Scattering by arbitrarily cross-sectioned layered, lossy dielectric cylinders

The scattering properties of TM or TE illuminated lossy dielectric cylinders of arbitrary cross section are analyzed by the surface integral equation techniques. The surface integral equations are formulated via Maxwell's equations, Green's theorem, and the boundary conditions. The unknown surface fields on the boundaries are then calculated by flat-pulse expansion and point matching. Once the surface fields are found, scattered field in the far-zone and radar cross section (RCS) are readily determined. RCS thus obtained for circular homogeneous dielectric cylinders and dielectric coated conducting cylinders are found to have excellent agreements with the exact eigenfunction expansion results. Extension to arbitrary cross-sectioned cylinders are also obtained for homogeneous lossy elliptical cylinders and wedge-semicircle cross-sectioned cylinders, with and without a conducting cylinder in its center. RCS dependences on frequency and conductivity as well as the matrix stability problem of this surface integral equation method are also examined.     

Filtering Soil Surface and Antenna Effects From GPR Data to Enhance Landmine Detection

The detection of antipersonnel landmines using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is particularly hindered by the predominant soil surface and antenna reflections. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to filter out these effects from 2-D off-ground monostatic GPR data by adapting and combining the radar antenna subsurface model of Lambot with phase-shift migration. First, the antenna multiple reflections originating from the antenna itself and from the interaction between the antenna and the ground are removed using linear transfer functions. Second, a simulated Green's function accounting for the surface reflection is subtracted. The Green's function is derived from the estimated soil surface dielectric permittivity using full-wave inversion of the radar signal for a measurement taken in a local landmine-free area. Third, off-ground phase-shift migration is performed on the 2-D data to filter the effect of the antenna radiation pattern. We validate the approach in laboratory conditions for four differently detectable landmines embedded in a sandy soil. Compared to traditional background subtraction, this new filtering method permits a better differentiation of the landmine and estimation of its depth and geometrical properties. This is particularly beneficial for the detection of landmines in low-contrast conditions     

Scattering from a finite array of microstrip patches

A full-wave solution to the problem of plane wave scattering by a finite array of rectangular microstrip patches printed on a grounded dielectric slab is presented. The electric field integral equation is solved using the spectral-domain Green's function/moment method approach. Derivations for the elements of the impedance and voltage matrices are presented. An efficient massively parallel computer implementation of the moment method solution is described. Computed radar cross section (RCS) data for microstrip patch antenna arrays are presented as a function of incident signal frequency and angle of incidence     

Waveguide excited microstrip patch antenna-theory and experiment

An arbitrarily shaped microstrip patch antenna excited through an arbitrarily shaped aperture in the mouth of a rectangular waveguide is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The metallic patch resides on a dielectric substrate grounded by the waveguide flange and may be covered by a dielectric superstrate. The substrate (and superstrate, if present) consists of one or more planar, homogeneous layers, which may exhibit uniaxial anisotropy. The analysis is based on the space domain integral equation approach. More specifically, the Green's functions for the layered medium and the waveguide are used to formulate a coupled set of integral equations for the patch current and the aperture electric field. The layered medium Green's function is expressed in terms of Sommerfeld-type integrals and the waveguide Green's function in terms of Floquet series, which are both accelerated to reduce the computational effort. The coupled integral equations are solved by the method of moments using vector basis functions defined over triangular subdomains. The dominant mode reflection coefficient in the waveguide and the far-field radiation patterns are then found from the computed aperture field and patch current distributions. The radar cross section (RCS) of a plane-wave excited structure is obtained in a like manner. Sample numerical results are presented and are found to be in good agreement with measurements and with published data     

Partial-boundary element method for analysis of striplines witharbitrary cross-sectional dielectric in multi-layered media

A new method of analysis called the partial-boundary element method (p-BEM) is proposed for the analysis of striplines with arbitrary cross-sectional dielectric in multi-layered media. By using a Green's function that satisfies the boundary conditions of a relevant structure with multi-layered media and introducing a concept of the equivalent charge density, the p-BEM formulates a potential integral and boundary integral equations only on partial-boundaries such as the surface of the arbitrary cross-sectional dielectric. The number of the equations needed to be formulated is much less than in the conventional BEM. Numerical results of analysis are presented for two kinds of striplines: 1) with a rectangular dielectric ridge and 2) with an embedded rectangular dielectric in three-layered media     

Radar cross section of arbitrarily shaped bodies of revolution

The radar cross section (RCS) of an arbitrarily shaped, homogeneous dielectric body of revolution (BOR) is evaluated by the surface integral equation (SIE) formulation and the method of moments. Method accuracy is verified by the good agreement with the exact solutions for the RCS of a dielectric sphere. To demonstrate the advantages of this method, the RCS for a complex BOR model of human torso is computed with a nonaxially incident plane wave. Seven Fourier modes are considered in the computation. The SIE and approximate integral equation (AIE) formulations are next given for the RCS evaluation of a composite dielectric and conducting BOR. For the cases considered, both formulations give the same surface currents and RCS results. However, significant savings in computer storage and CPU time are realized for the AIE approach, since only one current (electric or magnetic) need be determined for RCS evaluation     

Low-grazing angle scattering from rough surfaces in a duct formedby a linear-square refractive index profile

The problem of rough surface scattering and propagation over rough terrain in a ducting environment has been receiving considerable attention in the literature. One popular method of modeling this problem is the parabolic wave equation (PWE) method. An alternative method is the boundary integral equation (BIE) method. The implementation of the BIE in inhomogeneous media (ducting environments) is not straightforward, however, since the Green's function for such a medium is not usually known. In this paper, a closed-form approximation of the Green's function for a two-dimensional (2-D) ducting environment formed by a linear-square refractive index profile is derived using asymptotic techniques. This Green's function greatly facilitates the use of the BIE approach to study low-grazing angle (LGA) rough surface scattering and propagation over rough surfaces in the aforementioned ducting environment. This paper demonstrates how the BIE method can model the combined effects of surface roughness and medium inhomogeneity in a very rigorous fashion. Furthermore, it illustrates its capability of accurately predicting scattering in all directions including backscattering. The boundary integral equation of interest is solved via the method of ordered multiple interactions (MOMI), which eliminates the requirements of matrix storage and inversion and, hence, allows the application of the BIE method to very long rough surfaces     

Radiation and scattering from a microstrip patch on a uniaxial substrate

The problem of a rectangular microstrip antenna printed on a uniaxially anisotropic substrate is treated. The effect of anisotropy on the resonant frequency and surface wave excitation of the antenna is considered, and the radar cross section (RCS) of the antenna is calculated. The RCS calculation includes the effect of the load impedance (antenna mode scattering). Results for the resonant frequency of a patch on a uniaxial substrate are compared with measurements, and the RCS of a patch on an isotropic substrate is compared with measurements. The derivation of the uniaxial Green's function in spectral form, the associated moment method analysis for the input impedance and scattering of the microstrip patch, and the expressions for the far-zone fields of a source on a uniaxial substrate are presented.     

广义Cauchy技术加速MOM对介质柱单站RCS的快速求解

本文基于Cauchy技术和矩量法（MOM）快速预测任意截面形状、非均匀介质柱体的单站雷达散射截面（RCS）。首先采用MOM求解介质柱的电场积分方程,得到介质柱在某一给定方向入射波照射下的各低阶矩量的极化电流,然后利用Cauchy技术获得用有理函数模型表示的、在任意角度入射波照射下的极化电流,进而计算出RCS的宽角响应。计算结果表明,Cauchy技术守全能逼近MOM精确计算的曲线,同时可大大加快计算速度。     

GPR Without a Source: Cross-Correlation and Cross-Convolution Methods

Several formulations exist for retrieving the Green's function from cross correlation of (passive) recordings at two locations. For media without losses, these known formulations retrieve Green's functions from sources on a closed boundary. Until recent, these formulations were only developed for acoustic waves in fluids and elastodynamic waves in solids. Now, Green's function representations for electromagnetic (EM) waves in matter exist and can be exploited for passive ground-penetrating radar (GPR) applications using transient or ambient noise sources, either natural or man-made. We derive general exact EM Green's function retrieval formulations based on cross correlations and cross convolutions of recorded wave fields. For practical applications, simplified forms are derived that directly apply to field recordings due to unknown uncorrelated noise or transient sources. Only naturally present sources are needed, which allows for all kinds of applications of ldquoGPR without a source.rdquo We illustrate the consequences of using the simplified forms for Green's function retrieval with 2-D numerical examples. We show that in dissipative media, the Green's function is most accurately retrieved using the cross-convolution method when the sources are located on a sufficiently irregular boundary.     

水面舰船RCS统计模型分析

外场动态测量水面舰船的雷达截面(RCS)是获取其电磁散射特性的一种重要手段.由于受水面舰船航行时姿态变化及测量环境等影响,RCS的起伏是随机的,不规律的.首先分析了离散数据统计方法,针对某型民船的外场实测RCS数据建立了统计模型,并对其进行拟合分析,得到了其RCS起伏的统计分布规律.     

渐近波形估计技术用于介质柱宽角度RCS的计算

基于渐近波开估计（AWE）技术和矩量法（MOM）快速预测任意形状非均匀介质柱体的单站雷达散射截面RCS方向图,采用矩量法求解介质柱的电场积分方程,得到介质柱在某一给定方向入射波照射下的极化电流,然后利用AWE技术将任一角度入射波照射下的极化给定角度附近展开成Taylor级数,通过Pade逼近将Taylor级数转化为有理函数,由此可获得介质柱在任一角度入射波照射下的极化电流,进而计算出RCS方向图。计算结果表明AWE完全能逼近MOM精确计算的曲线,同时可加快计算速度。     

自由空间复杂导体目标的太赫兹RCS高频分析方法

研究了自由空间复杂导体目标的太赫兹（THz）雷达散射截面（RCS）的高频求解方法。将并矢格林函数引入物理光学方法中,对自由空间环境进行考虑,推导出自由空间物理光学分析方法,并结合图形电磁计算（GRECO）方法,采用分区显示算法改进后,在Visual C++ 2010 程序中实现目标的OpenGL 显示,对自由空间复杂导体目标进行消隐判断,提取像素面元法矢量和深度缓存等有效信息,计算了自由空间复杂导体目标的THz RCS。最后,将程序计算结果与FEKO 软件仿真结果进行比较,结果证明该方法的有效性和准确性。该研究结果为THz 雷达未来在军事、天文和遥感等领域的应用提供了重要依据和方法。     

分布式MIMO雷达目标散射模型研究

针对当前分布式多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达目标散射模型的不足,提出了一种三维特体目标模型;在考虑点散射体电磁散射的方向性、遮蔽及收发天线方位角、俯仰角等因素的条件下,推导了目标静态雷达截面积(RCS)的计算公式和MIMO雷达信道的相关函数;同时,仿真分析了目标动态RCS的统计模型及其与收发天线双基地角的关系,以及MIMO雷达信道空间去相关的条件。仿真分析结果与RCS的经典统计模型、双基地RCS的经验结论以及单基地雷达回波信号去相关角度的经验值是吻合的,证实了模型的科学性和合理性。研究结果对分布式MIMO雷达的检测、跟踪和系统配置等研究具有参考价值。     

粗糙金属和介质目标的太赫兹散射特性分析

太赫兹频段金属和介质粗糙目标的散射特性是研究太赫兹雷达目标特性的重要基础。当目标表面的主曲率半径远远大于入射波长,且粗糙表面高度起伏与斜率起伏远小于入射波长时,根据稳定相位法和标量近似法,可获得粗糙金属和介质目标的相干散射截面和非相干散射截面。基于稳定相位法,任意目标的相干散射截面可退化为粗糙导体、光滑介质和粗糙介质目标的相干散射。该文分析了电大尺寸光滑金属铝和介质白漆球的散射截面,与Mie理论计算的介质球的散射特性吻合,散射截面误差小于0.1 dBm2。采用朗伯定理,验证了粗糙介质球的太赫兹非相干散射精确解,当目标表面剖分精度越高,非相干散射的计算精度越高。该文数值计算了粗糙介质球的太赫兹相干和非相干散射特性,分析了表面粗糙度和表面材料对散射特性的影响,为电大尺寸空间目标太赫兹散射特性分析提供了理论基础。      

A recursive Green's function method for boundary integral analysisof inhomogeneous domains

The recursive Green's function method (RGFM) for computation of fields scattered by two-dimensional (2-D) inhomogeneous dielectric bodies is presented. The algorithm efficiently constructs the Green's function for the inhomogeneous region by recursively combining known Green's functions from smaller subdomains. The fields on the scatterer surface are then computed using a boundary integral formulation. Proper implementation of the RGFM results in computational and storage complexities which scale as N^1.5 and N, respectively, where N is the total number of discrete cells in a domain. Comparisons of results obtained using the RGFM with those computed from moment method and exact solutions show the efficiency and accuracy of the technique     

昆虫雷达散射截面积特性分析

昆虫雷达是观测昆虫迁飞最有效的工具。研究昆虫的雷达散射截面积(RCS)特性对于昆虫雷达目标识别有着重要意义。该文将分析昆虫的静态RCS特性和动态RCS特性。首先,基于实测的X波段全极化昆虫RCS数据,分析昆虫的静态RCS特性,包括水平和垂直极化RCS随体重变化规律以及昆虫极化方向图随体重的变化规律。其次,总结当前通过电磁仿真研究昆虫RCS特性所用到的介质和几何形状模型,并对比了水、脊髓、干皮肤和壳质与血淋巴混合物4种介质和等体型扁长椭球体、等质量扁长椭球体和三轴椭球体3种几何模型组成的12种介质模型,经过电磁仿真结果与实测数据相对比发现脊髓介质等质量扁长椭球体模型与实测昆虫RCS特性最接近。然后,基于Ku波段高分辨昆虫雷达外场实测昆虫回波数据,分析了昆虫动态RCS的起伏特性,将实测昆虫动态RCS起伏数据与4种经典的RCS起伏分布模型χ2, Log-normal, Weibull和Gamma分布分别进行了拟合分析,从最小二乘拟合误差和拟合优度检验结果可以看出,相比于其他3种模型,Gamma分布可以较好地描述昆虫目标RCS起伏的统计特性。最后,综述了昆虫RCS特性在昆虫雷达测量昆虫朝向、体重等参数测量的应用。     

Carrier-free signal design for look-down radars

The detection of low flying targets with small radar cross section (RCS), known as low observables, such as cruise missiles and stealth airplanes adds a new dimension to radar signal design and radar signal processing. A high resolution look-down radar is very attractive since it takes advantage of target shape to overcome difficulties encountered with small RCS. The look-down geometry, however, imposes three requirements: 1) the radar should detect targets with small relative velocities from almost zero to about the velocity of sound with no blind speeds, 2) it should minimize ground clutter by using short pulses, and 3) the radar signal must have a thumbtack ambiguity function. We investigate a look-down radar that eliminates time side lobes of compressed signal correlation functions to improve range resolution, reduces ground clutter to enhance receiver dynamic range, and uses thumbtack resolution function to resolve moving low observable targets from the surface of the Earth. The side lobe elimination technique transforms the correlation function of a coded waveform, based on complementary codes, to the correlation function of a single pulse. Features of side lobe elimination technique along with clutter cancellation circuits are presented in terms of blind speeds and range-velocity resolution function     

A Two- or Three-Dimensional Green's Function Which can be Applied to Hyperfrequency Microelectronic Transmission Lines (Letters)

Knowing Green's function and the charge density found on different conductors, the diverse capacities can eventually be calculated by solving an integral equation. This has been dealt with only for simple dielectric-conductor configurations. In Coen's article, the integral representation of log (Z) is employed in calculating Green's function for microstrips (with or without an upper ground plane). Electrostatically speaking, the boundary conditions along conductors or dielectric interfaces are represented by means of infinite charge series.     

High-frequency RCS of complex radar targets in real-time

This paper presents a new and original approach for computing the high-frequency radar cross section (RCS) of complex radar targets in real time with a 3-D graphics workstation. The aircraft is modeled with I-DEAS solid modeling software using a parametric surface approach. High-frequency RCS is obtained through physical optics (PO), method of equivalent currents (MEC), physical theory of diffraction (PTD), and impedance boundary condition (IBC). This method is based on a new and original implementation of high-frequency techniques which the authors have called graphical electromagnetic computing (GRECO). A graphical processing approach of an image of the target at the workstation screen is used to identify the surfaces of the target visible from the radar viewpoint and obtain the unit normal at each point. High-frequency approximations to RCS prediction are then easily computed from the knowledge of the unit normal at the illuminated surfaces of the target. The image of the target at the workstation screen (to be processed by GRECO) can be potentially obtained in real time from the I-DEAS geometric model using the 3-D graphics hardware accelerator of the workstation. Therefore, CPU time for RCS prediction is spent only on the electromagnetic part of the computation, while the more time-consuming geometric model manipulations are left to the graphics hardware. This hybrid graphic-electromagnetic computing (GRECO) results in real-time RCS prediction for complex radar targets