system for providing real-time water information of a River Chain of Lakes (RCL) is developed. The system infrastructure comprises a web portal to retrieve and display observations that are used to drive models under a high performance computing server. Water level and flow discharge information are obtained from a suite of models that be directly simulate the RCL system. A new data assimilation technique based upon flow routing algorithm and nested-mesh domain reduction is developed to update the Manning’s roughness. It is demonstrated that the INFOS can reliably and effectively model real-time reverse flows due to sustained wind forcings or tranisent seiches, and flow choking due to channel constriction. Applications of the developed system are illustrated. Specifically water level planning scenarios provide a quantitative measure for lake management to reduce floods under extreme rainfall events. Alternative management philosophies to minimize exceeding the water level orders are evaluated. Overall, the Integrated Nowcast and Forecast Operation System (INFOS) provides reliable and timely water information for the RCL for sharing information to the community, planning for water use and delivery, and management of the Yahara RCL.     

应用GIS计算分析长江镇扬河段的河床演变

在GIS环境条件下,建立了长江镇扬河段地理信息系统,主要包括三个子系统:自动成图系统、测图信息管理系统和河道冲淤分析系统。河道冲淤分析系统采用GIS的空间技术,实现了任意测次间的剖面冲淤分析和区域冲淤分析。剖面冲淤分析包括固定断面冲淤分析和任意断面冲淤分析;区域冲淤分析包括固定河段冲淤分析和任意区域冲淤分析。其最大特点是实现了任意时间、任意空间的在线冲淤分析,在GIS平台下开发了河道管理与整治研究中快速进行高效冲淤分析的技术手段,可以从河床演变角度直观地表达河道的地形信息,为河道规划管理及整治措施设计提供了快速准确的科学数据。从镇扬河段上游至下游顺序,根据GIS分析计算得到的河道冲淤信息分别就仪征水道、世业洲、六圩水道、和畅洲和大港水道的河床冲淤演变分别进行分析介绍。     

Applying water soft path analysis in small urban areas: four Canadian case studies

Water soft paths begin from the vision that future water management has more to gain from reducing demand than from increasing supply. This article reviews three case studies of water soft path analysis in small urban areas in Canada, and one study of an urban planning process incorporating soft path concepts. The analytical studies indicate how communities can avoid the need for expansion of water infrastructure with negligible impacts on lifestyles or livelihoods. The planning study demonstrates that it is possible to introduce water soft paths early in a review, and that this will stimulate more ecologically sensitive thinking among citizens, officials and political leaders. Similar conclusions can be expected from soft path studies in urban areas elsewhere in the developed world.     

Development and use of a wetlands information system for assessing wetland functions

A wetlands information management system was developed to assess various wetland functions and values in two townships in Michigan, USA. The goals of the study were to determine the effectiveness of a wetland‐assessment method integrated with a geographical information system (GIS) to assess appropriate environmental criteria, potential effects of wetland size and type on function, and to develop a user–friendly interface that local officials might use in decision‐making related to wetland preservation and land‐use planning. In order to assess seven wetland functions and two values, quantitative measures were incorporated using GIS techniques to derive some of the needed information from existing spatial databases. However, on‐site investigation was required for all assessments. Of 65 wetlands evaluated through the system, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was found between wetland size and its ability to perform a given function. No single wetland type (e.g. forested, shrub/scrub, emergent, open water) had a higher probability of performing all wetland functions or values significantly more than another type. However, the combined application of on‐site evaluation and GIS technology might offer a more efficient method to assess wetland functions and values, with the latter providing an educational tool for local wetland planning and management.     

Middle- and Long-Term Streamflow Forecasting and Uncertainty Analysis Using Lasso-DBN-Bootstrap Model

Middle-term and long-term streamflow forecasting is of great significance for water resources planning and management, cascade reservoirs optimal operation, agriculture and hydro-power generation. In this work, a framework was proposed which integrates least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso), DBN and bootstrap to improve the performance and the stability of streamflow forecasting with the lead-time of one month. Lasso helps to screen the appropriate predictors for the DBN model, and the DBN model simulates the complex relationship between the selection predictors and streamflow, and then bootstrap with the DBN model contributes to evaluate the uncertainty. The Three-River Headwaters Region (TRHR) was taken as a case study. The results indicated that lasso-DBN-bootstrap model produced significantly more accurate forecasting results than the other three models and provides reliable information on the forecasting uncertainty, which will be valuable for water resources management and planning.

     

我国碾压混凝土筑坝技术的新进展

经20多年的试验研究和工程实践，我国碾压混凝土筑坝技术在混凝土配合比、大坝填筑的人仓方法、摊铺与碾压、模板工艺、坝体分缝以及坝体防渗、温控防裂等方面取得了一批有价值的成果，推动了我国碾压混凝土筑坝技术的快速发展，已建、在建碾压混凝土大坝84座，多项指标为国际领先水平。     

Assessment of Informativeness of Groundwater Monitoring in Developing Regions (Gaza Strip Case Study)

Groundwater resource management and planning requires appropriate and accurate data. These data, which can be collected by monitoring networks, may contain too little, enough or redundant information. This study aims to evaluate the monitoring cycle in the Gaza Strip (a developing region) using the entropy theory. The approach employed in this study involves gathering data needs for groundwater resource management and planning in the Gaza Strip) through a questionnaire (survey). The questionnaire outlined the groundwater management and planning objectives, tasks and the data which had to be collected through monitoring activities in the Gaza Strip (monitoring cycle). This article also proposes a flowchart, which is used to evaluate the relation between the objectives, the tasks, the data and the monitoring activities using the entropy theory. The evaluation affirms the informativeness of the collected data when they contain enough, too little or redundant information. From this study it can be concluded that in the Gaza Strip the institutional set-up of the water sector needs to be strengthened, and more data should be collected and the existing monitoring networks should be redesigned for the informativeness of the data.