The stress anomaly in FeAl–Fe3Al alloys

The anomalous stress peak observed near 500–600 °C in Fe–Al alloys has now been convincingly explained using a model of hardening by immobile thermal vacancies on the lower temperature side of the peak and the loss of hardening as these vacancies become mobile at higher temperatures. The large numbers of vacancies required for such hardening are associated with compositions close to stoichiometry, i.e. 40–50%Al, raising the question of whether such a vacancy hardening model can be adopted for Fe₃Al alloys, which show a similar stress peak anomaly. Examination of data on vacancy formation over the entire range of composition, Fe–Fe₃Al–FeAl, shows that, indeed, a vacancy hardening model appears capable of explaining the stress anomaly for both FeAl and Fe₃Al.     

EFFECT OF ALLOYING ELEMENT ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Fe_3 AL AND FeAI ALLOYS

The effect of alloying element such as Mo,Si or B and its stoichoimetric composition on thetensile properties at room and elevated temperatures,and also on the microstructure of Fe_3Aland FeAl alloys has been investigated.Two Fe aluminides were found to be obviouslystrengthened by all of three elements,but seriously embrittled by Mo and Si.An improvemenover the plasicity of FeAl may be made by adding B,and the fracture surface is variedfromintergranular to transgranular cleavage type.The room temperature plasticity of the Fe-richFe_3Al or Al-rich FeAl is much better than that of the stoichoimetric aluminides.An anoma-lous temperature dependence on the yield strength of Fe_3Al in range of 400 to 500℃ or ofFeAl in range of 400 to 500℃ was found.Discussion has been carried out by the aspect ofmicrostructure.     

Ti3Al基合金的拉伸形变和断裂

测试了三种显微组织Ｔｉ３Ａｌ基合金的室、高温拉伸性能；并用ＳＥＭ和ＴＥＭ详细观察样品的形变和断裂特征，结果发现，材料的力学性能与断口和位错组态的变化密切相关，随实验温度升高，强度降低，延性增加；随固溶温度提高，强度增加，延性降低，三种组织室温拉伸均为解理断裂，温度呈现解理与沿晶混合断裂。     

Effect of microstructure on tensile properties and fracture behavior of intermetallic Ti2AlNb alloys

The tensile properties and fracture behaviors of Ti-22Al-27Nb and Ti-22Al-20Nb-7Ta alloys were investigated in the temperature range of 25-800℃ Three typical microstructures were obtained by ifferent thermomechanical processing techniques.The results indicate that the duplex microstructure has an optimum combination of tensile yield strength and ductility both at room and elevated temperatures.Adding Ta to Ti2AlNb alloy can improve the yield strength,especially at high temperature while retain a good ductility.The study on crack initiation and propagation in dedformed microstructure of Ti2AlNb alloys indicates that microstructure has ikmportant effect on the tensile fracture mechanism of the alloys.The cracks initiate within primary O/α2 grains along O/B2 boundaries or O phase laths in B2 matrix,and propagate along primary B2 grain boundaries for the duplex microstructure.The fracture mode is transgranular with ductile dimples for the duplex and the equiaxed microstructures,but intergranular for the lath microstructure.     

温度和氧含量对Ti-2Al合金拉伸力学行为和断裂方式的耦合影响

研究高氧含量(0.30%,质量分数,下同)、工业水平氧含量(0.16%)和极低氧含量(0.06%) 3种Ti-2Al合金在低温(77 K)、室温和高温(673 K)下的拉伸力学行为。结果表明：低温和室温下,随着氧含量的升高,材料强度提高,塑性降低。然而,高温673 K下,不同氧含量Ti-2Al合金强度和塑性基本相同,材料强度和塑性对氧含量的依赖性显著降低。氧含量较低时,温度对Ti-2Al合金塑性影响很小。微观组织观察表明,随着温度的升高,工业水平及高氧含量Ti-2Al合金拉伸断口由脆性解理转变为延性韧窝。高温环境下,固溶氧原子扩散速率提高使Cottrel气团对位错滑移的阻碍减弱,均匀变形的结果导致高氧含量Ti-2Al合金延性改善。     

The influence of microstructure on the ductility of iron aluminides

Considerable effort has been devoted over the last decade to the development of iron aluminides as materials for high temperature applications, where their good oxidation and corrosion resistance, combined with reasonable strength, may be utilised. Poor formability and ductility, however, particularly at room temperature, has hampered the exploitation of these materials. The present review examines the present state of understanding of the factors which influence the ductility. Recent research has made clear the important influence of testing environment, the role of Al content and minor additions of B, as well as the effect of quenched-in vacancies. The extent to which other factors, such as alloying additions and microstructural features, affect the ductility has not received the same attention, and is examined in the present study. Alloy strengthening, by almost any mechanism, is seen to lead to a dramatic loss of ductility. The only parameter allowing both strength increase and ductility improvement for a given set of Al/B/vacancy/environment conditions is the grain size. The best ductility for a given alloy, which should have as low an Al content as compatible with other requirements, is obtained by refining the grain size and by maintaining the alloy in the softest possible state. For the most part these conclusions are drawn from analysis of the behaviour of B2 ordered FeAl alloys, although similar trends seem also to apply to alloys of slightly lower Al content where DO3 ordering can occur. The observations drawn can be understood in terms of the mechanisms leading to the nucleation and propagation of brittle fracture, either as transgranular cleavage cracks or as grain boundary cracks. The possible role of additional factors, such as the texture, or grain and grain boundary distribution, surface layers producing protective stress effects, and strain homogenising or crack arresting dispersions, has not been sufficiently evaluated to determine whether any further improvements of ductility are possible.     

EFFECT OF Zr,Cr AND B ADDITIVES ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Ni_3Al ALLOYS

The microstructure and the mechanical properties from room temperature up to 1050℃ ofNi_3Al alloys containing 0—0.6 at.-%Zr,0—7.7 at.-%Cr and 0—2.22 at.-%B have beenstudied.It was found that the temperature dependence of their yield strength variation revealsto be anomalous,i.e.the strength increases with the temperature raising,and then decreasestill it surpassed the peak value.Both Zr and Zr+Cr may improve the yield strength of the al-loys in the entire range of testing temperatures,as well as the tensile strength and elongationunder high temperatures.B is favourable to raise the tensile and yield strengths of the alloys,and also plasticity.But the strength will reduce as B added is over 2.22 at.-%.TheNi_(20)Al_3B_6 and Ni_3Al eutectic mixture like islands and globes precipitated inside the grainsand along the grain bounderies,which are harmful to the strength and ductility,may beformed when the B content exceeds the limit of solubility.     

Influence of heating in vacuum on low-temperature fracture behavior of carburized Mo-Ti alloys

In order to deduce the state of carbon and its interaction with titanium in the carburized molybdenum-titanium alloys (target titanium content: 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 mass%), changes of low-temperature fracture strength and ductility after heating in vacuum at 1773 K were investigated.

Bend tests were performed at temperatures from liquid nitrogen temperature to room temperature and yield strength, maximum strength and bend angle were calculated in each temperature. In this study the low-temperature fracture strength and ductility of a material were represented by the critical stress and the critical temperature, respectively. Fracture surfaces of the specimens failed at low temperatures were examined by using a scanning electron microscope and crack initiation and propagation characteristics were investigated. The results are summarized as follows.

1. (1) For the alloy with lower titanium content (e.g. Mo-0.1 mass%Ti alloy): the critical stress, the critical temperature and the fracture mode were almost unchanged after heating in vacuum. In this case it is deduced that carbon exists as free carbon and carbides at the grain boundaries. During heating, reduction of free carbon occurred by decarburizing, but it was compensated by the carbon produced by the resolution of carbides in a manner similar to pure molybdenum. Consequently there still remained enough carbon to strengthen the grain boundaries.

2. (2) For the alloy with higher titanium content (e.g. Mo-1.0 mass%Ti alloy): the critical stress remarkably decreased and the critical temperature increased after heating in vacuum. The fracture mode also changed from transgranular to intergranular. In this case it is deduced that carbon exists as free carbon both at the grain boundaries and at the interfaces between titanium-oxides and matrix. During heating, only the reduction of free carbon proceeded and consequently the grain boundaries became short of carbon.

     

Mechanical properties and oxidation behaviour of two-phase iron aluminium alloys with Zr(Fe,Al)2 Laves phase or Zr(Fe,Al)12 τ1 phase

Two-phase Fe-rich Fe–Al–Zr alloys have been prepared consisting of binary Fe–Al with a very low solubility for Zr and the ternary Laves phase Zr(Fe,Al)₂ or τ₁ phase Zr(Fe,Al)₁₂. Yield stress, flexural fracture strain, and oxidation behaviour of these alloys have been studied in the temperature range between room temperature and 1200 °C. Both the Laves phase and the τ₁ phase act as strengthening phases increasing significantly the yield stress as well as the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature. Alloys containing disordered A2+ ordered D0₃ Fe–Al show strongly increased yield stresses compared to alloys with only A2 or D0₃ Fe–Al. The binary and ternary alloys with about 40at.% Al and 0 or 0.8at.% Zr show the effect of vacancy hardening at low temperatures which can be eliminated by heat treatments at 400 °C. At higher Zr contents this effect is lost and instead an increase of low-temperature strength is observed after the heat treatment. The increase of the high-temperature yield strength of Fe-40at.% Al by adding Zr is much stronger than by other ternary additions such as Ti, Nb, or Mo. Tests on the oxidation resistance at temperatures up to 1200 °C indicate a detrimental effect of Zr already for additions of 0.1at.%.     

粉末冶金TiAl基合金显微组织及力学性能的研究

采用粉末冶金方法制备多种成分的ＴｉＡｌ基合金,并研究其显微组织及室温、高温力学性能,结果表明,采用粉末冶金方法能制备成分均匀、显微组织细小的Ｔｉ－Ａｌ－Ｃｒ－Ｎｂ系列合金。添加合金元素对粉末冶金ＴｉＡｌ基合金的显微组织具有显著影响。粉末冶金ＴｉＡｌ基合金的力学性能与其显微组织有密切的关系,显微组织越细小,其室温强度及延性越高,但在高温下,其屈服强度随晶粒尺寸增加而增加。所制备出的Ｔｉ－４７Ａｌ－３     

On the impact toughness of Fe-40Al-based B2 aluminides

Charpy impact tests were conducted in the temperature range 300–973 K on polycrystalline, large-grained Fe–40Al, Fe–40Al-0.6C, and Fe–40Al–0.7C–0.5B alloys that were in the extruded and low-temperature annealed condition. For purpose of comparison, wrought 1045 steel was also similarly tested. At room temperature, the alloy containing carbon and boron exhibited twice the impact resistance of binary Fe–40Al. Impact resistance for all three FeAl-based alloys increased with temperature initially but then exhibited a substantial decrease with further increases in temperature. Fracture mode in the binary FeAl alloy was intergranular at all temperatures whereas in the C-containing alloy, and the C+B alloy, there was some evidence of transgranular cleavage at room temperature; at 973 K a substantial amount of transgranular cleavage was evident. Tensile tests were conducted at a variety of strain rates at room temperature and at 973 K to help understand the impact response observed.     

MA-PAS和MA-HP烧结制备的Fe_3Al金属间化合物的组织和力学性能

以机械合金化Fe-28%Al（摩尔分数）合金粉末为原料,分别采用等离子活化烧结（PAS）和热压烧结（HP）方法制备致密度高达99%的Fe3Al金属间化合物。XRD和TEM测试结果表明：PAS烧结试样保留了机械合金化粉末的A2无序结构,并呈现出亚微米晶粒区域（〉1μm）和纳米晶粒区域（〈500nm）双峰分布的特征,而HP烧结试样为部分D03有序结构,晶粒尺寸在1～2μm的范围内。压缩试验表明：在室温至800℃的条件下,采用两种方法烧结的Fe3Al金属间化合物具有近似的压缩强度,虽然当温度超过400℃后压缩屈服强度均急剧下降,但在800℃时其压缩屈服强度仍高达100MPa,远高于铸造态Fe3Al金属间化合物。相比于HP烧结和铸造态Fe3Al金属间化合物,PAS烧结Fe3Al金属间化合物表现出优异的室温塑性,其室温压缩工程应变为20%。组织结构分析和力学性能测试结果表明,超细晶无序组织有利于Fe3Al金属间化合物室温塑性和高温强度的同时增强。     

Reaction synthesis of Ni/Ni3Al multilayer composites using Ni and Al foils: High-temperature tensile properties and deformation behaviour

The effects of temperature on the tensile properties and deformation behaviour of Ni/Ni₃Al multilayer composites have been systematically investigated. With increasing tensile test temperature from room temperature to 600 °C, the ultimate tensile strength decreased. The ‘abnormal’ strengthening of Ni₃Al gave rise to a reduction in the capability for cooperative deformation between the Ni and the Ni₃Al layers at elevated temperatures. As a result, the ultimate tensile strength of the multilayer composites decreased at elevated temperatures. A mixture of transgranular cleavage and intergranular failure at relatively low temperatures, and an intergranular failure at elevated temperatures were observed in the fracture surfaces of the Ni₃Al layers in the multilayer composites. The splitting of the coarse precipitates along the {0 0 1} planes at 800 °C resulted from the differences in solubility of Al in Ni between room temperature and 800 °C.     

Thermal vacancies and the yield anomaly of FeAl

We review here the George-Baker model for the yield strength anomaly of FeAl which is based on hardening by thermal vacancies at intermediate temperatures and dislocation creep at high temperatures. Results of up-quenching and down-quenching experiments, which corroborate the vacancy hardening mechanism, are discussed. Some implications of the model are compared with available experimental results.     

Deformation behaviour and oxidation resistance of single-phase and two-phase L21-ordered Fe–Al–Ti alloys

Single-phase Fe–Al–Ti alloys with the Heusler-type L2₁ structure and two-phase L2₁ Fe–Al–Ti alloys with MgZn₂-type Laves phase or Mn₂₃Th₆-type τ₂ phase precipitates were studied with respect to hardness at room temperature, compressive 0.2% yield stress at 20–1100 °C, brittle-to-ductile transition temperature (BDTT), creep resistance at 800 and 1000 °C and oxidation resistance at 20–1000 °C. At high temperatures the L2₁ Fe–Al–Ti alloys show considerable strength and creep resistance which are superior to other iron aluminide alloys. Alloys with not too high Ti and Al contents exhibit a yield stress anomaly with a maximum at temperatures as high as 750 °C. BDTT ranges between 675 and 900 °C. Oxidation at 900 °C is controlled by parabolic scale growth.     

The yield strength anomaly of single-slip-oriented Fe–Al single crystals

Many features of the well-documented yield strength anomaly in B2-structured Fe–Al alloys have been successfully described or predicted by the vacancy-hardening model [George EP, Baker I. Philos Mag 1998;A77: 737]. Interestingly, the model does not predict any orientation dependence for the yield anomaly. Here, we examine this by measuring the yield stress of three different single-slip-oriented Fe–43Al single crystals as a function of temperature. It was found that the critical resolved shear stress of all the alloys decreased rapidly with temperature from 77 K to ∼300 K, showed a plateau from 300 K to 723 K, increased to a peak at 873 K, and then decreased again with further increase in temperature. While neither the low-temperature strength (<300 K) nor the temperature of the yield stress peak depended on the orientation (in agreement with the vacancy-hardening model), the yield stress in the plateau region around room temperature did.     

TENSILE PROPERTIES AND CREEP RESISTANCE OF Fe_3Al－BASED ALLOYS CONTAINING NIOBIUM

ＴＥＮＳＩＬＥＰＲＯＰＥＲＴＩＥＳＡＮＤＣＲＥＥＰＲＥＳＩＳＴＡＮＣＥＯＦＦｅ_３Ａｌ－ＢＡＳＥＤＡＬＬＯＹＳＣＯＮＴＡＩＮＩＮＧＮＩＯＢＩＵＭ￥ＺＨＡＮＧＺｈｏｎｇｈｕａ;ＳＵＮＹａｎｇｓｈａｎ;ＧＵＯＪｕｎ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＭａｔｅｒｉａ?..     

Li对Ni3Al力学性能的影响

本文研究了含微量Ｌｉ的Ｎｉ３Ａｌ合金力学性能，结果发现Ｌｉ能提高Ｎｉ３Ａｌ的屈服强度，适量Ｌｉ能改善Ｎｉ３Ａｌ室温塑性，其断口形貌由Ｎｉ３Ａｌ合金的沿晶断裂变为混晶断裂；但Ｌｉ不能改善Ｎｉ３Ａｌ合金的中温脆性，对Ｎｉ３Ａｌ＋Ｂ合金室温塑性影响也不大。ＸＰＳ研究表明，Ｌｉ偏聚于Ｎｉ３Ａｌ合金晶界。本文给出了Ｌｉ提高多晶Ｎｉ３Ａｌ塑性的初步解释。     

Tensile properties of martensitic stainless steels at elevated temperatures

Tensile properties of quenched and tempered martensitic alloys EP-823, HT-9, and 422 were evaluated at temperatures ranging from ambient to 600 °C as a function of three different tempering times. The results indicated that the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and the failure strength were gradually reduced with increasing temperature. The ductility parameters were enhanced at elevated temperatures due to increased plastic flow. However, the tempering time did not significantly influence these properties. The evaluation of the fracture surfaces by scanning electron microscopy revealed reduced cracking and dimpled microstructures, indicating enhanced ductility at higher testing temperatures.     

Solute Segregation to Grain Boundaries in Al: A First-Principles Evaluation

Solute-induced grain boundary(GB) strengthening is eff ective in improving the toughness and tensile strength of polycrystalline alloys. In this work, GB segregation behaviors of solute elements in Al alloys and their potential eff ects on GB binding have been systematically investigated from fi rst-principles energetics. The low-energy Σ3(111) and Σ11(113) are immune to vacancy segregation, while high-energy Al GBs, such as Σ13(320), Σ9(221), Σ5(210), and Σ5(310), can attract both vacancies and...