基于动力学及切削特性耦合的数控机床结构设计

切削性能是评价数控机床好坏的重要指标之一,在结构设计阶段必须加以考虑。以提高实验室自主研发的立卧转换四轴联动数控机床的切削性能为目的,研究基于动力学特性与切削特性耦合的机床结构设计优化方法。首先结合切削加工中的颤振稳定域理论,通过实验获取机床刀尖频响函数和切削力系数,预测切削加工时的三维颤振稳定域图(主轴转速-切宽-切深)及颤振频率图(主轴转速-切宽-频率)。其次采用实验模态技术对整机进行结构动力学测试及分析,在获取可视化振型的基础上,分析引起机床发生颤振,并导致切削性能降低的结构设计上的缺陷。在此基础上,改进主轴头结构并比较刀尖频响函数,结果表明系统动刚度约增加28.2%,机床抵抗切削颤振的能力得到明显加强。     

机床高速主轴制造关键技术

随着工程领域广泛采用以铝及其合金为代表的诸多轻金属及有色金属做为工件材质，这些新型材料材质的工件加工必须在高速切削加工下完成。高速切削意味着机床主传动系统转速性能的提升。本文简从影响机床主轴实现高速化等综合性能的提升中几点关键因素进行阐述。欢迎广大专家、同行批评指正。     

切削颤振的在线监测与控制研究现状分析

切削颤振是切削过程中，工件和刀具之间自发产生的振荡，它严重影响机床加工性能。因此，多年来国内外学者针对切削颤振的机理、在线监测和在线控制进行了大量的研究。本文介绍了切削颤振在线监测与控制技术国内外研究现状，分析了现有方法的优缺点，总结了研究中存在的问题，展望了机床颤振的在线监测与控制技术的发展趋势。     

主轴回转误差引入飞切加工表面微波纹的形成机理与解决方案

为分析超精密飞切机床加工表面微波纹的形成机理,研究了主轴回转误差信息提取与表面形貌仿真技术,获取微波纹误差来源并研究解决方案。首先,在超精密飞切机床主轴上搭载五通道在线电容位移检测系统,并对采集到的信号进行误差分析提取。然后,建立飞切加工表面微观形貌三维仿真模型,仿真分析主轴误差引入的加工表面微波纹,并与表面检测结果比对确定误差来源。最后,通过调整主轴电机控制系统抑制该误差。三维仿真和实测结果相吻合,证实超精密飞切机床主轴转速波动导致的回转误差造成了工件表面1 Hz左右的规律性条纹,对主轴转速控制系统进行数字化改造后,基本消除了该因素导致的表面微波纹,表面粗糙度从5 nm以上抑制到2 nm左右,PV值优于10 nm。超精密飞切机床主轴转速波动会对飞切加工表面微观形貌以及表面粗糙度产生显著影响,需至少控制在0.5 r/min以内。     

时变主轴转速再生切削系统的动态响应特征

考虑多重再生切削效应,建立了在时变主轴转速下再生切削系统的时滞动力学模型及递推求解算法,该算法适用于主轴转速变化的任意轨迹.将再生切削系统相继两转的动态响应作为观测数据,提出了基于互四阶累积量的谐参数联合估计的TLS-ESPRIT方法.根据该方法,研究了时变主轴转速对再生切削系统动态响应的影响,揭示了再生切削系统动态响应的频率、相继两转切削间的相移和互功率等谐参数对主轴转速依赖的一些新特征.     

基于遗传算法的数控加工切削参数优化研究

切削参数的合理选择对数控加工的效率与质量具有重大意义。通过确定以最大生产率为目标的目标函数,引入主轴转速、进给量、切削力、机床功率及表面粗糙度等约束条件,建立切削参数优化数学模型,利用变搜索域遗传算法来优化切削参数,达到生产率最大化、成本降低和表面质量改进的目标。     

高精密机床主轴回转误差在线测试系统

为实现对高精度机床主轴回转误差的在线实时测量,根据机床机械结构特点,采用标准球及外基准测量方法间接对机床主轴径向位移进行测量,并利用三点法误差分离算法将主轴圆度误差与回转误差分离,得到纯回转误差。依据所提出的测试方法,基于PXI总线数据采集技术建立测试系统硬件部分,并利用PXI外部时钟同步采集卡实现主轴径向位移信息的等角度同步采样;在LabVIEW开发环境下,开发在线测试软件,对回转误差进行在线分离。利用该系统对某机床进行在线测试,测试结果表明,测试系统可以在线将机床主轴纯回转误差从径向位移信息中分离出来,并达到较高的测试准确度。     

基于机床动态特性的超精密飞切加工表面波纹机理解析

采用超精密飞切加工技术可获得软脆性平面光学元件的最终表面,而元件表面微观形貌的加工可控性对于光学元件使用性能有直接影响。首先运用多尺度小波分解方法,对飞切机床的加工表面波纹进行了特征提取,得到了工件表面波纹的频率组成及占比;然后通过对机床主轴系统的有限元分析,结合冲击振动测试,找到了与工件表面波纹对应的模态;最后通过对机床的在线振动测试及加工实验进一步明确了飞切加工表面微波纹的成因。结果表明:表面波纹在17 mm左右的空间周期上存在最大的分量,显著影响光学元件的精度和使用效果,该波纹由主轴系统在间断切削的冲击响应所引起,可以通过改变主轴结构实现波纹频率和幅值的控制。     

高速主轴动平衡及其在线控制技术

针对机床主轴在线自动平衡控制问题,阐述了高速主轴不平衡识别方法和在线自动平衡技术国内外现状,分析了喷液式在线自动平衡装置原理,设计了喷液式平衡系统,并通过高速主轴实验对该系统的有效性进行了验证。研究结果表明,主轴经过平衡后,不平衡量振动值由1.60mm/s降至0.34mm/s,主轴失衡振动得到了有效抑制。     

内装电磁滑环式主动平衡系统的研究

质量不平衡超标是导致机床主轴功能失效的一种典型故障,而主动平衡系统由于可在线自动降低主轴因刀具或砂轮不均匀磨损等因素造成的不平衡振动,是智能机床主轴的重要组成部分之一。介绍了一种可集成安装于主轴中空转子中的内装电磁滑环式平衡执行器,并通过磁场驱动两个配重盘的步进旋转来在线补偿主轴转子的初始不平衡量。在详细介绍该执行器的工作原理以及平衡精度和自锁能力两项性能参数的基础上,通过主动平衡实验验证了该平衡系统的有效性。实验结果表明,该主动平衡系统可在3 600 r/min的转速下将机床主轴的不平衡振动降低87.5%。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...