Influence of tensile straining on the permeation of hydrogen in low alloy Cr-Mo steels

The effect of dynamic tensile straining on hydrogen permeation through low alloy Cr-Mo steel samples was studied with the electrochemical permeation technique. The hydrogen steady-state permeation current through large flat tensile specimens mounted between the two compartments of an electrochemical permeation cell undergoes different types of changes, depending on the charging conditions, on the steel’s composition and microstructure and on the strain rate. Dynamic trapping of hydrogen to strain-induced dislocations which leads to a deviation of the permeation current below the initial steady-state value is mostly observed when the external hydrogen activity and the strain rate are large. However, the hydrogen permeation current through Cr-Mo steels with a bainitic microstructure appears to be less sensitive to tensile straining up to large deformation levels than a lower alloyed Cr-Mo steel with a ferrito-pearlitic microstructure. On the other hand, the enhancement of the steady-state hydrogen permeation current observed during tensile straining if specific experimental conditions are met strongly suggests a mechanism of hydrogen transport by mobile dislocations which contributes to hydrogen permeation.     

氢渗透传感器及其在海洋腐蚀环境中的应用

目的探究电化学氢渗透传感器在海洋腐蚀环境中的适用性以及相应腐蚀环境下高强度钢的氢渗透行为。方法设计和制作系列氢渗透传感器,将氢渗透传感器置于海洋大气腐蚀环境、模拟浪花飞溅区腐蚀环境和模拟海洋潮差区腐蚀环境,通过电化学氢渗透技术反映自然腐蚀条件下由腐蚀导致的氢向AISI 4135高强钢材料的渗透情况。结合各腐蚀环境下影响材料腐蚀速率的因素,分析各腐蚀环境下氢产生的机理。结果海洋大气腐蚀环境下由腐蚀引起的材料的氢渗透电流密度处在一个较小的数量级,氢渗透电流的大小与大气的绝对湿度呈正比例关系;模拟浪花飞溅区腐蚀环境下,氢渗透电流的大小与模拟浪花飞溅效应的海水喷淋间隔时间相关,相较于海水喷淋间隔为1min条件下的氢渗透电流密度,喷淋间隔为10min条件下的氢渗透电流密度的最大值更大。处于模拟海洋潮差区腐蚀的材料的氢渗透电流呈现周期性波动,并且前期氢渗透电流的波动幅值较大,而后趋于稳定。结论电化学氢渗透传感器在检测大气腐蚀环境和模拟浪花飞溅、模拟海洋潮差环境下由腐蚀引起的氢渗透电流的应用中,展现了良好的稳定性和可靠性,表明了相应试验海洋腐蚀环境下氢渗透电流的特点,不同腐蚀环境下材料的氢渗透行为差异较大。     

焊缝为镍基合金的管线钢焊接接头应力腐蚀性能

用镍基合金Arc625焊材,采用钨极惰性气体保护焊(tungsten inert gas welding, TIG)方法焊接X65管线钢. 针对该类焊接接头,通过显微组织观察、电化学测试、氢渗透试验、四点弯曲以及能谱分析研究其H2S应力腐蚀开裂(sulfide stress corrosion cracking, SSCC)行为. 结果表明,该类焊接接头熔合线处有硬脆碳化物聚集,焊缝与热影响区间电化学腐蚀性能差异较大,焊缝的自腐蚀电流密度比热影响区小一个数量级,该类焊接接头整体抗氢渗透能力较强,SSCC试验后试样在熔合线处出现了裂纹,该裂纹由阳极溶解和氢渗透的双重作用所致. 熔合线处 C元素的聚集和Ni,Cr元素的偏析对焊接接头SSCC性能影响较大.     

Q235B 钢含硫污水罐的腐蚀开裂失效分析

目的对某炼油厂原料水罐Q235B钢腐蚀开裂失效原因进行分析。方法采用宏观形貌、金相组织和断口观察以及成分分析和力学性能测定等手段,分析Q235B钢腐蚀开裂失效的宏观和微观行为。结果 Q235B钢在污水罐罐顶形成的湿硫化氢环境中发生沿晶型应力腐蚀开裂。腐蚀过程中,电化学反应产生的氢渗入基体,导致微裂纹的萌生。腐蚀产物在基体表面积聚,其自身体积膨胀以及涂层的闭塞作用对基体形成非常大的拉应力。结论结合应力分析和环境分析,Q235B钢含硫污水罐的腐蚀开裂失效机制为硫化氢应力腐蚀开裂,应力来源于氢渗透和腐蚀产物膨胀。     

钛对冷轧超低碳搪瓷钢鳞爆性的影响

在相同轧制工艺和不同退火温度条件下,研究了添加钛的冷轧超低碳钢的氢渗透性和搪瓷的鳞爆性.研究发现,含钛的钢搪瓷鳞爆现象较轻;当退火温度提高到750℃时无鳞爆出现.显微组织分析表明,含钛钢中生成了钛化物相,并且随着退火温度的提高,钛化物析出量增多.氢渗透曲线测试证明,氢穿透时间和氢陷阱系数明显高于不含钛的钢.此外,随着退...     

显微组织和夹杂物对12Cr2AlMoV钢抗硫化物应力腐蚀开裂的影响

作者研究了钢中显徽组织、流含量及夹杂物对低合金钢12Cr2AlMoV抗硫化物应力腐蚀开裂(SSCC)性能的影响。 结果表明,12Cr2AlMoV钢的抗SSCC的能力随着微显组织的变化而变化。在相同温度下处理的正火回火索氏体加铁素体组织抗SSCC能力比淬火回火的索氏体组织好。特定的硬度规定并不能保证良好的抗SSCC性能,其性能主要取决于显微组织。显微组织和钢中的氢扩散系数D有着较密切的联系。钢中硫含量和夹杂物的增加,可使钢的抗硫性能下降。除硫化锰夹杂外,其它脆性夹杂物也可诱发氢致开裂从而引起SSCC。     

Effects of corrosion product deposit on the subsequent cathodic and anodic reactions of X-70 steel in near-neutral pH solution

The effects of corrosion product deposit on the subsequent anodic and cathodic reactions of X-70 steel in a near-neutral pH solution were investigated by localized electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (LEIS), scanning vibrating micro-electrode (SVME) and macroscopic EIS measurements as well as surface analysis technique. It is found that the deposit layer formed on the steel surface is porous, non-compact in nature. The presence of a corrosion product layer would enhance adsorption, but significantly inhibit absorption and permeation of hydrogen atoms into steel. It is due to the porous structure of the deposit that generates a spatial separation of cathodic and anodic reaction sites, resulting in an increased effective surface area for hydrogen adsorption and, simultaneously, a “blocking” effect on hydrogen absorption and permeation. The deposit enhances greatly anodic dissolution of the steel, which is attributed to the adsorption of the intermediate species and the resultant “self-catalytic” mechanism for corrosion of the steel in near-neutral pH solution. In the presence of corrosion product deposit on the pipeline steel surface, pipeline corrosion, especially pitting corrosion, is expected to be enhanced. Stress corrosion cracks could initiate from the corrosion pits that form under deposit. However, deposit does not contribute to hydrogen permeation, although the hydrogen evolution is enhanced.     

含硫钻井液中碳钢的腐蚀及腐蚀疲劳行为

通过滚轮失重,电化学极化曲线测量,氢扩散,腐蚀疲劳,扫描电镜分析,对碳钢在含硫聚合物钻井液中的腐蚀及腐蚀疲劳行为进行了研究。结果表明：硫化物的存在能减缓碳钢的均匀腐蚀,但增大其点蚀敏感性,促进碳钢中氢的扩散进入,从而加速碳钢的腐蚀疲劳破坏。     

J420焊接的造纸蒸球热影响区耐蚀性研究

针对亚铵法制浆造纸设备腐蚀的问题,采用三电极电化学研究法,金相组织分析法及重量法研究了造纸蒸球焊接热影响区在亚硫酸铵介质中的腐蚀行为.结果表明,温度升高和亚硫酸铵溶液浓度增大,均促使焊接热影响区的腐蚀速率增大;随着亚硫酸铵介质pH由酸性向碱性转变,极化体系中阳极区均出现钝化,其腐蚀速率减小;Q235钢用J420焊条焊接后,热影响区的组织特点决定了其耐蚀性较差.     

湿H2S环境下低合金钢焊接接头氢扩散数值模拟

利用电化学渗透法测定了氢在16MnR低合金钢焊接接头处的焊缝金属、热影响区金属以及母材中的扩散系数.利用有限元软件ABAQUS,对16MnR钢焊接接头氢扩散进行数值模拟,考虑焊接残余应力、不同组织对氢扩散的影响,得到焊接接头扩散氢的浓度随时间的分布.结果表明,在焊缝和热影响区,氢的扩散系数和焊接残余应力较大,使氢在焊缝和热影响区聚集,降低材料的力学性能,使得焊接接头部位成为最薄弱环节,在湿H2S环境下很容易发生与氢有关的损伤和破坏.     

Corrosion of Welded X100 Pipeline Steel in a Near-Neutral pH Solution

In this work, electrochemical corrosion behavior of a welded X100 pipeline steel was studied in a near-neutral pH solution by electrochemical scanning vibrating electrode technique combined with metallographic and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Results demonstrated that a softening phenomenon occurs around the weld, and there is the high micro-hardness in base steel adjacent to weld. In particular, there is the highest micro-hardness in base steel containing acicular ferrite and bainite. Therefore, welding and the associated post-treatment on X100 steel alter dramatically the microstructure and mechanical property around weld, resulting in an enhanced micro-hardness in base steel. There are high and low local dissolution current densities at base steel and the welded zones, respectively. The difference between the maximum and minimum dissolution current densities decreases with time, and the distribution of dissolution current density tends to be uniform. Hydrogen-charging changes the local dissolution activity of the welded steel. Different from the hydrogen-free steel, there is the highest dissolution current density at heat-affected zone. It is reasonable to assume that the charged hydrogen would accumulate at heat-affected zone, and the synergism of hydrogen and local stress results in a high anodic dissolution rate.     

Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of X70 Pipeline Steel in a CO2-Containing Solution

The electrochemical corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviors of X70 pipeline steel in CO₂-containing solution were studied by electrochemical measurements, slow strain rate tensile tests, and surface characterization. The results found that the electrochemical corrosion of X70 steel in aerated, alkaline solution is an activation-controlled process, and a stable passivity cannot develop on steel. Corrosion rate of the steel increases with the CO₂ partial pressure. The enhanced anodic dissolution due to the additional cathodic reaction in the presence of CO₂, rather than the film-formation reaction, dominates the corrosion process. The mass-transfer step through FeCO₃ deposit is the rate-controlling step in corrosion of the steel. The susceptibility of steel to SCC and the fracture brittleness increase with the CO₂ partial pressure. The enhanced fracture brittleness is attributed to the evolution and penetration of hydrogen atoms into the steel, contributing to crack propagation. The formed deposit layer is not effective in reducing hydrogen permeation due to the loose, porous structure.     

氢对X80钢焊接接头在近中性pH值溶液中腐蚀行为的影响

采用动电位极化和电化学阻抗技术研究了电化学充氢后X80钢母材和焊缝在近中性pH值溶液中的电化学行为,并结合光学显微镜对试样充氢前后的形貌进行了观察,测量了母材和焊缝的放氢量。结果表明,电化学充氢并没有改变钢的组织结构;相同电化学充氢条件下,焊缝比母材吸收更多的氢。在近中性pH值溶液中,未充氢时母材比焊缝有更好的耐蚀性能。充氢促进母材和焊缝在近中性pH值溶液中的阳极溶解。随充氢时间增加,母材和焊缝的自腐蚀电位负移,腐蚀电流增大,腐蚀产物膜电阻和极化电阻减小,母材与焊缝电化学腐蚀行为均加剧。充氢后焊缝中位错缺陷浓度高,对氢起钉扎作用的,使焊缝的耐蚀性大于母材。     

Effect of the micro-plasma arc welding technique on the microstructure and pitting corrosion of AISI 316L stainless steels in heavy LiBr brines

The effects of the micro-plasma arc welding technique on the microstructure and pitting corrosion of different zones of an AISI 316L stainless steel were studied using different microscopy and electrochemical techniques. Galvanodynamic measurements and laser scanning confocal microscope were used to evaluate the corrosion evolution in situ. Results show, in general, the worst corrosion behaviour for the heat affected zone. Furthermore, there is a relation between the effects of the micro-plasma arc welding process on the materials microstructure and their pitting corrosion resistance. The weld zone was always in the cathodic position of the possible galvanic pairs.     

Environment induced fatigue crack of type 40Cr steel in drilling muds

Drill pipes are subjected in service to aggressive environment (a wide range of drilling muds) and to a combination of high static and dynamic loads. Under such conditions, the high‐strength steel is susceptible to various forms of environmental cracking, particularly to corrosion fatigue. The fatigue life of type 40Cr steel in salt drilling muds was studied with a self‐made rotating bending corrosion fatigue testing apparatus. Environmental variables investigated included stress, frequency, temperature, and pressure of carbon dioxide. Experimental results show that carbon dioxide promotes the fatigue crack of 40Cr steel. These tests were supported by electrochemical corrosion measurements and hydrogen permeation.     

金属氢渗透研究综述

综述了氢渗透的研究方法和研究历史,总结了当前对氢损伤机理的研究,以及在易发生氢脆环境下的氢渗透行为规律和影响氢行为的因素。在这些研究的基础上,国内外先后开发了许多氢渗透防护技术,如:阻碍氢原子渗入基体,在材料表面制备涂镀层;消除钢中有害元素的方式,改变中氢原子陷阱的数目;从组织入手,开发高纯度、高抗氢钢,包括一些系列铁素体合金钢等。综述了从传统的电沉积阻氢合金镀层,到新工艺制备阻氢陶瓷层的发展。阻氢涂层具有阻氢性能极佳,兼具保护作用的优点,但容易失效,破损后会加快基体的局部腐蚀;而通过冶金、热处理来净化钢材,改变组织成分开发的纯净钢,其实际抗氢脆性能并不理想,仍然会出现氢引起的力学性能下降,并且具有控制工艺复杂、能耗大的缺点。由此认为,氢一旦进入金属材料内部,造成材料的性能损伤不可避免,防止氢进入金属材料是该领域的关键科学问题。氢渗透过程是氢损伤发生的关键步骤,那么阻碍氢渗透过程的进行就成了氢损伤防护措施的重中之重。抑制氢渗透过程的发生需要从降低氢原子浓度梯度、降低材料内部氢陷阱密度和结合能两方面入手,开发有效的抑氢手段,抑制氢渗透过程,使材料内部的氢原子浓度小于临界氢原子浓度。     

高强度不锈钢激光熔覆层抗腐蚀性及其腐蚀机制研究

通过激光熔覆技术在基体1Crl5Ni4Mo3N表面制备高强度不锈钢熔覆层,并利用扫描电镜、析氢试验、电化学分析仪对基体与熔覆层的组织结构、析氢速率、电化学阻抗与腐蚀形貌进行测试表征.结果表明:所制备的熔覆层抗腐蚀性较基体差.分别对基体与熔覆层的腐蚀机制进行探究,发现基体与熔覆层腐蚀过程主要分为3个阶段,腐蚀形式为晶间腐...     

贝氏体/马氏体复相高强钢中的氢陷阱

运用电化学渗透技术研究了传统高强钢(42CrMo)和贝氏体/马氏体复相高强钢(U20Si)中氢的扩散和氢陷阱。结果表明，氢在U20Si钢中的扩散系数远小于在淬火回火的42CrMo高强钢中的。另外，两种材料中氢陷阱的情况不同，U20Si钢中的氢陷阱主要为高度均匀弥散分布的贝氏体/马氏体板条界和薄膜状残留奥氏体，而42CrMo钢中的氢陷阱主要为铁素体/渗碳体界面。U20Si钢中的氢陷阱数量超过42CrMo钢的。力学性能测试表明，U20Si钢的氢脆敏感性低于传统的42CrMo钢的。断口分析显示前者的断口为准解理，后者的断口为沿晶断裂。U20Si钢氢脆敏感性低与其氢陷阱数量多且分布均匀密切相关。     

硫化氢对不锈钢在酸性体系中腐蚀行为影响的研究

采用动电位扫描、电化学阻抗和电子探针等方法，研究了硫氢浓度对1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢在0．05mol/LH2SO4体系中的腐蚀行为的影响，结果表明：（1）随硫化氢浓芳的增加，1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的腐蚀被加速，钝化区变窄，且维钝电流密度变大；（2）硫化氢的加入使不锈钢表面钝化膜被破坏，随硫化氢浓度的增加，钝化膜有一个从减薄到完全破坏的过程。     

微观组织对GCr15轴承钢氢扩散行为的影响

通过对球化退火态、球化退火+淬回火(Q&T)态GCr15轴承钢进行电化学氢渗透试验来描述氢扩散行为,并分析了微观组织以及热处理状态对氢扩散行为的影响。结果表明,对于球化退火态试样,碳化物的分布情况对氢扩散行为影响很大。氢在带状碳化物中扩散最快,而沿晶界分布的网状碳化物作为氢陷阱,可以捕捉更多的氢原子。Q&T试样中,氢在带状未溶碳化物中扩散最快,且随着残留奥氏体体积分数的增大,有效氢扩散系数减小。球化退火试验钢的氢扩散系数远高于Q&T钢。Q&T试样中残留奥氏体的存在使氢陷阱增加,导致氢的渗透更难进行。