回归测试数据进化生成

采用遗传算法生成回归测试数据近年来得到普遍关注,该方法高效生成测试数据的前提是合理利用已有的测试数据形成初始进化种群,并设计有针对性的遗传操作.但是,到目前为止,相关的研究成果尚不多见.文中研究采用遗传算法生成回归测试数据以覆盖目标路径时,已有测试数据的利用问题,提出一种新的回归测试数据进化生成方法.该方法根据已有测试数据穿越的路径与目标路径的相似度,选择合适的测试数据,作为初始进化种群的部分个体.进一步,根据已有测试数据穿越的路径与目标路径不相同子路径的节点对应的输入分量,确定对进化个体实施遗传操作的位置.理论分析表明,所提方法可以有效提高测试数据生成效率.将所提方法应用于典型基准和工业程序的测试,并与已有方法比较,实验结果证实了所提方法的优越性.     

基于分支覆盖的回归测试路径选择

回归测试是迭代式软件开发的重要环节,测试数据生成是回归测试的前提.传统的回归测试方法,从已有的测试数据中选择部分测试数据,并生成一些新的测试数据,以验证程序的正确性.但是,该方法容易生成冗余的测试数据,从而降低了回归测试的效率.研究了回归测试的分支覆盖问题,通过利用已有测试数据的路径覆盖信息,并选择一定个数的路径,以覆盖所有的目标分支.首先,以若干路径形成的集合作为决策变量,以路径最少、覆盖的分支最多以及包含的未覆盖路径最少为目标,建立路径选择问题的3目标优化模型;然后,采用遗传算法求解上述模型时,设计了基于目标重要性的个体评价策略;最后,基于已有的测试数据与选择的路径之间的覆盖关系,确定需要生成的测试数据.将所提方法应用于6个基准工业程序测试中,并与其他方法比较.实验结果表明,采用该方法选择的路径,能够覆盖更多的分支,需要生成的测试数据更少,回归测试消耗的时间更短.     

基于搜索的分层回归测试数据集扩增方法

针对在回归测试中原有的测试数据集往往难以满足新版本软件的测试需求问题,提出一种基于搜索的分层回归测试数据生成方法。方法主要包含覆盖目标方法集获取模块和测试数据生成模块。首先对新版本程序进行抽象分析,提取出方法调用图,利用方法调用轨迹和已有测试数据建立方法覆盖信息,获取目标方法集,并通过计算贝叶斯条件概率对目标方法集进行优先选择;利用Hadamard矩阵设计正交种群,同时结合已有测试数据集进行种群初始化,采用文化基因算法对目标集中方法生成测试数据。该方法针对4个基准程序与随机法和遗传算法以及基于粒子群算法测试数据生成方法相比,测试数据的生成效率平均提高了95.2%、78.2%和50.5%,测试数据检错能力平均提高了47.9%、33.6%和18.2%,实验结果表明,该方法更适合回归测试数据的生成。     

基于路径引导的回归测试用例集扩增方法

为了全面测试演化软件,回归测试通常需要生成新的测试用例。concolic测试是一种沿着具体执行路径进行符号执行的软件验证技术,通过生成测试数据来执行程序的所有可行路径。回归测试中,由于concolic测试关注于程序本身,没有利用已有测试用例和软件演化信息,导致生成大量无效测试数据,浪费资源和时间。为解决此问题,提出一种基于路径引导的回归测试用例集扩增方法。该方法将目标路径作为引导,根据软件演化信息选择有利于覆盖目标路径的测试用例,利用已有测试用例跳过重叠初始子路径,对后续目标子路径进行concolic测试并生成覆盖目标路径的测试数据。案例分析表明,本文方法相比传统concolic测试,本方法在覆盖程序可行路径的同时,可有效减少concolic测试路径,提高测试数据生成效率。     

一种Web服务的测试数据自动生成方法

软件测试是保证Web服务质量的重要技术手段.测试数据生成是Web服务测试的重要内容.测试数据的质量将直接影响Web服务测试的效率和成本.文章基于合约式设计的 Web服务测试技术,提出一种 Web服务的测试数据自动生成方法.首先根据WSDL文档采用随机法自动生成初始测试数据,然后使用合约变异技术进行测试数据的选择,据此可以生成一组达到一定合约变异充分度的有效测试数据,从而提高 Web服务的测试质量和效率.最后实现了一个Web服务的测试数据自动生成工具原型,并通过实验验证了方法的有效性.     

组合测试数据生成的交叉熵与粒子群算法及比较

测试数据生成是组合测试的一个关键问题.文中提出以数理统计为基础的交叉熵方法和以仿生学为基础的粒子群优化算法来生成两两组合测试数据,交叉熵方法采用最优选择概率产生测试数据,而粒子群算法则在可行解空间中搜索具有最优适应值的测试数据.文章给出了交叉熵方法最优选择概率的理论推导,并对两种算法所生成的测试数据集进行约简.将两种算法和现有的贪心方法、代数方法及其它启发式搜索方法进行比较,实验表明交叉熵方法和粒子群算法具有一定的优势和特点.     

基于二叉树搜索空间缩减的测试数据生成

为了减小适应度函数计算量, 提高测试数据自动生成效率, 提出一种基于二叉树表示的搜索空间数据缩减方法。利用二叉树编码, 记录全空间中的覆盖路径和路径长度; 将目标路径和测试路径长度进行对比, 去除路径长度相差较大的路径; 利用遗传算法生成测试数据并同已有两种方法进行比较。实验结果表明, 在保证软件测试数据正确生成的情况下, 该方法在进化代数和运行时间上有明显优势, 生成测试数据效率高。     

基于状态机代码合成技术的状态测试数据生成

目前，基于状态机的测试多集中在测试序列的生成方法学上，然而状态机的特点决定了测试序列对测试数据具有相当的依赖性，即一个测试序列的执行受到其上测试数据的约束。该文提出了状态机代码合成的方法模拟状态机行为，将其转换为可执行规约并在此基础上使用遗传算法来生成状态机的测试数据，为解决状态机测试数据的生成提供了一种可行的方法。     

基于维持种群多样性的测试数据生成算法的研究

测试数据自动化生成技术尝试寻找一个相对小的数据集来满足测试充分性标准,以降低软件测试的成本,提高测试效率.当测试项的数据集大小超过其上限时,算法会使用淘汰算法把差异性较小的测试数据从集合中淘汰掉,把差异性较大的测试数据留下来,以维持种群的多样性.针对此问题,提出一种基于维持种群多样性的演化算法来求解测试数据集,算法利用启发信息迭代地选择一个条件?判定语句作为子目标,通过演化算法生成数据以覆盖目标.在此算法框架内,利用一种新的计算评估值的方法计算数据与测试项的距离信息;以及利用归一的曼哈顿距离计算测试数据差异性,通过淘汰策略把差异性较小的测试数据淘汰掉.在实验中,对14个计算机科学基础算法的基准函数进行了测试,并与现有文献中的测试数据生成方法进行对比,验证了算法有效提高了条件?判定覆盖率,并且减少了测试数据的生成数量,提高了测试性能.     

基于解空间树的组合测试数据生成

在组合覆盖测试模型的基础上提出：将所有的可用测试数据表示为一棵解空间树,利用回溯法对解空间树进行路径搜索来生成测试数据,然后使用贪心算法补充生成测试数据,以满足两两组合覆盖标准.并且实现了基于该方法的测试数据生成工具,所生成的测试数据集与同类工具相比具有一定的特点和优势.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。