脉冲钨离子注入导致的空洞效应

采用由金属蒸汽真空弧(metalvaporvacuumarc,简称MEVVA)离子源引出的强束流脉冲钨离子对H13钢进行了离子注入表面改性研究。在注入剂量为1×1017cm-2,温度为200℃以下,观察到强束流脉冲钨离子注入导致的空洞和空洞的硬化及脆化效应,分析了空洞对注入钨元素浓度深度分布的影响,基于热峰效应(spike),讨论了空洞的形成原因及其与材料耐磨性的关系。     

钼离子注入束流大小对H13钢表层结构与耐磨性能的影响

利用金属蒸汽真空弧离子源引出的强束流钼离子，对H13钢进行了高剂量的离子注入。测量了注入试样的磨损性能，发现在注入剂量为3×1017cm－2、注入束流密度低于47μA·cm－2时，其耐磨性得到不同程度的改善。分别利用卢瑟福背散射谱（RBS）、X射线衍射（XRD）和X光电子能谱（XPS）测试了注入试样的表面成分及其微观结构。讨论了H13钢耐磨性的影响因素。     

强束流Ta离子注入铝的研究

利用从金属蒸汽真空弧离子源引出的强束流Ta离子 ,进行了Ta离子注入铝的研究。研究结果表明 ,在离子注入剂量为 5× 10 17cm- 2 ,平均束流密度为 4 0 μA·cm- 2 ,加速电压为 4 2kV下 ,Ta离子注入能在铝表面形成相应的合金层。借助卢瑟福背散射 (RBS)和X射线衍射 (XRD)分析 ,我们发现表面合金层中形成了Al3Ta相 ,Ta在铝中能产生 10 %以上的原子百分浓度 ,其深度高达 2 0 0nm。     

强束流钼注入铝中的反常分布研究

利用从金属蒸汽真空弧 (简称 MEVVA)离子源引出的强束流脉冲钼离子对纯铝进行了不同束流密度的离子注入试验。钼离子的加速电压为 4 8k V,剂量为 3× 10 1 7cm- 2 ,平均束流密度为 2 5和 4 7μA· cm- 2 。透射电镜 (TEM)分析证明在注入层内可形成 Al1 2 Mo晶体 ;背散射 (RBS)分析证明 Al1 2 Mo的厚度可达 6 0 0至70 0 nm;结合强束流脉冲注入的特点 ,根据碰撞理论提出了解释钼反常分布的“蜂窝”模型。     

纯铜表面纳米化对Ti离子注入的影响

为了改善金属材料表面的综合性能,将表面改性技术和纳米技术相结合逐渐得到了人们的重视.用金属蒸气孤(MEVVA)源离子注入机,将能量为40keV,剂量为2×1017iONS/cm2的Ti离子注入纳米纯铜中.利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、俄歇电子能谱(AES)对表层组织及注入浓度分布等进行了分析.研究结果表明,纯铜表面经过SMAT纳米化处理后,注入元素的浓度呈现高斯分布,与未处理的样品相比,峰值浓度提高了30%,注入深度达到160nm.     

C+和Ti+注入铝型材热挤压模表面改性研究

应用MEVVA源离子注入技术,在氮化处理基础上对H13钢模具进行了C和Ti双重离子注入表面改性研究.结果表明,C和Ti双重离子注入可以显著提高H13钢的表面硬度和耐磨性,降低摩擦系数,从而大幅度提高模具的使用寿命和产品质量,使模具挤压产量由离子注入前的3.51t提高到9.86t,提高了近200%.     

氮离子注入纯铁在人工模拟体液中的腐蚀性能研究

采用40kV的氮等离子体离子注入工业纯铁,注入剂量为7×1017ions/cm2,X射线光电子能谱(XPS)研究表面注入层元素的成分和价态,X射线衍射(XRD)分析注入层的物相转变,采用恒电位极化腐蚀试验研究了离子注入后材料在人工模拟体液中腐蚀行为.试验结果表明,氮离子注入能有效的改善纯铁在模拟体液中的耐蚀性,XRD和XPS分析发现,在试样表层形成较多的γ'-Fe4N化合物,有效的提高了材料表面的耐蚀性.     

注入剂量对300℃下Mn+注入p型GaN薄膜的结构和磁性影响

在(0001)面的蓝宝石衬底上用低压MOCVD法生长p型GaN外延层.对p型GaN薄膜用180keV的Mn 离子注入进行磁性粒子掺杂,注入时GaN薄膜处于300℃,注入剂量分别为5.0×1015、1.0×1016和5.0×1016cm-2.对注入的样品在N2气流中进行快速热退火处理,温度为850℃,时间为30s.用超导量子干涉仪(SQUID)对样品的磁性进行了分析,在5.0×1015cm-2的注入样品中发现了较强的铁磁性;而1.0×1016和5.0×1016cm-2的Mn 离子注入样品中铁磁响应有所减弱.结合用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对在不同剂量下Mn 注入GaN薄膜的结构、形貌和成分的分析,揭示了不同剂量磁性离子注入给GaN薄膜带来的结构、形貌和相应的铁磁性变化规律,发现只有适当的注入剂量(5.0×1015cm-2)才有利于在300℃下用180keV的Mn 注入对p型GaN薄膜进行磁性离子掺杂.     

工业纯铁等离子体注入与氮化工艺及其性能研究

采用低电压高频率脉冲等离子体浸没离子注入与氮化技术在工业纯铁上进行氮离子注入及氮化强化处理,研究了不同脉冲宽度下,工业纯铁等离子体浸没离子注入与氮化处理的结构及性能.通过X射线衍射谱(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、显微硬度、销-盘磨损实验,研究了工业纯铁氮离子注入及氮化后的结构、断面组织、表面元素含量、显微硬度、摩擦磨损性能;通过电化学极化方法在0.9%NaCl溶液研究了改性层的耐腐蚀性.研究结果表明:氮等离子注入及氮化后能显著提高纯铁表面的显微硬度、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性能,且表面形成结构为Fe3N和Fe4N的针状组织,针状组织是提高纯铁性能的关键因素;高脉冲宽度下进行等离子注入及氮化有利于提高纯铁表面的机械性能和耐腐蚀性能.     

Ti+注入H13钢的注入层研究

Ti (10 0kV ,3× 10 17cm- 2 )注入H13钢 ,表面注入层的化学组成和微观结构发生了很大的变化。俄歇分析表明 ,注入元素Ti在钢表面层的剖面浓度分布呈近似高斯分布 ,在 4 0nm处Ti的浓度达到最大值。离子束真空碳化导致在钢的表面形成一层约 2 0nm的“富碳层”。透射电镜分析表明 ,表面层的微观形貌由注入前的板条状马氏体结构转变成注入后的微胞状结构。电子衍射则证实 ,表面注入层已出现非晶化 ,并且有约 5nm的TiC颗粒析出。摩擦磨损实验进一步表明 ,注入后钢的摩擦系数降低 70 % ,磨损率降低 98%。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

The Influence of Nitrogen and Boron Implant into Silicon Substrate on the Phase and Internal Stress of c-BN Films

Cubic boron nitride(c-BN) film was deposited on a Si (100) substrate by the RF-magnetron sputtering.The mainly problems for fabrication of c-BN films are the low purity and high intrinsic compressive stress. In order to solve the two problems, the c-BN film with the buffer interlayer was deposited on the substrate which had been implanted with nitrogen and/or boron ions. The results show: the implantation of nitrogen ions can obviously increase c-BN content and reduce the internal stress slightly; while the implantation of boron shows no obvious improvement to the content of c-BN, which can reduce the internal stress in the film obviously. In addition, it is suggested that the implantation of nitrogen and boron shows the best result, which not only can increase the content of c-BN, but also reduce the internal stress in the c-BN film obviously.