Probabilistic analysis of random contact force between geomembrane and granular material

A probabilistic method based on principle of maximum entropy was employed to analyze the randomness of contact force between geomembrane and granular material. The contact force distribution is exponential according to the proposed method and the grain size is the most important factor that affects the distribution of contact force. The proposed method is then verified by a series of laboratory experiments using glass beads and cobbles as granular material and a very thin pressure, indicating that film is firstly used in these experiments which give a reliable method to measure the contact force at each contact point.     

Probabilistic analysis of geomembrane puncture from granular material under liquid pressure

A simplified probabilistic analysis of geomembrane punctures from granular material was presented when subjected to liquid pressure. The probability distribution of contact force between geomembrane and granular material was obtained based on the principle of equal probability and assumptions that grains are spheres with constant size. A particle flow code PFC^3D was employed to simulate the contact process which indicates a good agreement with the theoretical probabilistic analysis. The odds of geomembrane puncture from grains of constant size were obtained by evaluating the puncture force which should not exceed the puncture resistance of geomembrane. The effects of grain radius, grain rigidity and liquid pressure were studied in more detail and displayed in graphs. Both high-level of liquid pressure and large grain can result in high risk of geomembrane puncture. The influence of grain rigidity on the geomembrane puncture odds is significant. For granular material with a grain size distribution, the geomembrane puncture odds can be estimated by the grain size distribution, served as weight function and it is a cautious design if the largest grain is chosen as the design grain size.     

Factors Influencing Conversion of Pyritic Sulfur in Coal by Microwave Irradiation

The high sulfur coal from southwest of China was used to examine the influence of different factors such as irradiation time, particle size of coal, and leachant (Na2CO3, NaOH and CuC12.2H20)on the conversion rate of pyrite to pyrrhotite by microwave irradiation. Single factor experiment was performed firstly, then orthogonal test method was used to explore these factors. The result shows that the optimal treating conditions for the conversion are a treatment time of 3 rain, a particle size from 0.086 mm to 0.102 mm, and a favorable leachant of sodium hydroxide. Under these conditions the conversion rate of pyrite can reach 45.7 %.     

Loaded multi-tooth contact analysis and calculation for contact stress of face-gear drive with spur involute pinion

The analytical method based on "Hertz theory on normal contact of elastic solids" and the numerical method based on finite element method (FEM) calculating the contact stress of face-gear drive with spur involute pinion were introduced, and their relative errors are below 10%, except edge contact, which turns out that these two methods can compute contact stress of face-gear drive correctly and effectively. An agreement of the localized bearing contact stress is gotten for these two methods, making sure that the calculation results of FEM are reliable. The loaded meshing simulations of multi-tooth FEM model were developed, and the determination of the transmission error and the maximal load distribution factor of face-gear drive under torques were given. A formula for the maximal load distribution factor was proposed. By introducing the maximal load distribution factor in multi-tooth contact zone, a method for calculating the maximal contact stress in multi-tooth contact can be given. Compared to FEM, the results of these formulae are proved to be reliable, and the relative errors are below 10%.     

Purification technology of molten aluminum

Various purification methods were explored to eliminate the dissolved hydrogen and nonmetallic inclu-sions from molten aluminum alloys. A novel rotating impeller head with self-oscillation nozzles or an electromagnetic valve in the gas circuit was used to produce pulse gas currents for the rotary impeller degassing method. Water sim-ulation results show that the size of gas bubbles can be decreased by 10%- 20o//oo as compared with the constant gas current mode. By coating ceramic filters or particles with active flux or enamels, composite filters were used to filter the scrap A356 alloy and pure aluminum. Experimental results demonstrate that better filtration efficiency and oper-ation performance can be obtained. Based on numerical calculations, the separation efficiency of inclusions by high frequency magnetic field can be significantly improved by using a hollow cylinder-like separator or utilizing the effects of secondary flow of the melt in a square separator. A multi-stage and multi-media purification platform based on these methods was designed and applied in on-line processing of molten aluminum alloys. Mechanical properties of the processed scrap A356 alloy are greatly improved by the composite purification.     

Modeling and Simulation of Diaphragm Spring Clutch

A model was developed to simulate a vehicle diaphragm spring clutch with the evaluation indicators of jerk degree and friction work. First, the pressing load characteristic of the driven plate of the diaphragm spring clutch was analyzed. Then, the clutch dynamic characteristic under each state was studied according to the basic principles of tribology. Finally, the mathematical model of the clutch was developed. Based on the model, the performance of a vehicle was simulated. The simulation results show that the model can predict the dynamic characteristic of the clutch correctly and evaluate the performance of the clutch engagement effectively. The model can be used for theoretical research of automatic clutch control and can be easily applied to simulate vehicle longitudinal dynamics.     

An analytical model for the prediction of cross-section profile and mean roll radius in alloy bar rolling

In a round-oval-round pass rolling sequence,the cross-section profile of an outgoing workpiece was predicted fast after getting the maximum spread.The concept"critical point on the contact boundary"was proposed and the coordinates of the critical point were solved.The equivalent contact section area was represented and the mean roll radius was determined.The validity of this model was examined by alloy bar rolling experiment and rigid-plastic FEM simulation.Compared with the existing models,the mean roll radius obtained by this model is similar to experiment data.     

Preparation of material surface structure similar to hydrophobic structure of lotus leaf

Nano/micro replication, a technique widely applied in the microelectronics field, was introduced to prepare the hydrophobic bionics microstructure on material surface. Poly（vinyl alcohol） （PVA） and polystyrene （PS） moulds of the mastoid microstructure on lotus leaf surface were prepared respectively by the nano/micro replication technology. And poly（dimethylsiloxane） （PDMS） replicas with the mastoid-like microstructure were prepared from these two kinds of polymer moulds. Scanning electronic microscope （SEM） was employed to investigate the morphology and microstructures on moulds and replicas. Both the static and dynamic contact angles between water droplet and PDMS replicas＇ surface were also measured. As a result, similar microstructure can be observed clearly on the surface of PDMS replicas and the static contact angle on PDMS replicas was enhanced dramatically by the existence of these microstructures.     

Algorithm design and application of novel GM-AGC based on mill stretch characteristic curve简

As the spring equation is limited to the accuracy of mill stiffness and the linearity of the mill spring curve, the traditional gaugemeter automatic gauge control （GM-AGC） system based on spring equation cannot meet the requirements of practical production. In allusion to this problem, a kind of novel GM-AGC system based on mill stretch characteristic curve was proposed. The error existing in calculating strip thickness by spring equation were analyzed first. And then the mill stretch characteristic curve which could effectively eliminate the influence of mill stiffness was described. The novel GM-AGC system has been applied successfully in a hot strip mill, the application results show that the thickness control precision is improved significantly, with the novel GM-AGC system, over 98.6% of the strip thickness deviation of 3.0 mm class can be controlled within the target tolerances of ±20 μm.     

A comprehensive method for joint wear prediction in planar mechanical systems with clearances considering complex contact conditions

A comprehensive method to predict wear in planar mechanical systems with clearance joints is presented and discussed in this paper.This method consists of a system dynamic analysis and a joint wear prediction.As the size and shape of the clearance are dictated by wear and evolve with the dynamic response of the system,the contact between the journal and bearing could be conformal or non-conformal,which makes the contact conditions in clearance joints quite complicated.Therefore a modified contact force model is employed to evaluate the joint reaction force in this study.As the nonlinear stiffness coefficient is related to the physical and geometrical properties of contact bodies and varies with the deformation,this contact force model is applicable to different contact conditions between the journal and bearing.Furthermore,based on the Archard’s wear model,the amount of wear can be quantified in the joint.And the geometry is updated to reflect the evolving contact boundary.Then,the wear process and the contact force model are integrated into the motion equations of the system to perform coupled iterative analyses between system dynamic response and joint wear prediction.In addition,a slider-crank mechanism is simulated as an example to demonstrate efficiency of the proposed method and to carry out a parametric study on mechanical systems considering joint wear.The influence of clearance size and driving power are discussed and compared respectively.The index of concordance is introduced to quantify contributions of contact pressure and sliding distance to wear rate under different types of journal motion.This study could help to predict joint wear in mechanical systems with clearances and optimize mechanisms in design.     

An automatic grid generation approach over free-form surface for architectural design

An essential step for the realization of free-form surface structures is to create an efficient structural gird that satisfies not only the architectural aesthetics, but also the structural performance. Employing the main stress trajectories as the representation of force flows on a free-form surface, an automatic grid generation approach is proposed for the architectural design. The algorithm automatically plots the main stress trajectories on a 3D free-form surface, and adopts a modified advancing front meshing technique to generate the structural grid. Based on the proposed algorithm, an automatic grid generator named ＂St-Surmesh＂ is developed for the practical architectural design of free-form surface structure. The surface geometry of one of the Sun Valleys in Expo Axis for the Expo Shanghai 2010 is selected as a numerical example for validating the proposed approach. Comparative studies are performed to demonstrate how different structural grids affect the design of a free-form surface structure.     

Effects of magnetic fields on Fe-Si composite electrodeposition

Coatings containing Fe-Si particles were electrodeposited on 3.0wt% Si steel sheets under magnetic fields. The effects of magnetic flux density （MFD）, electrode arrangement and current density on the surface morphology, the silicon content in the coatings and the cathode current efficiency were investigated. When a magnetic field was applied parallel to the current and when the MFD was less than 0.5 T, numerous needle-like structures appeared on the coating surface. With increasing MFD, the needle-like structures weakened and were transformed into dome-shaped structures. Meanwhile, compared to results obtained in the absence of a magnetic field, the silicon content in the coatings significantly increased as the MFD was increased for all of the samples obtained using a vertical electrode system. However, in the case of an aclinic electrode system, the silicon content decreased. Furthermore, the cathode current efficiency was considerably diminished when a magnetic field was applied. A possible mechanism for these phenomena was discussed.     

Interference management via access control and mobility prediction in two-tier heterogeneous networks

Abstract： Two-tier heterogeneous networks （HetNets）, where the current cellular networks, i.e., macrocells, are overlapped with a large number of randomly distributed femtocells, can potentially bring significant benefits to spectral utilization and system capacity. The interference management and access control for open and closed femtocells in two-tier HetNets were focused. The contributions consist of two parts. Firstly, in order to reduce the uplink interference caused by MUEs （macrocell user equipments） at closed femtocells, an incentive mechanism to implement interference mitigation was proposed. It encourages femtoeells that work with closed-subscriber-group （CSG） to allow the interfering MUEs access in but only via uplink, which can reduce the interference significantly and also benefit the marco-tier. The interference issue was then studied in open-subscriber-group （OSG） femtocells from the perspective of handover and mobility prediction. Inbound handover provides an alternative solution for open femtocells when interference turns up, while this accompanies with PCI （physical cell identity） confusion during inbound handover. To reduce the PCI confusion, a dynamic PCI allocation scheme was proposed, by which the high handin femtocells have the dedicated PCI while the others share the reuse PCIs. A Markov chain based mobility prediction algorithm was designed to decide whether the femtoeell status is with high handover requests. Numerical analysis reveals that the UL interference is managed well for the CSG femtocell and the PCI confusion issue is mitigated greatly in OSG femtocell compared to the conventional approaches.     

Dielectric,piezoelectric, and ferroelectric properties of lanthanum-modified PZTFN ceramics

Specimens of Pb1-1.5xLax（Zr0.53 Ti0.47）1-y-zFeyNb2O3 （x = 0, 0.004, 0.008, 0.012, and 0.016, y = z = 0.01） （PZTFN） ceramics were synthesized by a semi-wet route. In the present study, the effect of La doping was investigated on the structural, microstructural, dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric properties of the ceramics. The results show that, the tetragonal （space group P4mm） and rhombohedral （space group R3c） phases are observed to coexist in the sample at x = 0.012. Microstructural investigations of all the samples reveal that La doping inhibits grain growth. Doping of La into PZTFN improves the dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties of the ceramics. The hys- teresis loops of all specimens exhibit nonlinear behavior. The dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties show a maximum response atx 〉 0.012, which corresponds to the morphotropic phase boundary （MPB）.     

Large-scale two-dimensional nonlinear FE analysis on PGA amplification effect with depth and focusing effect of Fuzhou Basin

Based on the explicit finite element（FE） method and platform of ABAQUS,considering both the inhomogeneity of soils and concave-convex fluctuation of topography,a large-scale refined two-dimensional（2D） FE nonlinear analytical model for Fuzhou Basin was established.The peak ground motion acceleration（PGA） and focusing effect with depth were analyzed.Meanwhile,the results by wave propagation of one-dimensional（1D） layered medium equivalent linearization method were added for contrast.The results show that：1） PGA at different depths are obviously amplified compared to the input ground motion,amplification effect of both funnel-shaped depression and upheaval areas（based on the shape of bedrock surface） present especially remarkable.The 2D results indicate that the PGA displays a non-monotonic decreasing with depth and a greater focusing effect of some particular layers,while the 1D results turn out that the PGA decreases with depth,except that PGA at few particular depth increases abruptly; 2） To the funnel-shaped depression areas,PGA amplification effect above 8 m depth shows relatively larger,to the upheaval areas,PGA amplification effect from 15 m to 25 m depth seems more significant.However,the regularities of the PGA amplification effect could hardly be found in the rest areas; 3） It appears a higher regression rate of PGA amplification coefficient with depth when under a smaller input motion; 4） The frequency spectral characteristic of input motion has noticeable effects on PGA amplification tendency.     

A ternary TiO2/WO3/graphene nanocomposite adsorbent： facile preparation and efficient removal of Rhodamine B

Ternary TiO2/WO3/graphene （TWG） nanocomposites were prepared by a facile salt-ultrasonic assisted hydrothermal method. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption--desorption. Both anatase TiO2 and orthorhombic WO3 formed in the nanocomposites, along with a highly disordered overlay of individual graphene nanosheets. Polyhedral and spherical TiO/and WO3 nanoparticles of uniform size 10-30 nm were densely anchored to the graphene sheets. The maximum specific surface area of the products was 144.59 m2·g^-1. The products showed clear abilities for the removal of Rhodamine B in the absence of illumination. Furthermore, the adsorption activity of the products exhibited only a slight decrease after three successive cycles. The results demonstrate that the ternary nanocomposites could be used as a high-efficiency adsorbent for the removal of environmental contaminants.     

Fluidized bed coating efficiency and morphology of coatings for producing Al-based nanocomposite hollow spheres

Abstract： We performed fluidized bed coating ofAl-based nanoeomposite powder-binder suspensions onto polymer substrates. The effects of the type and amount of the binder and nanoparticle additive on the coating process efficiency and coating characteristics were investigated. The efficiency decreased from 52% to 49% as the processing time increased from 15 to 20 min. However, the amount and thickness of the coating also increased as the processing time and amount of the binder were increased. The addition of nanoparticles to the system decreased the thickness of the coating from 222 to 207 μm when polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） was used as a binder. The suspension containing 3wt% R-4410 binder exhibited the greatest efficiency of 60%.     

Fabrication and densification enhancement of SiC-particulate-reinforced copper matrix composites prepared via the sinter-forging process

The fabrication of copper （Cu） and copper matrix silicon carbide （Cu/SiCp） particulate composites via the sinter-forging process was investigated. Sintering and sinter-forging processes were performed under an inert Ar atmosphere. The influence of sinter-forging time, temperature, and compressive stress on the relative density and hardness of the prepared samples was systematically investigated and subsequently compared with that of the samples prepared by the conventional sintering process. The relative density and hardness of the composites were enhanced when they were prepared by the sinter-forging process. The relative density values of all Cu/SiCp composite samples were observed to decrease with the increase in SiC content.     

Desulfurization ability of refining slag with medium basicity

The desulfurization ability of refining slag with relative lower basicity （B） and Al2O3 content （B = 3.5-5.0; 20wt%-25wt% Al2O3） was studied. Firstly, the component activities and sulfide capacity （Cs） of the slag were calculated. Then slag-metal equilibrium experiments were carried out to measure the equilibrium sulfur distribution （Ls）. Based on the laboratorial experiments, slag composition was optimized for a better desulfurization ability, which was verified by industrial trials in a steel plant. The obtained results indicated that an MgO-saturated CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-MgO system with the basicity of about 3.5-5.0 and the Al2O3 content in the range of 20wt%-25wt% has high activity of CaO （αCaO）, with no deterioration of Cs compared with conventional desulfurization slag. The measured Ls between high-strength low-alloyed （HSLA） steel and slag with a basicity of about 3.5 and an Al2O3 content of about 20wt% and between HSLA steel and slag with a basicity of about 5.0 and an Al2O3 content of about 25wt% is 350 and 275, respectively. The new slag with a basicity of about 3.5-5.0 and an Al2O3 content of about 20wt% has strong desulfurization ability. In particular, the key for high-efficiency desulfurization is to keep oxygen potential in the reaction system as low as possible, which was also verified by industrial trials.     

Effect of substrate doping on threshold voltages of buried channel pMOSFET based on strained-SiGe technology

The effect of substrate doping on the threshold voltages of buried channel pMOSFET based on strained-SiGe technology was studied. By physically deriving the models of the threshold voltages, it is found that the layer which inversely occurs first is substrate doping dependent, giving explanation for the variation of plateau observed in theC-V characteristics of this device, as the doping concentration increases. The threshold voltages obtained from the proposed model are-1.2805 V for buried channel and-2.9358 V for surface channel at a lightly doping case, and-3.41 V for surface channel at a heavily doping case, which agrees well with the experimental results. Also, the variations of the threshold voltages with several device parameters are discussed, which provides valuable reference to the designers of strained-SiGe devices.