局部感知的类限制极限学习机

极限学习机(ELM)由于高效的训练方式被广泛应用于分类回归,然而不同的输入权值在很大程度上会影响其学习性能。为了进一步提高ELM的学习性能,针对ELM的输入权值进行了研究,充分利用图像局部感知的稀疏性,将局部感知的方法运用到基于自动编码器的ELM(ELM-AE)上,提出了局部感知的类限制极限学习机(RF-C₂ELM)。通过对MNIST数据集进行分类问题分析实验,实验结果表明,在具有相同隐层结点数的条件下,提出的方法能够获得更高的分类精度。     

An extreme learning machine approach for speaker recognition

Over the last two decades, automatic speaker recognition has been an interesting and challenging problem to speech researchers. It can be classified into two different categories, speaker identification and speaker verification. In this paper, a new classifier, extreme learning machine, is examined on the text-independent speaker verification task and compared with SVM classifier. Extreme learning machine (ELM) classifiers have been proposed for generalized single hidden layer feedforward networks with a wide variety of hidden nodes. They are extremely fast in learning and perform well on many artificial and real regression and classification applications. The database used to evaluate the ELM and SVM classifiers is ELSDSR corpus, and the Mel-frequency Cepstral Coefficients were extracted and used as the input to the classifiers. Empirical studies have shown that ELM classifiers and its variants could perform better than SVM classifiers on the dataset provided with less training time.     

An improved extreme learning machine with self-recurrent hidden layer

Extreme learning machine (ELM) is widely used in complex industrial problems, especially the online-sequential extreme learning machine (OS-ELM) plays a good role in industrial online modeling. However, OS-ELM requires batch samples to be pre-trained to obtain initial weights, which may reduce the timeliness of samples. This paper proposes a novel model for the online process regression prediction, which is called the Recurrent Extreme Learning Machine (Recurrent-ELM). The nodes between the hidden layers are connected in Recurrent-ELM, thus the input of the hidden layer receives both the information from the current input layer and the previously hidden layer. Moreover, the weights and biases of the proposed model are generated by analysis rather than random. Six regression applications are used to verify the designed Recurrent-ELM, compared with extreme learning machine (ELM), fast learning network (FLN), online sequential extreme learning machine (OS-ELM), and an ensemble of online sequential extreme learning machine (EOS-ELM), the experimental results show that the Recurrent-ELM has better generalization and stability in several samples. In addition, to further test the performance of Recurrent-ELM, we employ it in the combustion modeling of a 330 MW coal-fired boiler compared with FLN, SVR and OS-ELM. The results show that Recurrent-ELM has better accuracy and generalization ability, and the theoretical model has some potential application value in practical application.     

改进人工蜂群优化的极限学习机

针对极限学习机(ELM)在训练过程中需要大量隐含层节点的问题,提出了差分进化与克隆算法改进人工蜂群优化的极限学习机(DECABC-ELM),在人工蜂群算法的基础上,引入了差分进化算法的差分变异算子和免疫克隆算法的克隆扩增算子,改进了人工蜂群收敛速度慢等缺点,使用改进的人工蜂群算法计算ELM的隐含层节点参数.将算法应用于回归和分类数据集,并与其他算法进行比较,获得了良好的效果.     

Extreme learning machine and its applications

Recently, a novel learning algorithm for single-hidden-layer feedforward neural networks (SLFNs) named extreme learning machine (ELM) was proposed by Huang et al. The essence of ELM is that the learning parameters of hidden nodes, including input weights and biases, are randomly assigned and need not be tuned while the output weights can be analytically determined by the simple generalized inverse operation. The only parameter needed to be defined is the number of hidden nodes. Compared with other traditional learning algorithms for SLFNs, ELM provides extremely faster learning speed, better generalization performance and with least human intervention. This paper firstly introduces a brief review of ELM, describing the principle and algorithm of ELM. Then, we put emphasis on the improved methods or the typical variants of ELM, especially on incremental ELM, pruning ELM, error-minimized ELM, two-stage ELM, online sequential ELM, evolutionary ELM, voting-based ELM, ordinal ELM, fully complex ELM, and symmetric ELM. Next, the paper summarized the applications of ELM on classification, regression, function approximation, pattern recognition, forecasting and diagnosis, and so on. In the last, the paper discussed several open issues of ELM, which may be worthy of exploring in the future.     

Extreme learning machine for regression and multiclass classification

Due to the simplicity of their implementations, least square support vector machine (LS-SVM) and proximal support vector machine (PSVM) have been widely used in binary classification applications. The conventional LS-SVM and PSVM cannot be used in regression and multiclass classification applications directly, although variants of LS-SVM and PSVM have been proposed to handle such cases. This paper shows that both LS-SVM and PSVM can be simplified further and a unified learning framework of LS-SVM, PSVM, and other regularization algorithms referred to extreme learning machine (ELM) can be built. ELM works for the "generalized" single-hidden-layer feedforward networks (SLFNs), but the hidden layer (or called feature mapping) in ELM need not be tuned. Such SLFNs include but are not limited to SVM, polynomial network, and the conventional feedforward neural networks. This paper shows the following: 1) ELM provides a unified learning platform with a widespread type of feature mappings and can be applied in regression and multiclass classification applications directly; 2) from the optimization method point of view, ELM has milder optimization constraints compared to LS-SVM and PSVM; 3) in theory, compared to ELM, LS-SVM and PSVM achieve suboptimal solutions and require higher computational complexity; and 4) in theory, ELM can approximate any target continuous function and classify any disjoint regions. As verified by the simulation results, ELM tends to have better scalability and achieve similar (for regression and binary class cases) or much better (for multiclass cases) generalization performance at much faster learning speed (up to thousands times) than traditional SVM and LS-SVM.     

基于影响度剪枝的极端学习机分类算法研究

针对极端学习机(ELM)网络规模控制问题,从剪枝思路出发,提出了一种基于影响度剪枝的ELM分类算法。利用ELM网络单个隐节点连接输入层和输出层的权值向量、该隐节点的输出、初始隐节点个数以及训练样本个数,定义单个隐节点相对于整个网络学习的影响度,根据影响度判断隐节点的重要性并将其排序,采用与ELM网络规模相匹配的剪枝步长删除冗余节点,最后更新隐含层与输入层和输出层连接的权值向量。通过对多个UCI机器学习数据集进行分类实验,并将提出的算法与EM-ELM、PELM和ELM算法相比较,结果表明,该算法具有较高的稳定性和测试精度,训练速度较快,并能有效地控制网络规模。     

Model selection of extreme learning machine based on multi-objective optimization

As a novel learning algorithm for single-hidden-layer feedforward neural networks, extreme learning machines (ELMs) have been a promising tool for regression and classification applications. However, it is not trivial for ELMs to find the proper number of hidden neurons due to the nonoptimal input weights and hidden biases. In this paper, a new model selection method of ELM based on multi-objective optimization is proposed to obtain compact networks with good generalization ability. First, a new leave-one-out (LOO) error bound of ELM is derived, and it can be calculated with negligible computational cost once the ELM training is finished. Furthermore, the hidden nodes are added to the network one-by-one, and at each step, a multi-objective optimization algorithm is used to select optimal input weights by minimizing this LOO bound and the norm of output weight simultaneously in order to avoid over-fitting. Experiments on five UCI regression data sets are conducted, demonstrating that the proposed algorithm can generally obtain better generalization performance with more compact network than the conventional gradient-based back-propagation method, original ELM and evolutionary ELM.     

Face recognition based on extreme learning machine

Extreme learning machine (ELM) is an efficient learning algorithm for generalized single hidden layer feedforward networks (SLFNs), which performs well in both regression and classification applications. It has recently been shown that from the optimization point of view ELM and support vector machine (SVM) are equivalent but ELM has less stringent optimization constraints. Due to the mild optimization constraints ELM can be easy of implementation and usually obtains better generalization performance. In this paper we study the performance of the one-against-all (OAA) and one-against-one (OAO) ELM for classification in multi-label face recognition applications. The performance is verified through four benchmarking face image data sets.     

极限学习机在机场旅客吞吐量预测中的应用

极限学习机(ELM)是一种新型单馈层神经网络算法,在训练过程中只需要设置合适的隐藏层节点个数,随机赋值输入权值和隐藏层偏差,一次完成无需迭代.结合遗传算法在预测模型参数寻优方面的优势,找到极限学习机的最优参数取值,建立成都双流国际机场旅客吞吐量预测模型,通过对比支持向量机、BP神经网络,分析遗传-极限学习机算法在旅客吞吐量预测中的可行性和优势.仿真结果表明遗传-极限学习机算法不仅可行,并且与原始极限学习机算法相比,在预测精度和训练速度上具有比较明显的优势.     

Evolutionary selection extreme learning machine optimization for regression

Neural network model of aggression can approximate unknown datasets with the less error. As an important method of global regression, extreme learning machine (ELM) represents a typical learning method in single-hidden layer feedforward network, because of the better generalization performance and the faster implementation. The “randomness” property of input weights makes the nonlinear combination reach arbitrary function approximation. In this paper, we attempt to seek the alternative mechanism to input connections. The idea is derived from the evolutionary algorithm. After predefining the number L of hidden nodes, we generate original ELM models. Each hidden node is seemed as a gene. To rank these hidden nodes, the larger weight nodes are reassigned for the updated ELM. We put L/2 trivial hidden nodes in a candidate reservoir. Then, we generate L/2 new hidden nodes to combine L hidden nodes from this candidate reservoir. Another ranking is used to choose these hidden nodes. The fitness-proportional selection may select L/2 hidden nodes and recombine evolutionary selection ELM. The entire algorithm can be applied for large-scale dataset regression. The verification shows that the regression performance is better than the traditional ELM and Bayesian ELM under less cost gain.     

Self-adaptive extreme learning machine

In order to overcome the disadvantage of the traditional algorithm for SLFN (single-hidden layer feedforward neural network), an improved algorithm for SLFN, called extreme learning machine (ELM), is proposed by Huang et al. However, ELM is sensitive to the neuron number in hidden layer and its selection is a difficult-to-solve problem. In this paper, a self-adaptive mechanism is introduced into the ELM. Herein, a new variant of ELM, called self-adaptive extreme learning machine (SaELM), is proposed. SaELM is a self-adaptive learning algorithm that can always select the best neuron number in hidden layer to form the neural networks. There is no need to adjust any parameters in the training process. In order to prove the performance of the SaELM, it is used to solve the Italian wine and iris classification problems. Through the comparisons between SaELM and the traditional back propagation, basic ELM and general regression neural network, the results have proven that SaELM has a faster learning speed and better generalization performance when solving the classification problem.     

A study on effectiveness of extreme learning machine

Extreme learning machine (ELM), proposed by Huang et al., has been shown a promising learning algorithm for single-hidden layer feedforward neural networks (SLFNs). Nevertheless, because of the random choice of input weights and biases, the ELM algorithm sometimes makes the hidden layer output matrix H of SLFN not full column rank, which lowers the effectiveness of ELM. This paper discusses the effectiveness of ELM and proposes an improved algorithm called EELM that makes a proper selection of the input weights and bias before calculating the output weights, which ensures the full column rank of H in theory. This improves to some extend the learning rate (testing accuracy, prediction accuracy, learning time) and the robustness property of the networks. The experimental results based on both the benchmark function approximation and real-world problems including classification and regression applications show the good performances of EELM.     

基于极限学习机的网页分类应用

极限学习机ELM不同于传统的神经网络学习算法（如BP算法）,是一种高效的单隐层前馈神经网络（SLFNs）学习算法。将极限学习机引入到中文网页分类任务中。对中文网页进行预处理,提取其特性信息,从而形成网页特征树,产生定长编码作为极限学习机的输入数据。实验结果表明该方法能够有效地分类网页。     

Performance enhancement of extreme learning machine for multi-category sparse data classification problems

This paper presents a performance enhancement scheme for the recently developed extreme learning machine (ELM) for multi-category sparse data classification problems. ELM is a single hidden layer neural network with good generalization capabilities and extremely fast learning capacity. In ELM, the input weights are randomly chosen and the output weights are analytically calculated. The generalization performance of the ELM algorithm for sparse data classification problem depends critically on three free parameters. They are, the number of hidden neurons, the input weights and the bias values which need to be optimally chosen. Selection of these parameters for the best performance of ELM involves a complex optimization problem.In this paper, we present a new, real-coded genetic algorithm approach called ‘RCGA-ELM’ to select the optimal number of hidden neurons, input weights and bias values which results in better performance. Two new genetic operators called ‘network based operator’ and ‘weight based operator’ are proposed to find a compact network with higher generalization performance. We also present an alternate and less computationally intensive approach called ‘sparse-ELM’. Sparse-ELM searches for the best parameters of ELM using K-fold validation. A multi-class human cancer classification problem using micro-array gene expression data (which is sparse), is used for evaluating the performance of the two schemes. Results indicate that the proposed RCGA-ELM and sparse-ELM significantly improve ELM performance for sparse multi-category classification problems.     

An optimized extreme learning machine-based novel model for bearing fault classification

This work addresses the rolling element bearing (REB) fault classification problem by tackling the issue of identifying the appropriate parameters for the extreme learning machine (ELM) and enhancing its effectiveness. This study introduces a memetic algorithm (MA) to identify the optimal ELM parameter set for compact ELM architecture alongside better ELM performance. The goal of using MA is to investigate the promising solution space and systematically exploit the facts in the viable solution space. In the proposed method, the local search method is proposed along with link-based and node-based genetic operators to provide a tight ELM structure. A vibration data set simulated from the bearing of rotating machinery has been used to assess the performance of the optimized ELM with the REB fault categorization problem. The complexity involved in choosing a promising feature set is eliminated because the vibration data has been transformed into kurtograms to reflect the input of the model. The experimental results demonstrate that MA efficiently optimizes the ELM to improve the fault classification accuracy by around 99.0% and reduces the requirement of hidden nodes by 17.0% for both data sets. As a result, the proposed scheme is demonstrated to be a practically acceptable and well-organized solution that offers a compact ELM architecture in comparison to the state-of-the-art methods for the fault classification problem.     

基于模拟退火算法的改进极限学习机

传统的极限学习机作为一种有监督的学习模型,任意对隐藏层神经元的输入权值和偏置进行赋值,通过计算隐藏层神经元的输出权值完成学习过程.针对传统的极限学习机在数据分析预测研究中存在预测精度不足的问题,提出一种基于模拟退火算法改进的极限学习机.首先,利用传统的极限学习机对训练集进行学习,得到隐藏层神经元的输出权值,选取预测结果评价标准.然后利用模拟退火算法,将传统的极限学习机隐藏层输入权值和偏置视为初始解,预测结果评价标准视为目标函数,通过模拟退火的降温过程,找到最优解即学习过程中预测误差最小的极限学习机的隐藏层神经元输入权值和偏置,最后通过传统的极限学习机计算得到隐藏层输出权值.实验选取鸢尾花分类数据和波士顿房价预测数据进行分析.实验发现与传统的极限学习机相比,基于模拟退火改进的极限学习机在分类和回归性能上都更优.     

Uncertainty evaluation and model selection of extreme learning machine based on Riemannian metric

Considering the uncertainty of hidden neurons, choosing significant hidden nodes, called as model selection, has played an important role in the applications of extreme learning machines(ELMs). How to define and measure this uncertainty is a key issue of model selection for ELM. From the information geometry point of view, this paper presents a new model selection method of ELM for regression problems based on Riemannian metric. First, this paper proves theoretically that the uncertainty can be characterized by a form of Riemannian metric. As a result, a new uncertainty evaluation of ELM is proposed through averaging the Riemannian metric of all hidden neurons. Finally, the hidden nodes are added to the network one by one, and at each step, a multi-objective optimization algorithm is used to select optimal input weights by minimizing this uncertainty evaluation and the norm of output weight simultaneously in order to obtain better generalization performance. Experiments on five UCI regression data sets and cylindrical shell vibration data set are conducted, demonstrating that the proposed method can generally obtain lower generalization error than the original ELM, evolutionary ELM, ELM with model selection, and multi-dimensional support vector machine. Moreover, the proposed algorithm generally needs less hidden neurons and computational time than the traditional approaches, which is very favorable in engineering applications.     

基于ELM的局部空间信息的模糊C均值聚类图像分割算法

极限学习机（Extreme learning machine, ELM）作为一种新技术具有在回归和分类中良好的泛化性能。局部空间信息的模糊C均值算法(Weighted fuzzy local information C-means, WFLICM)用邻域像素点的空间信息标记中心点的影响因子,增强了模糊C均值聚类算法的去噪声能力。基于极限学习机理论,对WFLICM进行改进优化,提出了基于ELM的局部空间信息的模糊C均值聚类图像分割算法(New kernel weighted fuzzy local information C-means based on ELM,ELM-NKWFLICM)。该方法基于ELM特征映射技术,将原始数据通过ELM特征映射技术映射到高维ELM隐空间中,再用改进的新核局部空间信息的模糊C均值聚类图像分割算法(New kernel weighted fuzzy local information C-means,NKWFLICM)进行聚类。 实验结果表明 ELM-NKWFLICM算法具有比WFLICM算法更强的去噪声能力,且很好地保留了原图像的细节,算法在处理复杂非线性数据时更高效, 同时克服了模糊聚类算法对模糊指数的敏感性问题。     

基于局部保留投影的堆叠隐空间模糊C均值算法*

传统模糊聚类算法在处理复杂非线性数据时学习能力较差。针对此问题,文中基于极限学习机(ELM)理论,结合局部保留投影(LPP)与ELM特征映射,提出压缩隐空间特征映射算法,从而将原始数据从原空间映射至压缩ELM隐空间中。通过连接多个压缩隐空间特征映射,结合模糊聚类技术,提出基于LPP的堆叠隐空间模糊C均值算法。大量实验表明,文中算法对模糊指数的变化不敏感,在处理复杂非线性数据和存在类内差异的图像数据时,能够取得更精确、高效、稳定的学习效果。