喷射成形圆柱坯的计算机模拟与工艺设计

建立了描述喷射成形圆柱坯形状演化过程的数学模型，找到了一种较为简便的计算屏蔽系数的方法，研究了圆柱坯的生长规律．模拟结果表明，雾化参数、沉积盘的下拉速率和起始偏心距等是影响沉积坯形状演化的重要因素；喷射角主要影响上部过渡区的形状；而沉积盘转速在一定范围内变化时，对沉积坯形状演化几乎没有影响．喷射成形开始一段时间后，沉积坯顶点的生长速率将等于沉积器的下拉速率．在其它参数一定的情况下，通过适当选取起始偏心距，可以缩短沉积坯进入稳态生长的时间．模型结果与实验结果吻合较好．提出了喷射成形圆柱坯工艺的设计思路．     

喷射成形过程工艺参数作用规律的理论预测

利用跟踪沉积坯表面坐标变化的计算机模型，预测不同条件下喷射成形产品的几何形状，结果表明：（１）垂直喷射时不能形成形状规则的柱状沉积坯；（２）斜喷且沉积器以一定的速度垂直下移，可以形成形状很好的沉积坯，沉积坯的直径主要与下移速度有关，同时也受喷射角度和雾化锥的散射角度影响。     

管状喷射沉积坯成形过程数值模拟

喷射成形是一种近终形材料加工技术,针对管状沉积坯的成形过程进行了模拟。首先建立了管状沉积坯成形过程的数学模型,然后模拟了沉积坯厚度变化过程。结果表明：沉积器平移速度、沉积器半径、喷射距离对沉积层厚度均产生影响;而沉积器旋转速度超过30r/min时,该参数对沉积层厚度影响可以忽略。     

p/m比值对喷射成形70Si30Al合金沉积坯件的影响

采用喷射成形技术制备了70Si30Al合金,研究了在喷射成形工艺过程中雾化气体压力与金属熔体质量流率比值(p/m)对沉积坯件的影响.结果表明:p/m比值对沉积坯件的实收率、初生硅尺寸、致密度有显著影响.随着p/m比值增大,沉积坯件实收率、初生硅相平均尺寸、致密度均减小;综合考虑p/m比值对实收率、初生硅尺寸、致密度的影响,分析认为,在喷射成形工艺过程中最佳的p/m比值应在0.209～0.231 MPa/(kg·min-1)之间.     

Distribution and Evolution of Porous Defects in Spray Formed 7XXX Aluminum Alloy

利用喷射成形技术制备了Al-10.8Zn-2.8Mg-1.9Cu-0.16Zr合金,通过金相显微镜和场发射扫描电镜研究了喷射成形合金的微观组织,总结了沉积坯中孔隙的形貌特点,分析了合金中孔隙的形成机制,并对热等静压和均匀化热处理对沉积坯缺陷的影响进行了研究。结果表明,沉积坯中的孔隙主要有搭接型孔隙、连通型孔隙和气孔,缺陷种类及分布与沉积坯位置有一定的关系,沉积坯芯部缺陷主要为搭接型孔隙和气孔,沉积坯边部连通型孔隙较多,尺寸较大。气孔内壁平滑内凹,形貌类似球形,其余孔隙为不规则形貌。热等静压处理可以消除气孔以外的其他孔隙,热处理后沉积坯中的气孔重新出现。     

喷射成形过程模拟研究

喷射成形将快速凝固技术与金属材料的直接成形技术有机地结合起来，是一种先进的材料制备技术，可用于制备晶粒细小、成分均匀、合金元素过饱和度高的管坯、板坯或圆柱坯等。为了认识喷射成形过程，优化设计喷射成形工艺，近年来人们对喷射成形过程开展了大量的模拟研究工作。介绍了雾化液滴冷却凝固过程模型和喷射成形沉积坯形状演变过程模型。     

3D形状模型辅助喷射成形工艺的优化

喷射盛开有工艺能够以较少的工序生产整体致密、成分均匀、晶粒细化、力学性能优良的坯件，但控制喷射成形过程的独立工艺参数却较多，给工艺优化带来困难。结合所建立的３Ｄ形状模型，针对两处不同运动的沉积器，探讨了喷射滴所质量流率沿雾化锥的轴向及径向的空间分布，研究了雾化压力、沉积距离、沉积器下降速度、偏心及倾斜角对高温合金沉积坯形状及致密度的影响，研究结果表明，通过计算机辅助优化工艺参数后，可以获得所需形状     

电沉积工艺参数对泡沫镍成形速度的影响

介绍了电解液喷射沉积制备泡沫镍的原理,讨论了相关电沉积参数对电沉积速度的影响,并且对影响因素进行了基础研究.结果表明,电流密度及电解液喷射速度与沉积速度呈线性关系,电流密度越大,成形速度越快;喷射速度越高,成形速度也越快;喷嘴口径大时,相应增大了电铸面积,提高了电铸的速度;电铸速度随喷嘴扫描速度的提高,略有下降.     

气雾化和喷射成形制备大尺寸La62Al15.7(Cu,Ni)22.3非晶合金

利用气雾化和喷射成形技术制备了大尺寸La62Al15.7(Cu,Ni)22.3非晶合金.X射线衍射(XRD)实验证实,直径为340 mm,最大厚度为13 mm的沉积坯具有完全非晶态结构.分析了气雾化和喷射成形La62AIl5.7(Cu,Ni)22.3合金过程中非晶相形成的机制,选定了喷射成形La62Al15.7(Cu,Ni)22.3非晶合金沉积坯致密化的合适的工艺参数.研究结果显示,喷射成形可望成为大尺寸块体(尤其是盘状)非晶合金新的制备技术.     

喷射沉积技术的发展及其在合金制造中的应用

喷射沉积技术是一种新的金属成形工艺,作为高性能结构件的一种先进制坯技术,应用愈来愈广泛.本文对该工艺进行了综述,并介绍了喷射沉积技术的特点及其在高温合金和硅铝合金制造中的应用.     

基于线激光扫描的工业焊缝外观检测系统

文中针对表面带有鱼鳞纹的焊缝提出了工业焊缝外观检测算法:采用高维最小二乘法来拟合焊缝轮廓线,求取拟合轮廓线的二阶导数来确定焊趾范围;并基于拟合轮廓与实际轮廓间的位置偏差提取特征点,进而得到工业焊缝的形状参数.基于上述算法,开发和调试工业焊缝检测的软硬件系统.试结果表明,针对表面有鱼鳞纹的焊缝该算法可以稳定、准确、快速的进行检测.工业应用表明,该系统可稳定实现焊缝轮廓数据的快速采集.通过该系统实现对采样数据的处理计算,最后得到准确的检测结果.     

Growth and morphology of rod eutectics

The formation of rod eutectic microstructure is investigated systematically in a succinonitrile–camphor alloy of eutectic composition by using the directional solidification technique. A new rod eutectic configuration is observed in which the rods form with elliptical cylindrical shape. Two different orientations of the ellipse are observed that differ by a 90° rotation such that the major and the minor axes are interchanged. Critical experiments in thin samples, where a single layer of rods forms, show that the spacing and orientation of the elliptic rods are governed by the growth rate and the sample thickness. In thicker samples, multi layers of rods form with circular cross-section and the scaling law between the spacing and velocity predicted by the Jackson and Hunt model is validated. A theoretical model is developed for a two-dimensional array of elliptical rods that are arranged in a hexagonal or a square array, and the results are shown to be consistent with the experimental observations. The model of elliptic rods is also shown to reduce to that for the circular rod eutectic when the lengths of the two axes are equal, and to the lamellar eutectic model when one of the axes is much larger than the other one.     

Influence of process parameters on the deposition footprint in plasma-spray coating

This paper presents an investigation of the influence of plasma spray process conditions on the in-flight particle behavior and their cumulative deposition to form a coating on the substrate. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses were performed to model the in-flight particle behavior in the plasma-spray process and their deposition on the substrate. The plasma spray was modeled as a jet issuing from the torch nozzle through the electrical heating of the arc gas. In the model, particles were injected into the plasma jet where they acquired heat and momentum from the plasma, some got melted and droplets were formed. By means of a droplet splatting model, the particle in-flight data generated by the CFD analyses were further processed to build up an imaginary three-dimensional deposition profile on a flat stationary substrate. It is found that the powder carrier gas flow rate influences the particle distribution on the substrate by imparting an injection momentum to the particles that were directed radially into the plasma jet in a direction perpendicular to the plasma jet. The larger sized particles will acquire higher injection momentum compared with the smaller sized particles. This causes particle distribution at the substrate surface that is elliptical in shape with the major axis of ellipse parallel to the particle injection port axis as illustrated in Fig. 1. Larger particles tend to congregate at the lower part of the ellipse, due to their greater momentum. The distribution of particle size, temperature, velocity, and count distribution at the substrate was analyzed. Further, based on the size and the computed particle temperature, velocity histories, and the impact sites on the substrate, the data were processed to build up a deposition profile with the Pasandideh-Fard model. The shapes of deposition profiles were found to be strongly driven by the segregation effect.     

Modeling and experimental verification of tubular product formation during spray forming

A mathematical model is formulated to predict the shape evolution and the final geometry of a tubular product prepared by spray forming. The effects of several important processing parameters on the shape evolution of the tube are investigated. The model is validated against experiments of spray formed large diameter tubes. The experimental and the modeling results show that there are three distinct regions in the preform, i.e., the left transition region, the middle uniform diameter region and the right transition region. The results show that the atomization parameters as and bs, traversing speed v of the substrate, the outer diameter D0 of the substrate, and the initial deposition distance d0 play important roles in the contour and the wall thickness of the spray formed tube. But the angular velocity ω of the substrate has little effect on the buildup of the deposit. After a certain time from the beginning of the process, the deposit will come into a steady growth state. In addition, an equation is provided to estimate the wall thickness of the deposit under the steady growth state based on the mass conservation.     

平面3RRR机构杆长误差对奇异性的影响分析

针对并联机器人的精度这一性能指标,分析了3RRR并联机器人的杆长误差对整个机构的影响,运用雅可比矩阵法从理论上分析了3RRR并联机器人杆长误差与其奇异位置的关系,根据求解的结果建立相应的误差模型,并在MATLAB中计算出理想状态下的奇异位置和考虑杆长误差状态下的奇异位置的偏差度,将计算所得的偏差数据以图像的形式表现出来加以分析,最终得出了3RRR机构不同杆的杆长误差与奇异位置的偏移程度关系,为该机构的设计精度要求提供了科学的参考依据。     

燃料棒X射线照相技术

燃料棒X射线照相是燃料辐照后检验项目之一。主要用于观察包壳管内UO2燃料芯块在堆内辐照后的变化情况。针对燃料棒本身具有很强放射性和细长的特点,从实验室结构、照相装置、工艺参数选择等方面介绍燃料棒X射线照相技术。检验结果表明设计的实验装置完全满足燃料棒X射线检验要求。     

Ultrasonic characterization of residual stresses in steel rods using a laser line source and piezoelectric transducers

The surface residual stresses in steel rods made of the same material but with different heat treatments have been studied from Rayleigh wave velocity measurements using the laser ultrasonics technique and piezoelectric transducers. The Rayleigh wave velocities, both along the circumference and in the axis direction on the cylindrical surface of every rod, are measured and compared with one another in order to evaluate qualitatively the surface stress state for each rod. The experimental results clearly show that the Rayleigh wave velocities on the cylindrical surfaces of these rods are different, and the results obtained by laser ultrasound are in good agreement with those measured with piezoelectric transducers. From the measured velocities, different stress states have been identified for these rods according to the heat treatments they have undergone.     

Reactive thermal spray by high velocity ceramic jet and characterization of the coatings

A ceramic jet composed of molten particles in an electrothermally exploded powder spray was identified by the flash, soft x-ray radiography technique. The velocity of the leading edge of the jet was estimated to be 900 m/s. The coating obtained by a ceramic jet of titanium diboride consisted of a mixing layer of the substrate material and sprayed ceramics. A coating, which exhibited no pores or cracks, was formed through the dense deposition and solidification of spray droplets. The successive impacts of the droplets caused melting and stirring of the substrate surface to form a mixing layer. Some of these layers were formed due to capillary movement of the molten substrate material into the fractures of coarse ceramic particles. Thermal spray by chemical reaction between titanium and boron nitride particles resulted in a composite coating of TiN and TiB₂. The character of the mixing layer indicated that the depth profiles depended on the substrate material.