激光器在数字散斑干涉系统中的应用

介绍了在数字散斑干涉系统中经常使用的激光器 :He- Ne激光器、半导体激光器和 LD泵浦的固体激光器 ,总结了这几种激光器在数字散斑干涉系统中的应用原理 ,对比了各自的优缺点 ,并提出了一种新的应用领域——在采用数字散斑干涉技术的机器人口型识别系统中 ,应用微片激光器作为光源 ,对该激光器作了分析介绍 ,讨论了它的特点。     

数字散斑干涉中的条纹处理和相移技术

数字散斑干涉技术可以用来测量物体的微小形变及位移,因其具有较高的精度和全场非接触测量的特点,它被广泛的应用于工业检测、航空航天和生物医学等领域.在该技术中干涉条纹的处理以及相位值的获取是至关重要的.本文介绍了数字散斑干涉技术中条纹处理的各种方法,包括增强、滤波、二值化和骨架线提取等,同时介绍了利用相移技术精确地计算相位...     

基于激光散斑的多普勒效应实验装置设计

本系统基于散斑干涉技术。通过LabVIEW和Matlab混合编程。设计了处理数字散斑的系统。通过Matlab实现图像处理程序调用。在LabVIEW下进行散斑图像采集和图像处理参数的设定。完成散斑图的处理。本系统设计理念新颖。采用了基于CCD的非接触测量。能够实现实时测量。该系统的原理可以应用于生物医学光学成像、微小粒子测量等领域。     

大视场双缝载频散斑干涉成像检测系统

针对大面积的动态检测对大视场角散斑干涉技术的需求,研究了一种基于4f成像的大视场载频散斑干涉系统。该成像系统由前置广角镜头和4f成像系统组成;利用双缝干涉产生稳定的载频,在其中一个狭缝上加入不同楔角的光楔来控制剪切量的大小。分析了4f系统的焦距与双缝的间距和载频值之间的关系;采用散斑场自相关标定了4f系统中散斑统计的平均尺寸。分析证明:采用孔距为2mm的双缝配合80mm焦距的4f系统可以实现2π/3的稳定载频。分别采用12mm和6mm的标准成像镜头测量了动态形变的橡胶板,实现了40°和65°视场角的散斑干涉检测系统。实验结果证明该系统能实现大视场测量,载频与剪切量调节相互分离,提高了散斑检测系统的效率。     

基于偏转法的物体三维形貌测量

基于数字散斑干涉测量技术,组建一套基于偏转法的物体三维形貌测量系统。首先,通过精密旋转平台使被测物体偏转微小角度,在其表面引入包含该物体形貌信息的弯曲干涉条纹。然后由散斑干涉条纹图提取其相位分布,对滤波后的包裹相位图进行相位解包裹运算,得到相位的真实分布图。最后根据相位分布与物面高度的关系求解出被测物体的高度信息。实验结果表明采用偏转法的散斑干涉技术可以实现物体三维形貌测量,具有测量精度较高、易于实现等优点。     

条纹图的图像处理方法

条纹图中的条纹反映了被检测物体的信息,条纹分析技术在全息干涉技术,散斑干涉技术、莫尔技术中起着重要作用。本文研究和提出处理条纹图中条纹的一些方法,并给出了理论分析和模拟实验结果。     

基于电子散斑干涉技术的微变形场测量及残余应力分析

基于电子散斑干涉原理搭建了测量试验平台,通过数字图像处理,得到电子散斑干涉条纹图像,实现了对一维微变形场的测量,对比测量结果与仿真结果,验证了该测量方法的可行性。结合盲孔法测量残余应力的原理,用电子散斑干涉装置取代盲孔法中的应变花来测量因钻孔产生的变形,并由此解残余应力。试验结果表明,基于电子散斑干涉技术的盲孔法残余应力测量系统简单,可行,高效,具有很大的工程应用价值。     

新型激光剪切数字散斑干涉测量系统

介绍了一种新型激光剪切数字散斑干涉测量系统,可实现静态变形和振动的相移分析,具有良好的抗环境干扰能力,可以广泛应用于实际工程中的无损检测、应力应变分析等.     

数字散斑干涉法测量金属热变形

首先阐述了数字散斑干涉法测量面内及离面变形量的原理和装置结构,并将其应用于铝合金材料的热变形测量中;结合数字图像处理技术,获得代表变形量的数字散斑干涉条纹图。结果表明数字散斑干涉测量法具有实时性强、结构简单、全场,非接触测量等优点。     

用投影散斑法测量三维微位移

采用光学非接触法测量三维微位移,基于三角测量法投影数字散斑照射参考面和待测物体表面,利用数字散斑相关法原理,求解变形位移信息,实验结果表明,数字散斑相关技术在三维变形测量的有效性和可靠性,并且为三维物体形变的测量提供了新的研究思路。     

Histochemical and ultrahistochemical localization of heavy metals in calf organs

Cadmium, zinc, selenium, and copper were administered, singly or in combination, orally or subcutaneously. Experiment I included 32 calves of both sexes; six received Cd (two groups), Zn, Cd, and Zn, and Cd and Se (two groups) and one group was a control. In Experiment II (21 bulls), three were given Cd, Cd, and Cu, and Cd and Zn, respectively, and one group was a control. For light microscopy, in Experiment I the highest amounts of silver granules were present in the samples of liver, small intestine, and vesicular gland of all the exposed groups; in Experiment II the most affected organs were liver, kidney, and small intestine. For electron microscopy, in Experiment I, after administration of Cd and Zn, the highest amounts of granules were seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and the lowest amounts were found in glandular cells of the pancreas. Administration of Cd and Se resulted in the presence of large numbers of granules in the nuclei and nucleoli of spermatogonies. In Experiment II, ingestion of Cd and Zn in feed led to the appearance of highest amounts of granules in the nucleoli, nuclei, and cytoplasm of cells in testes, kidneys, and pancreas. Following Cd intake, the highest accumulation of granules was observed in the nucleoli of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules. Combined Cd and Cu produced the highest number of granules in cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and in the nucleoli and nuclei of germinal epithelium.     

Extracellular breakdown of collagen by mice decidual cells. A cytochemical and ultrastructural study.

The interaction of antimesometrial decidual cells and collagen fibrils was studied by light microscopy and ultrastructural cytochemistry in fed and acutely fasted mice on days 9-11 of pregnancy. Fibrillar elements in the extracellular space consisted of collagen fibrils and filamentous aggregates (disintegrating collagen fibrils). Intracellular vacuoles exhibited typical collagen immersed in electron-translucent material (clear vacuoles) and faint cross-banded collagen immersed in electron-opaque material (dark vacuoles). Fibrillar elements showed extracellular acid phosphatase activity which was stronger in the region of mature decidua than in predecidual cells region in all animals; it was conspicuous in mature decidua of fasted animals. Intracellular acid phosphatase activity was observed in dark vacuoles and lysosomes, and was absent in clear vacuoles in all cells studied. Since acid phosphatase activity reflects the presence of lysosomal hydrolases in general, the results indicate that breakdown of extracellular collagen occurs by release of lysosomal enzymes by decidual cells and also by internalization of collagen for intracellular degradation in fed and fasted mice. Collagen breakdown may be part of the process of tissue remodeling in mature and predecidual regions, however, in mature decidua, collagen breakdown is enhanced and may therefore contribute to nutrition of the fetus, specially in acutely fasted mice.     

Differential expression of CD95, Bcl-2, and Bax in rat gastric chief and parietal cells

Apoptotic cell death is common in the inflamed gastric mucosa, but its role in the regulation of cell homeostasis in normal gastric mucosa is unknown. We investigated the expression of CD95, Bcl-2, and Bax and their roles in the regulation of apoptosis in normal rat gastric mucosa and in cultures of highly enriched rat chief and parietal cells by immunostaining, Western blotting, and FACS. In intact tissue CD95, Bcl-2, and Bax were localized predominantly in the glandular base region in chief cells. In freshly isolated cells, expression of CD95, Bcl-2, and Bax was much more pronounced in chief cells than in parietal cells. A lower intracellular Bcl-2/Bax ratio suggesting a higher susceptibility to apoptosis was noticed in chief rather than in parietal cells. In extended cultures of parietal and chief cells, Bax expression was upregulated and Bcl-2 expression was downregulated. These regulatory changes, presumably caused by in vitro effects, were not associated with an increase in spontaneous apoptosis. Treatment of chief and parietal cells with Fas-ligand induced apoptosis of all CD95 expressing cells. Expression of CD95, Bcl-2, and Bax predominantly in chief cells suggests that in this cell type regulation of apoptosis may differ from that in parietal cells. Binding of FasL with functionally active CD95 receptors on chief and parietal cells may be relevant for induction of apoptosis in inflamed gastric mucosa.     

Dynamic structural changes of synaptic contacts in the visual system of insects

The visual system of insects provides an excellent model to study processes of transduction and transmission of photic information, synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and wiring between photoreceptors and their visual interneurons in the optic lobe. This review describes synaptic contacts between photoreceptors and other neurons in the visual system of insects, especially in the fly's first optic neuropile (the lamina), and summarizes changes observed in the synapses of visual cells that have been reported both in phylogeny and ontogeny, and also examples of synaptic plasticity in adult insects that have been evoked by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Plasticity observed in synapses of the insect's visual system seems to exemplify not only synaptic contacts in insects but, given that similar examples of plasticity have been found in other animal groups, may also be a general phenomenon in the nervous system.     

Mechanotransduction-The relationship between gravity,cells and tensile loading in extracellular matrix

Gravity plays a central role in vertebrate development and evolution. Mechanotransduction involves the tensile tethering of veins and arteries, connections between the epidermis and dermis in skin, tensile stress concentrations that occur at tissue interfaces, cell-cell interactions, cell-collagen fiber stress transfer in extracellular matrix and fluid shear flow. While attention in the past has been directed at understanding the myriad of biochemical players associated with mechanotransduction pathways, less attention has been focused on determining the tensile mechanical behavior of tissues in vivo. Fibroblasts sit on the surface of collagen fibers in living skin and exert a retractile force on the fibers. This retractile force pulls against the tension in collagen fibers in skin. After fibroblast-collagen fiber interactions are altered either by changes in fibroblast adhesion or after formation of cancer associated fibroblasts, and changes in cell junctions, alterations in the retractive force leads to changes in mechanotransduction. The purpose of this paper is to present a model of tensile forces that occur at the fibroblast-collagen fiber interface and how these forces are important in extracellular matrix physiology in health and disease.     

Sexual differences and effect of photoperiod on melatonin receptor in avian brain

Several data suggest that melatonin may influence avian reproduction by acting at the level of the hypothalamic-hypophisial-gonadal axis, and/or on neural circuits controlling reproductive behaviours. The action of melatonin is exerted through specific receptors whose distribution and pharmacological properties have been extensively investigated. This review will focus on the distribution, sexual dimorphism, and dependence upon the photoperiod of melatonin binding sites in avian species with a special emphasis on Japanese quail. Melatonin receptors are widely distributed in avian brain. They are mostly present in the visual pathways of all the investigated species and in the song controlling nuclei of oscine birds. Sexual dimorphism of melatonin binding sites (higher density in males than in females) was detected in some telencephalic nuclei of songbirds, in the visual pathways, and in the preoptic area of quail. The last region plays a key role in the activation of male quail copulatory behaviour and it hosts a large population of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-containing neurons. Sexual dimorphism of melatonin-binding sites in the above-mentioned regions suggests a differential role for this hormone in the modulation of visual perception, gonadotropin production, and seasonally activated behaviours in male and female quail. Further studies are necessary to understand interrelationships among photic cues, gonadal steroids, density, and sexually dimorphic distribution of melatonin receptors.     

Effects of humidity on nanometer scale wear of a carbon film

Influence of environmental humidity on scanning-scratched wear tests of a carbon film deposited by electron cyclotron resonance plasma sputtering are evaluated in both air and nitrogen with an atomic force microscope and a diamond tip. Wear depth is larger in higher humidity and also larger in air than in nitrogen. Effect of humidity on scratch load dependence and repeated scanning-scratch tests are larger in nitrogen than in air. Effect of humidity on wear is clearer in the repeated scanning-scratch test than in the scratch load dependence test especially in air, and also clearer at larger scratch load. In scratch velocity dependence test, there is a tendency that wear depth decreases with increase in logarithm of scratch velocity both in air and nitrogen. Wear models to explain the experimental results are discussed.     

五自由度机器人的结构设计及其控制

介绍了串联五自由度机器人的机械结构和机器人控制系统的设计.文中设计的五自由度机器人既可以用于实际生产,也可以用于教学和科研.用于实际生产既可以执行点位控制下的操作,也可以执行连续轨迹控制下的操作;用于教学和科研时,该机器人可用于机器人结构分析、机构运动学分析及机器人控制系统的教学演示和实验操作.它具有结构简单、操控方便等特点,而且可以做进一步的研发.     

Sex differences in songbirds 25 years later: What have we learned and where do we go?

About 25 years ago, Nottebohm and Arnold reported that there are profound male-biased sex differences in volume in selected nuclei in telencephalic portions of the song control system. This review focuses on issues related to the cellular bases of these sex differences in volume and comparative studies that might elucidate the function of this variation between the sexes. Studies utilizing a variety of neurohistological methods in several different species to define the boundaries of two key telencephalic song nuclei HVc and the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA) all tend to find a sex difference in volume in agreement with Nissl-defined boundaries. Sex differences in volume in nuclei such as HVc and RA are associated with differences in cell size and cell number. Other attributes of the phenotype of cells in these nuclei are also different in males and females such as the number of cells expressing androgen receptors. Comparative studies have been employed to understand the function of these sex differences in the brain. In some songbird species, females sing rarely or not at all, and the brain nuclei that control song are many times larger volume in males than females. In other species, males and females sing approximately equally, and the brain nuclei that control song are approximately equal between the sexes. Recently, statistical methods have been employed to control for phylogenetic effects while comparing the co-evolution of traits. This analysis indicates that the evolution of sex differences in song has co-evolved with the evolution of sex differences in singing behavior in songbird species. Future studies should focus on the function of the smaller song control nuclei of females and investigate the role these nuclei might play in perception as well as in production. Microsc. Res. Tech. 54:327–334, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Analysis of weld-induced residual stresses and distortions in thin-walled cylinders

Circumferential weld specifically in thin-walled structures is a common joint type in the fabrication of structural members in aerospace, aeronautical and pressure vessel industries. This type of weld joint suffers various types of weld-induced residual stress fields (hoop and axial) and deformation patterns (axial shrinkage, radial shrinkage). These imperfections have negative effects on fabrication accuracies and result in low strength welded structures that can lead to premature failures. To precisely capture the distortions and residual stresses, computational methodology based on three-dimensional finite element model for the simulation of gas tungsten arc welding in thin-walled cylinders is presented. Butt-weld geometry with single “V” for a 300 mm outer diameter cylinder of 3 mm thick is used. The complex phenomenon of arc welding is numerically solved by sequentially coupled transient, non-linear thermo-mechanical analysis. The accuracy of both the thermal and structural models is validated through experiments for temperature distribution, residual stresses and distortion. The simulated result shows close correlation with the experimental measurements. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Dae-Eun Kim Naeem Ullah Dar received the B.Sc. and M.S. degrees in mechanical engineering from the Univer-sity of Engineering & Technology, Taxila, in 1989 and 2004 respectively. Presently, he is PhD scholar in mechanical engineering at UET, Taxila. His publications are over 25 in different Int. journals and conferences. His research includes manufacturing process (GTAW welding process, HSM process, abrasive waterjet process, incremental forming etc), welding simulations, optimization, and expert system. He spent more than 16 years in different mechanical manufacturing fields. He also received MBA degree in project management and six sigma black belt from SQII in 2005. Ejaz M. Qureshi is currently a graduate student working for his PhD in computational weld mechanics at National University of Sciences and Technology (Pakistan). After receiving his B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1997, he worked for five years in an industrial manufacturing setup producing hi-tech welded structures. Qureshi has published numerous technical papers in professional refereed journals and conferences of international repute. He has also been an active referee for several conferences and journals. His current research interests include: manufacturing processes simulation, structural integrity of welded structures and computational plasticity of cylinders/pressure vessels. M.M.I. Hammouda received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in mechanical engineering from Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt in 1970 and 1975 respectively. He received his PhD degree in mechanical engineering from Cambridge University, England in 1978. His has more than 35 publications in different International journals and conferences. The research includes mechanical behavior of engineering materials, linear elastic and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, manufacturing process modeling and simulations. Presently being a foreign faculty professor in mechanical engineering department of UET, Taxila, Pakistan, he spent more than 25 years in academic and teaching. He is a member of the Editorial Board of the International Journal of Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures. [www.blackwell-science.com].