示准化学科行为互换性定律的创建

本文讨论了互换性定律的族系,研究了非训练行为不准确现象,讨论了行为互换性的需求,推论了行为互换性定律的存在,建立了行为互换性的概念,创建了行为互换性定律的命题及其数学模型,详述了定律的内涵,分析了行为互换性与其他互换性的关系,讨论了行为互换性定律的对象范围、互换类型、自身特点和作用意义,对行为互换性定律进行了验证分析,讨论了行为互换性定律的应用,并给出了应用例子。     

标准化学科几何互换性定律的创建

本文讨论了规律和定律的关系和特点,讨论了几何互换性的本质关系,推论了互换性定律的存在,创建了动配合互换性定律、定位配合互换性定律、紧配合互换性定律,建立了定律的命题、数学模型和关系模型,详述了每个定律的内涵,创建了支持互换性工程应用的几何互换性空间,讨论了互换性定律的应用,创建了广泛适用的互换性空间。     

标准化学科功能互换性定律的创建

本文讨论了互换性的新模式——功能互换性,阐述了功能互换性的概念和特点,创建了功能互换性的命题,解读了功能互换性命题的内涵及其数学模型,给出了功能互换性的关注情形,探讨了功能互换性的适用范围和作用意义,验证了功能互换性定律的有效性,说明了功能互换性定律的应用,并给出了指导功能互换性定律应用的实例。     

某型车辆驾驶室内部噪声分析研究

建立了某型车辆驾驶室结构的三维有限元模型,对驾驶室进行了试验模态分析,得到了模态参数,检验和修正了结构的三维有限元模型,对驾驶室结构进行了动态响应分析.采用边界元法进行了驾驶室内部声学特性研究,对驾驶员耳旁的声压和声学灵敏度进行了分析,得出了驾驶室内声场的声学特性,对驾驶室结构提出改进措施,有效地降低了车内噪声.     

标准化作业的价值分析

本文创建了自然态劳动作业模型,对自然态劳动作业模型的特点进行了分析,创建了标准化的劳动作业模型,对标准化劳动作业模型的特点作了深入的分析,建立了工业生产的机群模型和流水模型,并进行了对比分析,对自然态劳动作业模型和标准化作业模型进行了对比分析,讨论了标准化作业的价值作用和效果。     

小型农业机械在大石山区的推广与应用

大石山区只有通过小型农业机械的推广应用,才能提高了劳动生产率,减轻了劳动强度,降低了生产成本,改善了农业生产条件,增加了农民的收入,而且缓解了劳动力季节性短缺的矛盾,促进了劳动力输出的健康发展。本文对小型农业机械在大石山区的推广与应用谈一些体会。     

MG800/2040-WD采煤机油箱冷却系统改造

采煤机冷却系统改造,降低了采煤机液压系统油液温度,减少了因油液温度过高而造成的液压系统元件损坏,同时也减少了因频繁更换液压元件而带来的时间和人力的浪费,以及液压油的损失,减轻了检修人员的劳动强度,节省了检修时间,提高劳动效率,降低了生产成本,提高了综合机械化采煤生产力。     

浅谈标准养蟹优化质量调整结构促进增收

通过农业标准化示范区建设项目的实施,促进了农产品质量安全水平的提高,延伸了产业链条,加快了全市农业产业化、现代化的进程,提高了农民的标准化意识,改善了生态环境,促进了可持续发展,为促进农业增效、农民增收起到了巨大作用。     

客观存在的标准形式(上)

本文讨论建立了客观标准的概念,建立客观标准的分类关系,深入研究了客观物质的标准关系,建立了组成物质的粒子链标准关系,提炼了客观物质的根标准元素——质子、中子、电子,以及下层次的上夸克和下夸克,建立了客观物质标准要素关系表,深入研究了生物繁衍的标准关系,提炼了DNA和RNA作为生物物种复制的标准要素,建立了生物要素的标准关系表,分析提炼了表征能量标准要素的功率频率元素,探讨了环境的标准关系,分析了客观存在标准形式的特点和哲理关系。     

车内噪声FE-SEA混合建模及分析方法

对二子系统的互易关系进行了阐述,并通过模态方法别对二子系统的互易关系进行了介绍,并介绍了两个面连接子系统的耦合关系,最后给出了混合FE-SEA的系统方程。建立了轿车FE-SEA混合模型,对FE车身的辐射效率进行了计算,通过试验对动力总成悬置激励和车身悬置激励进行了测量,在消声室内对发动机舱声辐射激励进行了测量,建立了CFD风洞仿真模型,并对车外风激励进行了计算,同时通过施加激励后的混合FE-SEA模型对车内噪声进行了预测,并与试验结果进行了对比,并对误差产生的原因进行了分析,对比分析结果表明,二者有着较好的一致性,预测绝对误差小于2.5 dB(A),计算精度满足工程要求,混合FE-SEA建模方法是一种有效的车内中频噪声预测方法。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...