Design and research of automobile anti-collision warning system based on monocular vision sensor with license plate cooperative target

At present, detection method for the target vehicle based on monocular vision sensor uses the whole vehicle as targets. The automobile anti-collision technology proposed in this paper adopts monocular vision sensor for automobile measurement based on vehicle license plate cooperative target. Monocular vision sensor has advantages of good real-time performance and low cost. The technique can improve the detection capability of vehicle collision avoidance warning systems. In addition to the target vehicle positioning, it can also realize attitude determination. This technology eliminates the limits of road surface roughness and fluctuation. This paper designs the realization scheme of collision warning system based on monocular vision sensor from the automobile license plate cooperative target. Technology roadmap of automobile collision warning system is given. In this paper, license plate frame location is as the research background. The paper presents an analytic solution of positioning method for the license plate frame image. The method uses four vertex characteristics of license plate frame image to locate. Positioning speed of the method is fast. And it has a unique solution. This method can be used to positioning for the license plate frame. Simulation experiment is done for the collision warning location. The simulation results show that this method can locate the position for license plate frame image. License plate is regular shape, uniform, with identity recognition function markers on the automobile body. In the previous research on automotive collision warning and intelligent vehicle, we have not seen the research methods similar to the method introduced in this paper. The research enriches automobile anti-collision technology and theory of intelligent vehicle technology. It can also provide an auxiliary method for navigation and obstacle avoidance research for unmanned vehicle. It has certain scientific significance. Vehicle collision warning system can help the driver judgment, prompting warning, improving driving safety, and has broad application prospects.     

SUV侧翻预警系统硬件在环实时仿真设计

针对运动型多功能汽车（SUV）设计一种基于动态侧翻预警的控制系统。以横向载荷转移率作为侧翻指标,研究TTR侧翻预警算法及硬件实现,并应用差动制动方法对车辆进行侧倾控制。在汽车模拟器上进行硬件在环实时仿真实验,选取双移线和Fishhook工况对SUV动态侧翻预警控制性能进行分析。仿真结果显示,基于预警的防侧翻控制系统不仅可以有效地提高车辆的横摆稳定性和侧倾稳定性,且只有在出现侧翻危险时才起动制动装置,节省了制动能量。     

Evaluation of a sudden brake warning system: Effect on the response time of the following driver

This study used a video-based braking simulation dual task to carry out a preliminary evaluation of the effect of a sudden brake warning system (SBWS) in a leading passenger vehicle on the response time of the following driver. The primary task required the participants (N = 25, 16 females, full NZ license holders) to respond to sudden braking manoeuvres of a lead vehicle during day and night driving, wet and dry conditions and in rural and urban traffic, while concurrently performing a secondary tracking task using a computer mouse. The SBWS in the lead vehicle consisted of g-force controlled activation of the rear hazard lights (the rear indicators flashed), in addition to the standard brake lights. Overall, the results revealed that responses to the braking manoeuvres of the leading vehicles when the hazard lights were activated by the warning system were 0.34 s (19%) faster compared to the standard brake lights. The SBWS was particularly effective when the simulated braking scenario of the leading vehicle did not require an immediate and abrupt braking response. Given this, the SBWS may also be beneficial for allowing smoother deceleration, thus reducing fuel consumption. These preliminary findings justify a larger, more ecologically valid laboratory evaluation which may lead to a naturalistic study in order to test this new technology in ‘real world’ braking situations.     

On the Design of Safety Communication Systems for Vehicles

Statistics show that the number of casualties due to traffic accidents exceeds one million each year. For the development of systems that prevent vehicle collisions, vehicular communication is considered a promising technology. This paper focuses on design aspects of communication systems that support the development of collaborative active safety systems such as collision warning and collision avoidance. We introduce a design method for safety communication systems that includes a set of analyses and a reasoning system for modeling and analyzing traffic scenarios. An overview of a specific solution for communication is presented in this paper. This solution proposes techniques for network organization and data dissemination that make use of contextual information. This allows the development of a communication system that is adaptable to the specifics of the traffic situation.     

高速公路场景的车路视觉协同行车安全预警算法

目的 基于视觉的车辆行驶安全性预警分析技术是目前车辆辅助驾驶的一个重要研究方向,对前方多车道快速行驶的车辆进行精准的跟踪定位并建立稳定可靠的安全距离预警模型是当前研究难点。为此,提出面向高速公路场景的车路视觉协同行车安全预警算法。方法 首先提出一种深度卷积神经网络SF＿YOLOv4(single feature you look only once v4)对前方车辆进行精准的检测跟踪;然后提出一种安全距离模型对车辆刹车距离进行计算,并根据单目视觉原理计算车辆间距离;最后提出多车道预警模型对自车行驶过程的安全性进行分析,并对司机给予相应安全提示。结果 实验结果表明,提出的SF＿YOLOv4算法对车辆检测的准确率为93.55%,检测速度(25帧/s)领先对比算法,有效降低了算法的时间和空间复杂度;提出的安全距离模型计算的不同类型车辆的刹车距离误差小于0.1 m,与交通法建议的距离相比,本文方法计算的安全距离精确度明显提升;提出的多车道安全预警模型与马自达6(ATENZA)自带的前方碰撞系统相比,能对相邻车道车辆进行预警,并提前0.7 s对前方变道车辆发出预警。结论 提出的多车道预警模型充分...     

模糊控制方法

通过对高速公路上同向同车道前后两车的行车状况和车辆制动减速过程的分析,建立高速公路不同车速差和行车间距时的高速公路汽车追尾数学模型,为高速公路追尾碰撞预防报警系统的研究提供依据。     

基于PSO-IGA算法的高性能十字阵列的设计与综合

前碰撞预警系统是安全辅助驾驶领域的一项重要部分,通过计算机处理交通环境信息,当检测到潜在危险时,及时提醒并辅助驾驶员。采用计算机视觉方法,通过目标检测和跟踪算法,获取图像中目标车辆的位置和轨迹信息,并利用相机标定,计算当前车辆和前方车辆在世界坐标系中的距离、速度及轨迹等信息,综合该信息,实现前车碰撞时间预警、前车并线预警以及非机动车预警算法。在前车并线过程中,利用轨迹信息实时检测前车并线意图,及时提示驾驶员注意避让前方车辆。实验表明,本文提出的预警算法具有较高的准确性和鲁棒性,特别在高架或高速道路场景下,并线预警算法能检测到前车的并线意图,及时预警。     

Effects of single versus multiple warnings on driver performance

OBJECTIVE: To explore how a single master alarm system affects drivers' responses when compared with multiple, distinct warnings. BACKGROUND: Advanced driver warning systems are intended to improve safety, yet inappropriate integration may increase the complexity of driving, especially in high workload situations. This study investigated the effects of auditory alarm scheme, reliability, and collision event type on driver performance. METHOD: Using a 2 x 2 x 4 mixed factorial design, we investigated the impact of two alarm schemes (master vs. individual) and two levels of alarm reliability (high and low) on distracted drivers' performance across four collision event types (frontal collision warnings, left and right lane departure warnings, and warnings for a fast-approaching following vehicle). RESULTS: Participants' reaction times and accuracy rates were significantly affected by the type of collision event and alarm reliability. The use of individual alarms, rather than a single master alarm, did not significantly affect driving performance in terms of reaction time or response accuracy. CONCLUSION: Even though a master alarm is a relatively uninformative warning, it produced statistically no different reaction times or accuracy results when compared with information-rich auditory icons, some of which were spatially located. In addition, unreliable alarms negatively impacted driver performance, regardless of event type or alarm scheme. APPLICATION: These results have important implications for the development and implementation of multiple driver warning systems.     

基于车车通信的前向碰撞预警策略

针对车车(V2V)通信下前向碰撞预警(FCW)系统延时时间内,传统模型假定主车匀速和全球定位系统(GPS)无误差从而明显低估碰撞风险的问题,提出了一种修正GPS误差及考虑延时时间内主车运动状态的FCW策略.首先,分析了基于V2V通信的FCW系统的整体工作流程,并对其中的关键延时采用高斯模型进行建模;其次,确立了修正GP...     

Robust nonlinear output feedback control for brake by wire control systems

This work proposes a nonlinear output feedback control law for active braking control systems. The control law guarantees bounded control action and can cope also with input constraints. Moreover, the closed-loop system properties are such that the control algorithm allows to detect—without the need of a friction estimator—if the closed-loop system is operating in the unstable region of the friction curve, thereby allowing to enhance both braking performance and safety. The design is performed via Lyapunov-based methods and its effectiveness is assessed via simulations on a multibody vehicle simulator.     

汽车碰撞预警主动安全预测方法

汽车主动避撞系统的研究主要是为了能够提前对汽车碰撞做出预警及自动处理,有效抑制交通事故的发生。文中开展基于摄像头、激光雷达、车间通信的车辆防碰撞预警关键技术研究,提出了一种适用于智能车超车换道阶段的基于TTC和冲突概率估计的碰撞概率主动安全预测算法。综合考虑时间域和超车距离等条件的约束,建立车辆超车换道最小安全距离模型;依据超车行为约束条件,提出碰撞时间与碰撞概率的公式(TTC);同时引入多元高斯分布的概率密度函数,用冲突潜在领域表示潜在冲突的可能性大小,建立了两车潜在冲突区域重合的概率密度计算模型。在1∶10模拟赛道仿真平台上对所提方法进行了模拟测试,其对4辆智能车200次的同向及反向接近预警警报和紧急警报的准确率均为100%,从而验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于车内外视觉信息的行人碰撞预警方法

行人碰撞预警系统通常依据行人检测与碰撞时间判断的方式为驾驶员提供预警信息。为了提供更加可靠的危险判断依据，本文提出一种同时分析道路状况与驾驶员头部姿态的行人碰撞预警方法，用两个单目相机分别获取车辆内外环境图像。通道特征检测器用于定位行人，根据单目视觉距离测量方法估计出行人与自车间的纵向与横向距离。多任务级联卷积网络用于定位驾驶员面部特征点，通过求解多点透视问题获取头部方向角以反映驾驶员注意状态。结合行人位置信息与驾驶员状态信息，本文构建模糊推理系统判断碰撞风险等级。在实际路况下的实验结果表明，根据模糊系统输出的风险等级可以为预防碰撞提供有效的指导。     

Human performance models and rear-end collision avoidance algorithms

Collision warning systems offer a promising approach to mitigate rear-end collisions, but substantial uncertainty exists regarding the joint performance of the driver and the collision warning algorithms. A simple deterministic model of driver performance was used to examine kinematics-based and perceptual-based rear-end collision avoidance algorithms over a range of collision situations, algorithm parameters, and assumptions regarding driver performance. The results show that the assumptions concerning driver reaction times have important consequences for algorithm performance, with underestimates dramatically undermining the safety benefit of the warning. Additionally, under some circumstances, when drivers rely on the warning algorithms, larger headways can result in more severe collisions. This reflects the nonlinear interaction among the collision situation, the algorithm, and driver response that should not be attributed to the complexities of driver behavior but to the kinematics of the situation. Comparisons made with experimental data demonstrate that a simple human performance model can capture important elements of system performance and complement expensive human-in-the-loop experiments. Actual or potential applications of this research include selection of an appropriate algorithm, more accurate specification of algorithm parameters, and guidance for future experiments.     

A framework and automotive application of collision avoidance decision making

Collision avoidance (CA) systems are applicable for most transportation systems ranging from autonomous robots and vehicles to aircraft, cars and ships. A probabilistic framework is presented for designing and analyzing existing CA algorithms proposed in literature, enabling on-line computation of the risk for faulty intervention and consequence of different actions. The approach is based on Monte Carlo techniques, where sampling-resampling methods are used to convert sensor readings with stochastic errors to a Bayesian risk. The concepts are evaluated using a real-time implementation of an automotive collision mitigation system, and results from one demonstrator vehicle are presented.     

基于无线通信的车辆主动防撞预警系统设计

提出了一种基于无线通信的车辆主动防撞预警系统,利用梯度方向直方图特征与支持向量机配合单目测距模型实现前方车辆的实时检测与测距,并利用传感器无线通信网络获取相对车速信息,最后根据相对车距与相对车速配合TTC预警模型实现碰撞预警。试验结果表明,系统平均处理时间100ms,车辆检测准确率95%,单目测距误差小于±4m,实现了实时、准确的车辆预警。     

Simultaneous braking and steering control method based on nonlinear model predictive control for emergency driving support

Autonomous emergency braking (AEB) has drawn a lot of attention as an active safety system preventing rear-end collision avoidance when the relative speed between vehicles is slow. To increase the operation range of current AEB system, this paper suggests a collision avoidance strategy using steering and braking simultaneously with nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) method. The NMPC predicts the vehicle’s future trajectory with its open-loop dynamics and calculates the error between the predicted and the desired paths. Then NMPC calculates the control inputs such as the wheel steering angle and vehicle acceleration by optimizing the cost function over future receding horizon with predetermined constraints. In this paper, constraints on the wheel steering angle is proposed in consideration of vehicle’s predicted lateral acceleration, which should be smaller than the threshold in order to maintain lateral vehicle’s stability. To verify the performance of the proposed strategy, two simulation scenarios were tested in MATLAB and CarSim simulation environments.

     

Identification of real-time diagnostic measures of visual distraction with an automatic eye-tracking system

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to identify eye glance measures that are diagnostic of visual distraction. BACKGROUND: Visual distraction degrades performance, but real-time diagnostic measures have not been identified. METHOD: In a driving simulator, 14 participants responded to a lead vehicle braking at -2 or -2.7 m/s2 periodically while reading a varying number of words (6-15 words every 13 s) on peripheral displays (with diagonal eccentricities of 24 degrees, 43 degrees, and 75 degrees). RESULTS: As the number of words and display eccentricity increased, total glance duration and reaction time increased and driving performance suffered. CONCLUSION: Correlation coefficients between several glance measures and reaction time or performance variables were reliably high, indicating that these glance measures are diagnostic of visual distraction. It is predicted that for every 25% increase in total glance duration, reaction time is increased by 0.39 s and standard deviation of lane position is increased by 0.06 m. APPLICATION: Potential applications of this research include assessing visual distraction in real time, delivering advisories to distracted drivers to reorient their attention to driving, and using distraction information to adapt forward collision and lane departure warning systems to enhance system effectiveness.     

Making adaptive cruise control (ACC) limits visible

Previous studies have shown adaptive cruise control (ACC) can compromise driving safety when drivers do not understand how the ACC functions, suggesting that drivers need to be informed about the capabilities of this technology. This study applies ecological interface design (EID) to create a visual representation of ACC behavior, which is intended to promote appropriate reliance and support effective transitions between manual and ACC control. The EID display reveals the behavior of ACC in terms of time headway (THW), time to collision (TTC), and range rate. This graphical representation uses emergent features that signal the state of the ACC. Two failure modes—exceedance of braking algorithm limits and sensor failures—were introduced in the driving contexts of traffic and rain, respectively. A medium-fidelity driving simulator was used to evaluate the effect of automation (manual, ACC control), and display (EID, no display) on ACC reliance, brake response, and driver intervention strategies. Drivers in traffic conditions relied more appropriately on ACC when the EID display was present than when it was not, proactively disengaging the ACC. The EID display promoted faster and more consistent braking responses when braking algorithm limits were exceeded, resulting in safe following distances and no collisions. In manual control, the EID display aided THW maintenance in both rain and traffic conditions, reducing the demands of driving and promoting more consistent and less variable car-following performance. These results suggest that providing drivers with continuous information about the state of the automation is a promising alternative to the more common approach of providing imminent crash warnings when it fails. Informing drivers may be more effective than warning drivers.     

基于道路摩擦系数估计的智能小车紧急避障策略研究

雾霾环境下驾驶员的视野受到限制,无法准确估计周围的环境信息,对行车安全具有重大影响.自主紧急制动(AEB)系统是一种重要的车辆主动安全功能,用来避免碰撞或减轻碰撞程度.通常,AEB系统利用一个碰撞时间TTC衡量与障碍物发生碰撞的危险程度.通常设计用于制动的TTC门槛值时假设道路摩擦系数为常数,然而,道路情况复杂多变,道路摩擦系数也是变化的,驾驶员在雾霾环境下更难准确估计道路摩擦系数.因此,开发了一个考虑不同摩擦系数对TTC门槛值影响的AEB控制策略.首先用一个复合滑移率轮胎模型来估计峰值道路摩擦系数,再用该系数计算TTC的门槛值,进而利用该Trc门槛值衡量与障碍物发生碰撞的危险程度.因为可以实时识别道路摩擦系数,提出的AEB策略可以自适应雾霾环境下不同的道路表面.仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性.     

基于单目视觉的汽车防偏防追尾预警系统研究

该文设计了一个基于单目视觉的汽车防偏防追尾预警系统,应用于主要障碍物为车辆的结构化道路环境.利用视觉传感器提供的道路图像序列亮度、纹理、形状等丰富特征,对汽车前方道路和车辆进行检测和跟踪,根据其危险程度,向驾驶员提供可靠的防偏指令和防追尾预警信号,并辅以声光报警.介绍了系统软硬件结构,给出了主程序流程图.对定位前方道路及车辆的算法和预警方案等关键技术进行了研究,给出了系统可行性和有效性验证的仿真和初步试验结果.