四传感器光纤探针测量气泡速度矢量模型

光纤传感器作为纤维光学领域中的新技术,在两相流动局部参数测量中得到了越来越广泛的应用。在假设气泡对称面垂直于气泡运动方向的基础上,对四传感器探针测量局部瞬时气泡速度的数学原理进行了详细推导,给出了新的计算气泡速度矢量的方法和模型,并运用自制的四传感器光纤探针,对气液两相流动中的气泡运动速度和方向进行了测量。实验中通过探针方法测得气相流速相对于流量计测量值的平均偏差为9%,表明新的探针测量方法精度较高,能够用于两相流中气泡速度矢量测量。进一步的实验研究表明,不同流动条件下,局部空泡份额及界面面积浓度(IAC)沿通道径向呈“壁峰型”或“核峰型”的分布规律。     

倾斜对管内上升泡状流局部界面参数分布的影响

采用双头光纤探针法研究了倾斜对圆管内(I.D.50 mm)上升泡状流界面参数径向分布的影响。探针测量的局部界面参数包括局部空泡份额、界面面积浓度(IAC)和局部气泡通过频率。实验以空气和水为工质,表观速度分别为0.002~0.037 m·s^-1和0.072~0.569 m·s^-1;倾斜角度为5°、15°和30°。结果表明,竖直条件下界面参数呈核峰型、壁峰型、中间型及过渡型4种典型的分布。倾斜条件下大量气泡向上部聚集,界面参数分布不对称。中间宽峰向通道上部倾斜,且峰值随倾斜角度增加而增大。同时,下壁面附近峰值被削弱,甚至消失,上壁面附近峰值迅速增大。界面参数沿直径从r_i/R=-0.84到上半部分峰值处逐渐增加,且增加速率随倾斜角度增加而增大。倾斜条件下Sauter直径明显比竖直条件下大。     

竖直大圆管内两相流界面分布机理

采用光纤探针测量方法对垂直上升管中空气-水两相泡状流界面分布特性进行了研究。实验选用的圆管直径为100 mm,气相、液相表观速度的范围分别为 0~0.1 m·s^-1和0~1.0 m·s^-1。获得了界面面积浓度(IAC)、截面含气率、气泡直径等分布规律。通过气泡的受力分析,发现升力和湍流扩散力的综合作用导致了气泡的径向运动,而且升力对径向IAC分布的影响占主导地位;当气泡直径超过临界尺寸(5.7 mm)后,升力系数变为负值,使得升力指向管中心,进而导致了IAC分布由壁峰型向核峰型分布的转变。     

气固流化床气泡发生频率的研究

在单孔二维气固流化床中(292mm×16mm)用高灵敏度电容探针研究气泡发生频率.以频谱分析仪分析气泡频率分布曲线.考察了一系列参数对气泡频率功率分布密度曲线的影响,其中包括颗粒直径(0.105—0.590mm),颗粒重度(590—2990kg/m~3),颗粒最小流化速度(0.0072—0.481m/s),床层初始高度(205—565mm),探针离孔口垂直距离,孔口气体流率(0.5—35×10~(-4)m~3/s)以及床层辅助流化气速(0—3倍最小流化速度)等.对于重度低的小颗粒流化床,单孔气泡发生频率符合Davidson和Harrison早先推导的模型.随着颗粒直径和重度的增大,实验数据与上述模型呈有规律的偏差.本文提出气体从形成中气泡的顶半球以最小流化速度值向乳浊相泄漏的模型,推导了气泡发生频率的基本方程.以本研究的泄漏模型,用数值计算方法在计算机上计算的气泡发生频率与实验数据相吻合.     

水平管泡状流局部实验参数的概率统计方法

引　言在水平管泡状流相分布的实验研究方面 ,Ｋｏｃａｍｕｓｔａｆａｏｇｕｌｌａｒｉ[1] 对直径为 5 0ｍｍ的水平管中的泡状流做了较详细的测量 ,孙科霞等[2 ,3] 对直径为 2 0ｍｍ的水平管中的泡状流做了测量 .他们在对测量数据的处理中都假定气泡只沿一个方向运动 ,而没有考虑气泡的横向运动 .事实上 ,气泡在管内运动时 ,在各种力的联合作用下 ,不只是沿探针主轴方向运动 .气泡与探针轴向有一入口角 ,探针测得的只是一种表观速度 ,这一表观速度一般不等于气泡实际速度 .Ｄｉａｓ等[4 ]在对双头电导探针测得的垂直管泡状流参数统计时考虑…     

竖直大圆管内界面面积浓度分布特性

采用光纤探针测量方法对垂直上升管中空气-水两相流动的界面面积浓度（IAC）分布规律进行了研究。实验选用圆管直径为100mm和50mm(分别属于大管径和过渡管径范围)。气相、液相表观速度的范围分别为 0.01～1.0 m?s-1和 0～1.0 m?s-1。首先通过高速摄影获取的影像数据对光纤探针法的测量精度进行评价,并在此基础上对光纤测量方法进行了标定,然后利用实验获得了IAC、索特平均直径（气泡直径）径向分布情况。通过对比分析两个圆管管内IAC、气泡直径分布特点,得到了管径的尺度效应对IAC及气泡行为的影响规律。利用获得的IAC数据,对几类IAC计算模型进行了评价,并基于Hibiki-Ishii（2002）模型,通过实验数据拟合,得到了更高计算精度的IAC计算关联式。     

气升式外环流反应器流体力学参数的轴径向分布

在气升式外环流反应器（Φ 0.09 m×1.8 m）内,利用压差法和双探针电导探头技术考察了不同表观气速下空气-水两相体系中气含率及气泡参数随轴径向位置的变化规律,测得了平均及局部气含率、气泡尺寸及分布、气泡上升速度、气泡频率以及气液相界面积,并从气液流场特征及气泡间相互作用等方面对实验结果作出分析。基于实验数据拟合出局部气含率随表观气速和轴径向位置的关联式。     

声场流化床A类颗粒浓度分布研究

在内径140 mm,高1 600 mm的鼓泡流化床中,以流化催化裂化(FCC)颗粒为流化介质,采用光导纤维探针测定不同轴/径向位置的颗粒浓度分布.考察了操作气速和外加声场对密相区颗粒浓度的影响.结果表明,鼓泡床密相区颗粒浓度沿轴向逐渐减小,沿径向呈抛物线分布.声场的引入可以降低颗粒起始流化速度:声压级越大,起始流化速度越小:固定声压频率在150 Hz时颗粒起始流化速度最小.1随着声压强度的增大,床层中心区和上部密相区颗粒浓度增大.固定声压级,频率在100～400 Hz颗粒浓度较大,频率低于100 Hz或高于400 Hz时,声波的作用效果减弱.     

气泡周围流场的PIV测定和浓度场研究

针对单乙醇胺水溶液吸收二氧化碳过程,采用粒子成像测速仪(PIV)对气泡周围的流场进行了测定,流场围绕气泡的对称轴呈对称分布.对速度场实验数据进行拟合,得到了泡顶对称轴上径向速度的分布方程.另外,采用实时激光全息干涉系统对不同液体流速下单乙醇胺吸收二氧化碳的传质过程进行了研究,通过CCD摄像机采集并记录下不同时刻的全息干涉条纹图.由干涉条纹图和浓度-折射率标准曲线,计算出传质达到稳态时气泡周围液相侧近界面浓度分布,近界面浓度及浓度边界层厚度.浓度分布呈指数衰减趋势,且浓度边界层厚度远远小于速度边界层厚度;随着液体流速的增加,气泡周围液相侧浓度边界层厚度和近界面浓度均减小.结合速度分布方程和对流扩散方程,推导出单乙醇胺水溶液吸收二氧化碳过程液相侧浓度分布模型.     

大型下行式循环流化床反应器颗粒浓度分布研究

采用双光路光纤密度探头研究了内径418mm,高18米大型下行式循环流化床（其中下行床部分长度6．5m)反应器中的颗粒浓度分布，结果表明大直径下行床中颗粒浓度沿径向呈现中心均匀，近壁处存在高浓环形区的分布，这类似于小直径反应器中的结果，随着反应器直径的增加，颗粒浓度分布最大值的径向位置向边壁方向移动，即：当下行床放大时，中心颗粒浓度均匀分布区的面积占整个床层截面积的比例增大，在一种特殊设计的下行床边壁结构中测量了颗粒浓度沿径向的分布，实验结果说明边壁效应对下行床近壁区颗粒浓环的形成起到了重要作用，研究结果将有助于了解下行床反应的放大特性。     

Local Measurement of Gas-Liquid Bubbly Flow with a Double-Sensor Probe

A double-sensor probe was used to measure local interfacial parameters of a gas-liquid bubbly flow in a horizontal tube. The parameters included void fraction, interfacial concentration, bubble size distribution, bubble frequency and bubble interface velocity. The authors paid special attention to the probe design and construction for minimizing measurement errors. Measures were also taken in the design of sensor ends for preventing corrosions in the flow. This is an effort to improve the current double-sensor probe technique to meet the ever-increasing needs to local varameter measurements in gas-liquid two-phase flows.     

Measurement of local two-phase flow parameters of nanofluids using conductivity double-sensor probe

A two-phase flow experiment using air and water-based γ-Al2O3 nanofluid was conducted to observe the basic hydraulic phenomenon of nanofluids. The local two-phase flow parameters were measured with a conductivity double-sensor two-phase void meter. The void fraction, interfacial velocity, interfacial area concentration, and mean bubble diameter were evaluated, and all of those results using the nanofluid were compared with the corresponding results for pure water. The void fraction distribution was flattened in the nanofluid case more than it was in the pure water case. The higher interfacial area concentration resulted in a smaller mean bubble diameter in the case of the nanofluid. This was the first attempt to measure the local two-phase flow parameters of nanofluids using a conductivity double-sensor two-phase void meter. Throughout this experimental study, the differences in the internal two-phase flow structure of the nanofluid were identified. In addition, the heat transfer enhancement of the nanofluid can be resulted from the increase of the interfacial area concentration which means the available area of the heat and mass transfer.     

Two‐Phase Bubbly Flow Structure in Large‐Diameter Vertical Pipes

The two‐phase flow structure of an air‐water, bubbly, upward flow in a 20 cm diameter pipe is presented with particular emphasis on the local interfacial area concentration. The radial distribution of void fraction, bubble velocity, bubble size, bubble frequency, and interfacial area concentration were measured using a local dual‐optical probe. The experimental results showed that the saddle‐type distribution of void fraction and interfacial area concentration, which are common for bubbly flow in small diameter pipes, only appeared in the present experiments under conditions of very low area‐averaged void fraction (<?> < 0.04). The values for the interfacial area concentration were higher in large diameter pipes when compared with data obtained under the same flow conditions in small pipes. The area‐averaged void fraction data were correlated using the drift‐flux model.     

泡罩塔板上气液两相局部统计特性实验测定

以空气、水为工质,用双头电导探针研究了泡罩塔板上局部气液接触情况,得到了泡罩塔内距离塔板高度49mm截面上气液两相局部参数——气含率、气泡速度、比表面积及气泡尺寸的统计规律。结果表明,在泡罩塔板上,同一位置的局部气含率随气量的增加而增大,受液量的影响较小;气泡速度主要分布为0．4～o．6m／s;气液比表面积的值85％在50～200m^-1,但在截面上分布不均匀;气泡Sauter直径为0～40mm,55％分布在5～25mm。     

Testing of a spherical dual-tipped optical fiber probe for local measurements of void fraction and gas velocity in two-phase flows

An alternate and easy method of constructing an optical liber probe tip is presented for the study of different two-phase flow variables such as local time-averaged void fraction, gas velocity and interfacial bubble passage frequency. The proposed probe tip has similar response characteristics to the “U-bend” single fiber probe and is easier to construct than the 90° wedge tipped probe. The signal from the spherical tip seems to be insensitive to changes in bubble velocity as opposed to the 90° wedge and is more advantageous at higher velocities. The signal from the spherical tip has the same time duration as the signal changes from liquid to gas and vice versa for the same bubble velocity. A simplified model is presented to describe the balance of forces around the spherical tip when a bubble is penetrated. The model offers a qualitative explanation of why the non-dimensional response intensity decreases as the bubble velocity increases.     

加热上升管内过冷流动沸腾数值模拟

采用计算流体动力学（CFD）程序CFX4.4对加热上升管内过冷流动沸腾工况下气水两相流动局部两相流参数（空泡份额和汽泡尺寸）进行了数值模拟。对数值差分方法、相关模型（界面力和气泡诱导的紊流）和汽泡尺寸进行了敏感性分析。空泡份额分布计算结果与实验结果比较表明,在低空泡份额工况下,两者符合较好,在高空泡份额工况下两者存在一定偏差,并且气相速度和汽泡尺寸的计算结果不理想。计算结果与实验结果之间的差异说明程序模型对于加热上升管内过冷流动沸腾模拟并不完善,建立更为合理的汽泡尺寸模型,考虑汽泡的合并和撕裂是必要的。     

Bubble properties and mixing characteristics in an airlift bubble column with redistributor

The effects of gas velocity liquid velocity redistributor and their free surface area on bubble properties (size rising velocity size distribution) and mixing characteristics (mixing time circulation time) were studied in an internal airlift bubble column Bubble properties were measured by resistivity probe method, and mixing characteristics were obtained by salt-base impulse method in air-water system. The empirical correlations between bubble properties, mixing characteristics and various operating parameters were proposed The disk type redistnbutor was more effective to redisperse coalesced bubbles than the perforated plate type Especially, the disk type with 19.5% free surface area had given the best result.     

Flow structure of gas-liquid two-phase flow in an annulus

The flow structure of gas-liquid two-phase flow in vertical annulus channel has been investigated. The inner and outer diameters of the annular channel were 19.1 and 38.1 mm, respectively. The total height of the test section was 4.37 m. Nineteen inlet flow conditions were selected, which cover bubbly, cap-slug, and churn-turbulent flows. The local flow parameters, such as void fraction, interfacial area concentration (IAC), and bubble interface velocity, were measured at nine radial positions within the gap of the annulus at z/D_h=230 of the test section. The flow regimes of the flow conditions, which were based on visual observations, were compared with several flow regime maps. In addition, the local measurements were used to calculate distribution parameter, C₀ in drift-flux model, and area-averaged IAC. A new correlation of C₀ was proposed based on the experimentally obtained C₀ values. This correlation was tested in the drift-flux model successfully along with Ishii's drift velocity correlations. The area-averaged IAC values were compared with the most widely used models. The advantages and drawbacks of these models were highlighted.