Characteristics and accumulation mechanism of tight sandstone gas reservoirs in the Upper Paleozoic, northern Ordos Basin, China

The Ordos Basin is a significant petroliferous basin in the central part of China.The Carboniferous and Permian deposits of transitional and continental facies are the main gas-bearing layers in the north part of the basin.The Carboniferous and Permian natural gas reservoirs in the northern Ordos Basin are mainly tight sandstone reservoirs with low porosity and low permeability,developing lots of ＂sweet spots＂ with comparatively high porosity and permeability.The tight sandstones in the study area are gas-bearing,and the sweet spots are rich in gas.Sweet spots and tight sandstones are connected rather than being separated by an interface seal.Sweet spot sand bodies are vertically and horizontally overlapped,forming a large gas reservoir group.In fact,a reservoir formed by a single sweet spot sand body is an open gas accumulation.In the gentle dipping geological setting and with the source rocks directly beneath the tight reservoirs over a large area,the balance between gas charging into tight reservoirs from source rocks and gas loss from tight reservoirs through caprock is the key of gas accumulation in tight sandstones.Both the non-Darcy flow charging driven by source-reservoir excess pressure difference and the diffusion flow charging driven by source-reservoir gas concentration difference play an important role in gas accumulation.The results of mathematical modeling indicate that the gas accumulation cannot be formed by just one of the above mechanisms.The diffusion of gas from source rocks to reservoirs is a significant mechanism of tight sandstone gas accumulation.     

Characteristics of Oil-gas Resources in Sichuan Basin

Sichuan Basin, a large and old oil-bearing superimposed basin in western China, has an acreage of 190 thousand square kilometers. Its superimposed strata are composed of 7000-12000 meters of sedimentary rock from the Sinian to the Quaternary, in which the strata are mainly marine carbonate below the Middle Triassic and terrestrial clastic rock above the Upper Triassic. For more than 50 years, CNPC has been working in the basin for oil-gas exploration and development and has discovered so far 106 gas fields and 14 oil fields with proven gas reserves achieving 840 billion cubic meters （bcm）and annual gas and crude production reaching 12 bcm and 145 thousand tons respectively. Oil/gas fields in Sichuan Province is currently China＇s largest gas-producing region. Recent exploration and development practices show that gas reserves and production of the basin are still in the upsoaring stage and an understanding of oilgas distribution in the basin is of vital importance for a sustainable development of natural gas in the basin.     

Contribution of moderate overall coal-bearing basin uplift to tight sand gas accumulation: case study of the Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin and the Upper Paleozoic in the Ordos Basin, China

Tight sand gas is an important unconventional gas resource occurring widely in different petroleum basins.In coal-bearing formations of the Upper Triassic in the Sichuan Basin and the Carboniferous and Permian in the Ordos Basin,coal measure strata and tight sandstone constitute widely distributed source-reservoir assemblages and form the basic conditions for the formation of large tight sand gas fields.Similar to most tight gas basins in North America,the Sichuan,and Ordos Basins,all experienced overall moderate uplift and denudation in MesoCenozoic after earlier deep burial.Coal seam adsorption principles and actual coal sample simulation experiment results show that in the course of strata uplift,pressure drops and desorption occurs in coal measure strata,resulting in the discharge of substantial free gas.This accounts for 28%—42%of total gas expulsion from source rocks.At the same time,the free gases formerly stored in the pores of coal measure source rocks were also discharged at a large scale due to volumetric expansion resulting from strata uplift and pressure drop.Based on experimental data,the gas totally discharged in the uplift period of Upper Paleozoic in the Ordos Basin,and Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin is calculated as(3-6) × 10~8 m~3/km~2.Geological evidence for gas accumulation in the uplift period is found in the gas reservoir analysis of the above two basins.Firstly,natural gas discharged in the uplift period has a lighter carbon isotope ratio and lower maturity than that formed in the burial period,belonging to that generated at the early stage of source rock maturity,and is absorbed and stored in coal measure strata.Secondly,physical simulation experiment results at high-temperature and high-salinity inclusions,and almost actual geologic conditions confirm that substantial gas charging and accumulation occurred in the uplift period of the coal measure strata of the two basins.Diffusive flow is the main mode for gas accumulation in the uplift period,which probably reached 56 × 10~(12)m~3 in the uplift period of the Xujiahe Formation of the Sichuan Basin,compensating for the diffusive loss of gas in the gas reservoirs,and has an important contribution to the formation of large gas fields.The above insight has promoted the gas resource extent and potential of the coal measure tight sand uplift area;therefore,we need to reassess the areas formerly believed unfavorable where the uplift scale is large,so as to get better resource potential and exploration prospects.     

Development Prospect of Oil ＆ Gas Pipelines of CNPC

Prospect of engineering technologies for pipelines in China
In recent years, China National Petroleum Corporation （CNPC） has made remarkable achievements in the field of oil and gas transmission pipeline engineering. The demand for oil and gas has increased a lot, along with the rapid development of national economy and the improvement of people＇s living standard. In the days to come, China will witness an even greater development in the engineering construction of oil and gas transmission pipelines.     

Petroleum Discoveries and Exploration Prospect in China＇s Major Petroliferous Basins

Up to now, there are 29 oil- and gas-bearing basins with recoverable oil and gas reserves in China. However, most of the reserves were mainly discovered in parts of the 29 basins, which played an important role in China＇s petroleum exploration and development. Based on the data statistics and analyses of reserves and resources, the current situation of oil and gas discoveries and the resources potential in these major basins are discussed in the paper. The so-called major oil- and gas-bearing basins here are the basins with cumulative recoverable oil （excluding condensate oil） reserves of more than 50 million tons or cumulative recoverable gas （excluding dissolved gas） reserves of more than 50 billion cubic meters.     

Significance of Petroleum Equipment Industry and Its Development Orientation

With the continuous and fast growth of China's economy,the demand for oil and gas resources is growing rapidly.The high dependency on imported oil and gas has become an important factor that influences national economic safety.To access more oil and gas resources,the exploration and production of oil and gas is of strategic importance to realize the sustainable development of energy in China.Petroleum equipment dominates the exploration and production level of oil and gas resources.     

PetroChina to Construct an 1.0 Mt/a Ethylene Unit in Yan＇an Region

CNPC will construct an 1.0Mt/a ethylene project in Yan＇an region, Shaanxi province after clinching a cooperation agreement with the Shaanxi provincial government. Construction of this project in the northern Shaanxi area, which has abundant resources of coal, oil, gas and rock salt, will have great significance to bring into full play the advantage of oil and gas resources in Shaanxi province.     

低渗致密气藏、凝析气藏开发难点与对策

Low permeability tight gas reservoirs and condensate gas reservoirs account for a rather high proportion ofdomestic gas reserves, but many of them have low productivity. So it is significant to develop these reservoirs effi-ciently for continuous and stable development of China′s petroleum industry. Around the problems of the developmentof deep low permeability tight gas reservoirs and condensate gas reservoirs, this paper makes an analysis on the geo-logic and development characteristics of these reservoirs and presents ten proper technologies. Finally, five technicalmeasures for the development of such gas reservoirs are proposed in detail. These are deep fracturing technology,treatment technology of accumulated liquids in condensate gas well and near well bore, gas injection technology whenthe formation pressure is lower than the maximum condensate pressure, phase behavior analysis technology in porousmedia of low permeability tight condensate gas reservoir and other gas reservoir engineering technologies.     

Coalbed methane genesis, occurrence and accumulation in China

Coalbed methane (CBM) is an important type of unconventional gas. Commercial development of CBM in America has been very successful since the 1980s. The CBM industry in Australia and Canada has developed rapidly during the last decade. Commercial development of CBM in China started in the 1990s, and has made great progress. The geological theory of CBM in China has achieved great advancement in genesis, occurrence and accumulation. On the aspect of CBM genesis, five CBM genetic types (primary biogenic gas, secondary biogenic gas, thermal degradation gas, pyrolysis gas and mixed gas) are identified by studying the geochemical characteristics of CBM, and a tracing indicator system is established. The discovery of secondary biogenic gas in medium-high rank coal reservoirs has widened the potential of CBM resources. On the aspect of CBM occurrence, the gas adsorption regulation under combined action of temperature and pressure is revealed by conducting adsorption experiments of different coal ranks under varying temperature and pressure conditions. Besides, by applying the adsorption potential theory in CBM research, the adsorption model under combined action of temperature and pressure is established. The new model can predict CBM resources accurately, and overcome the limitation of the traditional Langmuir model which uses just a single factor to describe the adsorption characteristics of deep buried coal. On the aspect of CBM accumulation, it is proposed that there are three evolutionary stages during CBM accumulation, including gas generation and adsorption, unsaturated gas adsorption, gas desorption-diffusion and preservation. Controlled by tectonic evolution, hydrodynamics and sealing conditions, CBM tends to be regionally enriched in synclines. Advances in geological theory of CBM in China can not only improve understanding of natural gas, but also provide new ideas for further exploration of CBM.     

Solution and Application Development of the Supply Chain Management System in SINOPEC

1 Fundamental Business of SINOPECSINOPEC is an integrated energy and chemical company en-gaging in upstream, midstream and downstream operations.The business of SINOPEC covers E&P of oil and gas, refining,chemical production, as well as sales and marketing of re-fined oil products.In the field of oil and natural gas exploration and development,there are 13 upstream subsidiaries in SINOPEC. By the end of2003, the proven reserves of crude oil were 3,257 mmbbls, andnatural gas reserv…     

北部湾盆地海南福山凹陷断裂特征及其对油气成藏的控制作用

海南福山凹陷构造格架与断陷样式受基底大断裂控制,发育深、浅2套产状和活动特征不同的断裂系统。前者有利于对油气的遮挡和圈闭成藏,后者则促进导致了油气的散失和油气藏的破坏。海南福山凹陷发育2大类、4种成因类型、8种活动模式的断裂,基底大断裂对海南福山凹陷烃源岩的展布、圈闭的形成、油气的运聚成藏均有重要的控制作用。凹陷内发育反向断层遮挡和顺向断层疏导2大类共6种油气运聚成藏模式。      

柴达木盆地断裂上下盘油气差异聚集效应与成因

断裂沟通含油气盆地不同层位、不同时代的烃源岩和生储盖组合，成为连接烃源岩和各种圈阔的重要渠道，导致了多种类型的与断裂有关的油气藏的形成。柴达木盆地的断裂控烃特征明显，断裂上下盘油气差异聚集现象十分普遍，不同构造系统区具有不同的油气差异聚集机理和模式。其根本原因是断裂上下盘具有不同的地质特征和油气运聚成藏条件，它们往往是互为消长的关系。油气是富集在断裂的上盘，还是聚集在断裂的下盘，取决于具体的地质条件。     

柴达木盆地英雄岭南带断裂活动特征及其控藏作用

柴达木盆地英雄岭南带断裂发育,但断裂控制油气成藏的规律不太清楚.通过重新解释该地区地震剖面,分析了5条主要断裂:狮子沟断裂、Ⅰ号断裂、Ⅱ号断裂、油砂山断裂、Ⅺ号断裂,研究了断裂级次、构造样式、活动强度和演化过程,以及通过分析英雄岭南带油藏生物标志物特征和油气充注期次,探讨了断裂对油气成藏的控制作用.结果表明:①Ⅰ号、Ⅱ...     

不同类型断层控制油气垂向富集的差异——以渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷歧南斜坡区为例

渤海湾盆地历经多期构造变动，断层圈闭发育普遍。断层作为断层圈闭的边界条件，在油气成藏过程中起着至关重要的作用。以断层圈闭较发育的歧南斜坡区为例分析了同向断层和反向断层控制油气垂向富集的差异，基于三维地震资料，从断层形成过程和断层圈闭分布出发，剖析了断层遮挡圈闭的成因及分布规律。结合油水分布规律，基于油藏解剖并应用储层定量荧光技术明确了不同类型断层控藏的差异及其形成机理。研究表明：①断层分段生长作用和断层上盘与下盘的差异活动是同向断层控制下断层遮挡圈闭形成的主要原因，斜坡区反向断层控制形成的断层圈闭则是断块掀斜翘倾作用所致；②同向断层圈闭发育在断层上盘分段点位置，只有当同向断层进入"硬连接"阶段方可形成断层圈闭，反向断层圈闭形成在断层下盘，在反向断层活动初期便可形成；③同向断层既可以控制油气在多套含油气系统中聚集成藏，也可在一套含油气系统中富集，而反向断层往往控制油气在一套含油气系统中富集；④不同类型断层控制油气垂向聚集的差异与圈闭发育位置以及断-盖配置有关。采用泥岩涂抹系数对沙河街组一段中部盖层控制的含油气系统的垂向调整进行定量评价，泥岩涂抹系数低于3.5时油气保存，泥岩涂抹系数高于3.5时油气垂向渗漏。     

南八仙构造油气成藏模式及其对柴北缘勘探的启示

柴北缘为柴达木盆地北部一个以侏罗系生烃、第三系为主要储集层的含油气系统。南八仙构造是柴北缘一个具有代表性的三级构造。该构造反映出柴北缘分别在早第三纪和晚第三纪受到不同方向、不同性质的区域挤压或压扭作用,并分别形成基底卷入型和盖层滑脱型两种不同构造样式的断层。基底卷入断层是下第三系储层形成油气藏必不可少的油源通道;晚第三纪滑脱型断层则对下第三系油气藏起破坏作用,并导致上第三系次生油气藏的形成。原油性质、储层包裹体均一化温度和包裹体正构烷烃分布都证明下第三系储层存在早晚两期油气注入,上第三系储层则为晚期油气注入。南八仙构造的油气成藏模式说明,加强断层活动史和封闭史研究对柴北缘油气评价有重要意义;与上第三系相比,下第三系的油气藏形成条件更有利。      

十屋断陷含油气系统及勘探潜力分析

十屋断陷位于松辽盆地东南隆起区，下部是西断东超的箕状断陷，上覆沉积为坳陷地层沉积。断陷地层的暗色泥岩是好的油气源岩，最好的储集层是坳陷层的泉头组。构造运动控制了盆地的演化、油气的生成、构造圈闭的形成、原生油气藏的破坏及浅部次生油气藏的形成；沉积环境控制了源岩和储层的发育特征、油气分布层位及原生油气藏的形成。嫩末构造运动控制局部构造的油气分布层位及次生油气藏的形成。处于休眠期的断裂作为遮挡，形成断鼻、断块圈闭，能够聚集油气形成油气藏；活动时期的断裂能作为垂向运移通道，并在浅部形成断鼻和断块次牛油气藏。     

松辽盆地昌德东CO2气藏形成机制及成藏模式

通过对松辽盆地北部昌德东地区CO2气藏中天然气组分、天然气成因、气藏特征、断裂及火山岩相等研究,探讨昌德东地区CO2气藏的形成机制及成藏模式.研究表明,昌德东地区CO2为幔源成因,烃类气为油型气与无机烃类气混合成因;芳深9井-芳深701井区为CO2气藏,芳深6井-芳深7井区属高含CO2气藏,二者是两个互不连通的气藏系统.松辽盆地深层CO2气藏的形成机制可概括为:深部热流底辟体的顶部是CO2的储集库.基底大断裂向下收敛于拆离带并沟通CO2气源,CO2通过基底大断裂和古火山通道向上输导并在适当圈闭中聚集成藏.运聚通道组合类型的差异以及运移过程中天然气的重力分异作用是导致芳深9井-芳深701井区和芳深6井-芳深7井区气藏中CO2含量差异的根本原因.图5表3参32     

库车褶皱冲断带断裂、构造对油气藏的控制作用

充分认识库车褶皱冲断带断裂、构造在油气成藏过程中的作用，将有助于该区和中国西部相似地区的油气预测和勘探。依据断裂的力学性质，分类探讨了该区的断裂及其伴生构造对油气藏的控制作用。在强烈活动时期，断裂均具有疏导功能；在相对稳定时期，断裂的控藏作用随断裂力学性质变化。挤压型断裂以封闭作用为主，相关的圈闭构造有逆断层下盘背斜、逆断层上盘伴生背斜和滑脱层下盘风化壳等；走滑型断裂以垂向疏导和侧向阻隔的双重作用为主，相关的圈闭构造有花状构造和雁列背斜，其中最利于油气聚集的位置是雁列背斜远离断裂的一端和弧形断裂内侧；伸展型断裂以疏导作用和改善储集性能为主，相关的正牵引背斜和反向抬斜断块是钻探成功率最高（接近100%）的圈闭构造。库车褶皱冲断带“封存箱”的实质是断裂构造封存，挤压型和走滑型断裂作为封存箱的顶底板和侧板。     

柴达木盆地北部块断带断层控烃作用

柴达木盆地北部块断带断层对油气成藏有控制作用.在剖面上,该区发育3套断层系统,即下部冲断层系统、上部滑脱断层系统和顶部正断层系统.下部冲断层控制烃源岩的分布及深层原生油气藏的形成,上部滑脱断层控制中浅层圈闭和次生油气藏的形成,而顶部正断层对油气藏具有一定的破坏作用.定性分析和定量评价表明,在研究区断层静止期,侧向封闭性由深到浅变好,垂向封闭性由西向东增强;在活动期,断层构成油气垂向运移的关键通道.油气沿断层垂向运移具有上下连通、归一和分隔3种模式,其中上下连通和归一模式的输导能力强,分隔模式的输导能力差.这是造成该区主要构造油气富集程度差异的主要因素.