面包酵母No.6催化不对称合成(2S,5S)-2,5-已二醇反应特性

Baker’s yeast number 6 was selected by screening. It showed good catalytic activity and enantioselectivity for asymmetric reduction of 2,5-hexanedione to produce (2S,5S)-2,5-hexanediol. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed that the intermediate was (S)-5-hydroxyhexane-2-one. Reduction of 2,5-hexanedione proceeded in a two-step reaction. The hydroxyketone was initially formed, and this intermediate was further re-duced to the diol. Factors influencing the product yield and the enantiomeric excess of the reduction of 2,5-hexandione catalyzed by baker’s yeast number 6 were investigated. Higher concentration (≤100 mmol•L－1) of 2,5-hexandione did not influence 5-hydroxyhexane-2-one production, but 2,5-hexanediol production was inhibited by excess accumulation (＞30 mmol•L－1) of intermediate. The optimal conditions were glucose as the co-substrate at an initial glucose concentration of 20 g•L－1, 34C, pH 7.0 and cell concentration 60 g•L－1 (cell dry mass). Under the optimal condition and an initial substrate concentration of 30 mmol•L－1, the yield of 2,5-hexandiol was 78.7% and the enantiomeric excess of (2S,5S)-2,5-hexandiol was 94.4% for 24-h reduction.     

过氧化叔戊醇对苯并噻吩类衍生物的氧化

Homogeneous oxidation using an oil-soluble oxidant, tert-amyl hydroperoxide (TAHP), for ultra-deep desulfurization was performed under mild conditions in the presence of molybdenum oxide catalysts. Dibenzothio-phene (DBT), benzothiophene (BT) and 4, 6-dimethyl-dibenzothiophene (DMDBT), which are the refractory sulfur compounds for hydrodesulfurization (HDS), were employed as model substrates for a simulated diesel fuel. Activ-ity of molybdenum oxide supported on a macroporous weak acidic resin was investigated. The mass conversion of DBT reached near 100% at 90°C and a TAHP/DBT molar ratio of 3 with 1% of molybdenum oxide supported on Amberlite IRC-748 resin for 1 h. It was further found that the activities of the model substrates decreased in the or-der of DMDBT＞DBT＞BT. In the flow oxidation using TAHP as the oxidant, mass conversion of DBT increased remarkably from 61.3% to 98.5% when dropping the weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) from 40 h－1 to 10 h－1. A series of experiments dealt with selectivity of this oxidation using TAHP revealed that the model unsaturated compounds, i.e. 4, 6, 8-trimethyl-2-nonylene, and 2-methylnaphthalene did not affect the oxidation of DBT. Car-bazole had nearly no effect on the conversion of DBT using TAHP, but had some influence on the one using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP). The mass conversion of DBT decreased remarkably from 75.2% to 3.6% when the content of carbazole increased from 0 to 500 μg•g－1. In the flow oxidation using TAHP as the oxidant, the con-centration of DBT in model fuels was reduced from 500 µg•g－1 to 7.2 µg•g－1 at WHSV of 10 h－1, and then reduced to 3.8 µg•g－1 by adsorption of Al2O3.     

超临界萃取技术结合超声强化技术提取鹿茸中性激素和IGF-1

Supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) extraction technology and ultrasonic technology were used to extract two active sex hormones, estradiol and progesterone, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) from antler velvet. The effects of SC-CO2 extraction condition on the extraction yield and content of sex hormones, the ultrasonic extraction condition on the content of IGF-1 and the SC-CO2 extraction condition on the activity remaining of IGF-1 were studied. The optimal conditions were obtained. The experimental results showed that, in presence of 75% ethanol as the co-solvent, the mean yield and content of estradiol and progesterone were 87.67 pg•g－1 and 1224.10 pg•g－1, 12.38 ng•g－1 and 354.06 ng•g－1, respectively, with extraction pressure of 30 MPa, temperature of 35°C, extraction time of 30 min and CO2 consumption of 15 L•g－1 at the flow rate of 2.0 L•min－1. The highest content of IGF-1 was 7425.75 ng•g－1 antler velvet residue, when the pH10 ammonia-ammonium chloride buffer solution was used as the solvent, the ratio of solvent to sample was 20/1 (volume/mass), the extraction temperature was 0-35°C, and the ex-traction time was 4×15 min. Under these conditions, 93.68% activity remaining of IGF-1 in the residue was ob-tained, while little IGF-1 activity exists in traditional residue. The experimental results indicate that the technology of SC-CO2 with co-solvent is of advantage for getting high content sexual hormones and keeping high activity of IGF-1 in the residue, which can not be achieved by traditional extraction methods.     

A型分子筛对甲烷水合物生成的影响

The porous medium has an important effect on hydrate formation. In this paper, the formation process and the gas storage capacity of the methane hydrate were investigated with A-type zeolite and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) existing in the system. The results show that A-type zeolite can influence methane hydrate formation. At the temperature of 273.5 K and pressure of 8.3 MPa, the distilled water with A-type zeolite can form methane hydrate with gaseous methane in 12 hours. The formation process of the system with A-type zeolite was quite steady and the amount of A-type zeolite can influence the gas storage capacity significantly. The adding of A-type zeolite with 0.067 g•(g water)－1 into 2×10－3 g•g－1 SDS-water solution can increase the gas storage capacity, and the maxi-mum increase rate was 31%. Simultaneously the promotion effect on hydrate formation of 3A-type zeolite is much more obvious than that of 5A-type zeolite when the water adding amounts are 0.033 g•g－1 and 0.067 g•g－1 at the experimental conditions.     

硫酸铁改性颗粒活性氧化铝除氟的等温线研究

The adsorption equilibrium of a fluoride solution on 1-2 mm granular activated alumina modified by Fe2(SO4)3 solution was investigated. The experiments were conducted using a wide range of initial fluoride concentrations (0.5 to 180 mg•L1 at pH ~7.0) and an adsorbent dose of 1.0 g•L1. The application of Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models (linear and nonlinear forms) generally showed that a single Langmuir or Freundlich equation cannot fit the entire concentration gap. Experimental data on low equilibrium concentrations (0.1 to 5.0 mg•L1) was in line with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, whereas that of high equilibrium concentrations (5.0 to 150 mg•L1) was more in line with the Freundlich isotherm model. A new Langmuir- Freundlich function was used for the entire concentration gap, as well as for low and high concentrations.     

PDMS/陶瓷复合膜用于正丁醇-水体系的渗透汽化分离

Pervaporation has attracted considerable interest owing to its potential application in recovering biobutanol from biomass acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation broth. In this study, butanol was recovered from its aqueous solution using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/ceramic composite pervaporation membrane. The effects of operating temperature, feed concentration, feed flow rate and operating time on the membrane pervaporation per-formance were investigated. It was found that with the increase of temperature or butanol concentration in the feed, the total flux through the membrane increased while the separation factor decreased slightly. As the feed flow rate increased, the total flux increased gradually while the separation factor changed little. At 40 C and 1% (by mass) butanol in the feed, the total flux and separation factor of the membrane reached 457.4 g•m2•h1 and 26.1, respec-tively. The membrane with high flux is suitable for recovering butanol from ABE fermentation broth.     

硅藻土颗粒在处理煤气废水活性污泥系统中的作用

Diatomite is a kind of natural low-cost mineral material. It has a number of unique physical properties and has been widely used as an adsorbent in wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to investigate the aerobic biodegradation of coal gasification wastewater with and without diatomite addition. Experimental results indicated that diatomite added in the activated sludge system could promote the biomass and also enhance the performance of the sludge settling. The average mixed-liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) is increased from 4055 mg•L－1 to 4518 mg•L－1 and the average settling volume (SV) are changed only from 45.9% to 47.1%. Diatomite additive could enhance the efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phenols removal from the wastewater. The COD removal increased from 73.3% to near 80% and the total phenols removal increased from 81.4% to 85.8%. The mechanisms of the increase of biomass and pollutants removal may correlates to the improvement of bioavailability and sludge settlement characteristics by diatomite added. Micrograph of the sludge in the diatomite-activated sludge system indicated that the diatomite added could be the carrier of the microbe and also affect the biomass and pollutant removal.     

氨改性的介孔二氧化硅的直接合成和CO2吸附

Amine-functionalized mesoporous silica was prepared by using lauric acid and N-stearoyl-l-glutamic acid as structure directing agents via the SN+-I mechanism and applied to CO2 adsorption at room temperature. With γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane as co-structure directing agent and due to the direct electrostatic interaction with anionic surfactant, most of the amino groups were uniformly distributed at the inner surface of pores and the performance was stable. The amine-functionalized mesoporous silica was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen physisorption and thermogravimetric analysis. The CO2 adsorption capacity was measured by digital recording balance. At the room temperature and under the atmospheric pres-sure, the adsorption capacity of LAA-AMS-0.2 for CO2 and N2 is 1.40 mmol•g1 and 0.03 mmol•g1, respectively, indicating high separation coefficient of CO2/N2.     

生物活性泡沫乳液反应器处理被苯、甲苯、二甲苯污染的空气

A novel bioactive foam emulsion bioreactor for benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) contaminated air streams treatment has been developed. The gas-liquid interfacial area by biocompatible foam and driving force for mass transfer by a water immiscible organic phase were increased in this reactor. The effect of several parameters such as gas residence time, oxygen content, and organic phase concentration on bioreactor performance was studied. Experimental results showed an average elimination capacity (EC) of 220 g&;#8226;m－3&;#8226;h－1 with removal efficiency (RE) of 89.59% for BTX inlet concentration of 1 g&;#8226;m－3 at 15 s gas residence time in the bioreactor. The statistical developed model predicted that the maximum elimination capacity of the reactor for BTX could be reached to 423.45 g&;#8226;m－3&;#8226;h－1. Continues operation of the bioreactor with high EC and RE was demonstrated by optimizing the operational parameters of the bioreactor. Overall the results suggest that the bioreactor developed can be very effective systems to treat BTX vapors.     

突变株CTM2降解苯酚和4-氯酚的生物降解特性

The biodegradations of phenol and 4-chlorophenol (4-cp) were studied using the mutant strain CTM 2 obtained by the He-Ne laser irradiation on wild-type Candida tropicalis. The results showed that the capacity of the CTM 2 to biodegrade 4-cp was increased up to 400 mg•L－1 within 59.5 h. In the dual-substrate biodegradation, both velocity and capacity of the CTM 2 to degrade 4-cp increased with low-concentration phenol. A total of 400 mg•L－1 4-cp was completely degraded within 50.5 h in the presence of 300 mg•L－1 phenol. The maximum 4-cp biodegradation could reach 440 mg•L－1 with 120 mg•L－1 phenol. Low-concentration 4-cp caused great inhibition on the CTM 2 to degrade phenol. In addition, the kinetic behaviors were described using the kinetic model proposed in this lab.     

大团囊虫草菌胞内多糖发酵优化和抗氧化活性研究(英文)

Cordyceps ophioglossoides is a valuable traditional medicinal material.We have found that intracellular polysaccharide(IPS) is the major biologically active ingredient in Cordyceps ophioglossoides.This study is the first time to optimize the yield of IPS from Cordyceps ophioglossoides.The optimal medium for IPS production consists of glucose 54.50 g·L·1,yeast powder 25.50 g·L·1,NaH2PO4 0.4 g·L·1 and K2HPO4 0.4 g·L·1.The suggested culture conditions are 24 ℃,initial pH 4.5 with a rotary speed of 120 r·min·1 for 168 h.The yield of IPS is 737.93 mg·L·1,which is 50% higher than the yield under the conditions prior to optimization.The anti-oxidative activities of IPS in Cordyceps ophioglossoides L2 are also characterized using various in vitro assay.The anti-oxidative activity may explain the reason why IPS from Cordyceps ophioglossoides can be used to fight against neurodegenerative dis-eases and menopausal symptoms.     

Optimization of Chlorella vulgaris cultivation grown in waste molasses syrup using mixture design

The aim of this study was to determine and optimize culture media for Chlorella vulgaris microalgae under mixotrophic conditions using waste molasses as a cheap carbon source containing both organic carbons and other nutrients. In the current study, at first the growth and lipid productivity of C. vulgaris were assessed in different culture media and the best media was selected for mixotrophic growth conditions. Significant medium ingredients were screened through Plackett–Burman design. Then ingredients with positive effect were considered as a mixture component and their combinations were evaluated on lipid productivity using mixture design. According to results, Zarrouk medium was considered as the base medium with the highest biomass and lipid productivity of 72 and 7.1 mg L⁻¹ d⁻¹, respectively. Based on the Plackett–Burman design, out of 11 factors, molasses, NaNO₃ and K₂HPO₄ demonstrated key roles in biomass and lipid productivity in mixotrophic conditions. Consequently, the selected three factors were investigated by mixture design. The results showed that high concentration of molasses causes decrease in biomass and lipid productivity due to high turbidity and a blend consisting of approximately 9.5 g L⁻¹ molasses, 5 g L⁻¹ NaNO₃ and 0.15 g L⁻¹ K₂HPO₄ was found as the optimum mixture with obtained lipid productivity of 115 mg L⁻¹ d⁻¹. In conclusion, waste molasses can be used as a promising feedstock for cost effective cultivation of C. vulgaris.     

煤拔头工艺中煤与生物质快速热解的气体产物分布

在模拟煤拔头快速热解条件下,实验研究了煤、生物质及其混合物热解产物的产率、气体组成及气体热值随热解温度的变化规律. 结果表明,褐煤与生物质混合热解遵循单一物质的热解规律,但生物质配入比例对混合热解产物产率有一定影响;其质量配入比例低于50%时,随生物质配入量增加,气体产率增加,800℃时气体产率可从50%以下增加到60%以上;其配入比例增大至50%以上时,气体产率下降5%. 褐煤与生物质混合物热解产物的气体组成与原料单独热解时相似,均以CO2为主,其次为CO, H2,烃类组分中以CH4和C3H6为主,C2H4, C2H6, C3H8次之,C4H8略少,混合物热解气体中CH4含量比褐煤单独热解时高7%以上. 热解温度对气体的热值影响较明显,高温下热解气体热值高,热解温度500~800℃、生物质与褐煤质量配比为1:2时,热解气体的热值从11.38升至16.10 MJ/m3. 拔头条件下,褐煤与生物质混合快速热解的气体产率较高,有利于提高热解气体热值.     

Biomass production by thermophilic microorganisms simultaneously using reaction heat

An energy-economic use of reaction heat is possible only if thermophilic microorganisms convert carbon substrates into biomass at temperatures above 65°C. The thermophilic bacterium Bacillus stearothermophilus TP5 was isolated from a man-made hot water reservoir. The highest specific growth rate of 1.6 h^?1 was obtained in continuous cultivation (chemostat) on a glucose-containing nutrient medium at 68°C, pH 6.8 and normal pressure. The highest values for the biomass production rate (3.2 g dm^?3 h^?1) and the biomass yield coefficient (0.39 gg^?1) were obtained at a dilution rate of 1.3 h^?1 (about 80% of the highest specific growth rate) under the above-mentioned conditions. The biomass production rate of the thermophilic bacterium was higher in the chemostat than in the semicontinuous process at normal pressure. The biomass produced in the chemostat at a dilution rate of 0.4 h^?1 contained 71% of protein and 8% of RNA and had an ash content of 6%. The optimum and maximum temperatures of growth were changed by raising the pressure inside the reactor. As a prerequisite for the energy-economic use of the reaction heat, the specific heat production was determined by using a special calorimeter. The ratio of heat production to oxygen consumption (oxy-caloric coefficient) was found to be 13.6 kJ g^?1, which is close to the theoretical value deduced from mass- and energy-balance theory.     

Orthogonal array design for the optimization of stripping Sr(Ⅱ) from ionic liquids using supercritical CO_2

The strontium ions extracted from the aqueous phase into 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide(C_2mimNTf2) with dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6(DCH18C6) was stripped effectively by supercritical CO_2(sc-CO_2).Hexafluoroacetylacetone(HFAA)-acetonitrile was found to be an excellent modifier of sc-CO_2 to enhance the stripping efficiency.In the orthogonal array design(OAD),OA_(25)(5~5)matrix was employed to optimize the stripping of Sr(Ⅱ) from the DCH 18C6-C_2mimNTf_2 system.Effects of five experimental factors:temperature,pressure,concentration of HFAA,static and dynamic extraction times as well as each factor at five-levels on the stripping of Sr(Ⅱ) were optimized.The effects of these parameters were treated by the analysis of variance(ANOVA).The results showed that Sr(II) could be nearly 100%extracted from the IL phase at 308 K,30 MPa,40 min of dynamic extraction and 60 mmol·L~(-1) HFAA in acetonitrile,respectively.Finally,the stripping mechanism was studied by ESI-MS.     

Growth kinetics of Rhizopus formosa MUCL 28422 on raw cassava flour in solid state fermentation

Solid state fermentations were carried out using a strain of Rhizopus formosa MUCL 28422 for its ability to grow on raw cassava. Optimal substrate composition, as estimated by surface response design experiments, was 10% each of cassava bagasse and soybean flour and 80% cassava flour. Optimal fermentation conditions were: temperature 32 °C, initial pH and moisture of the substrate 6.5 and 64%, respectively, and inoculum size 10⁶‐spores g⁻¹ dry matter. These conditions were employed for studying the kinetics of the biotransformation of cassava flour using Oxygen Uptake Rate (OUR) and Carbon dioxide Evolution Rate (CER) during the process. The respiratory quotient was ∼1, corresponding to an aerobic process in the first 24–26 h. Sporulation started after 26 h of fermentation when the respiratory quotient showed a trend to increase up to ∼6. Biomass estimation, based on oxygen consumption (Y_x/o) gave a value of 0.531 g biomass g⁻¹ O₂ consumed and the maintenance coefficient (m) was of the order of 0.068 g O₂ consumed g⁻¹ biomass h⁻¹. The corresponding value for the specific growth rate (µ) was 0.16 h⁻¹. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biodiesel production by direct methanolysis of oleaginous microbial biomass

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel conventionally prepared by transesterification of pre‐extracted vegetable oils and animal fats of all resources with methanol, catalyzed by strong acids or bases. This paper reports on a novel biodiesel production method that features acid‐promoted direct methanolysis of cellular biomass of oleaginous yeasts and filamentous fungi. The process was optimized for tuning operation parameters, such as methanol dosage, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and time. Up to 98% yield was reached with reaction conditions of 70 °C, under ambient pressure for 20 h and a dried biomass to methanol ratio 1:20 (w/v) catalyzed by either 0.2 mol L^?1 H₂SO₄ or 0.4 mol L^?1 HCl. Cetane numbers for these products were estimated to range from 56 to 59. This integrated method is thus effective and technically attractive, as dried microbial biomass as feedstocks omits otherwise tedious and time‐consuming oil extraction processes. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Prediction of pyrolysis kinetic parameters from biomass constituents based on simplex-lattice mixture design

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the main chemical components of biomass:cel ulose, hemicel-lulose and lignin, on chemical kinetics of biomass pyrolysis. The experiments were designed based on a simplex-lattice mixture design. The pyrolysis was observed by using a thermogravimetric analyzer. The curves obtained from the employed analytical method fit the experimental data (R2 N 0.9). This indicated that this method has the potential to determine the kinetic parameters such as the activation energy (Ea), frequency factor (A) and re-action order (n) for each point of the experimental design. The results obtained from the simplex-lattice mixture design indicated that cellulose had a significant effect on Ea and A, and the interaction between cellulose and lignin had an important effect on the reaction order, n. The proposed models were then proved to be useful for predicting pyrolysis behavior in real biomass and so could be used as a simple approximation for predicting the overall trend of chemical reaction kinetics.     

Experimental,equilibrium modelling,and column design for the reactive separation of biomass-derived 2-furoic acid

Electrochemical conversion of biomass to value-added chemicals has gained impetus in recent years. Herein, we present a methodology for recovering biomass-derived 2-furoic acid from the dilute aqueous stream by reactive extraction. The reactive extraction was performed using a chemical extractant, trioctylamine (TOA), with diluents (octanol, chloroform, and diethyl ether). Equilibrium parameters influencing the recovery of 2-furoic acid were evaluated. Using TOA in various diluents, the 2-furoic acid was recovered with 85%–99% efficiency. A 1:1 complex of the 2-furoic acid—TOA was formed in the organic phase, and the experimental equilibrium complexation constant was compared with that obtained from the relative basicity and Langmuir models. The equilibrium parameters were used for column design to estimate the solvent to feed ratio (S/F) and the number of theoretical stages (NTS). The NTS required is 12 to attain 99% recovery of 2-furoic acid in counter-current extraction. The present study sheds light on the reactive extraction process adopted for process intensification with electrochemical conversion, paving the way for the commercialization of valuable products obtained from biomass.     

A tubular bioreactor for photosynthetic production of biomass from carbon dioxide: Design and performance

A theory of photobioreactor design is developed. A photobioreactor was constructed in the form of a loop made from 52 m of glass tubing of 1 cm bore; the loop covered about 0.5 m². The culture was illuminated with mercury halide lamps to reproduce sunlight. Computer control was used to maintain constant biomass concentration. The influence of radiation on the reactor temperature is quantitatively predicted. An air lift system was preferred to a liquid pump for culture recycle. The energy required for culture recycle in the loop with Reynolds number 2000 was 0.6 W m^?2. The CO₂ gas/liquid transfer rate achieved was sufficient to meet the maximum possible demand with solar irradiation. The O₂ gas/liquid transfer rate was sufficient to meet the maximum respiration demand at night. The maximum algal biomass concentration achieved exceeded 20 g dry weight litre^?1. A biomass concentration of 8 g dry weight litre^?1 was found to be convenient for normal operation. The maximum uptake of light in the available wavelength range (400–700 nm) was 38 W m^?2, this corresponds to utilisation of solar irradiation up to 89 W m^?2. Below the maximum light uptake rate the efficiency of storage of light energy in the biomass corresponded to 16.6% of solar energy.