Employee perception towards electronic monitoring at work place and its impact on job satisfaction of software professionals in Sri Lanka

Electronic monitoring is a rapidly growing phenomenon in Sri Lankan software industry. It allows employers to observe what employees do on the job and review employee communications, including e-mail and internet activity that employees consider private. Often, employers use electronic monitoring to ensure organizational confidentiality, limiting employer liability for employee misconduct. From the perspective of employees, electronic monitoring by employers involves several privacy and confidentiality concerns. Most of the time, employee performance and productivity aspects captured via electronic monitoring are effectively used by the Human Resources Departments, for decision making associated with the employees.Majority of the software development organizations in Sri Lanka today use some means of electronic technology to monitor their employee activities. Most of the time, employee perception towards electronic monitoring at work, contradicts with the need for law enforcement within the organization intended by the top management. Employers justify electronic monitoring at work place in terms of protecting the company’s confidential information, preventing the misuse of the organizational resources while uplifting the quality of work and productivity. On the other hand, the mutual trust that should be there between the employer and the employee is in question. Therefore, this study empirically investigated the relationship that might exist between the software professionals’ perception towards electronic monitoring at work place and its impact on their job satisfaction.Based on disproportionate stratified random sampling, data were collected from 380 software professionals in Sri Lanka, by administrating a structured questionnaire in which items were of 5 point Lickert scale. The data analysis included the univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses.In this study, Perceived Relevance to Work and Personal Judgment of Effectiveness which were two variables used to measure perception of electronic monitoring were positively correlated with Job Satisfaction. This means that the software professionals, who view electronic monitoring as something which is relevant to their work as well as which uplifts the quality of their work, are satisfied in their jobs. Perceived Invasion of Privacy was negatively correlated to Job Satisfaction, which sheds some light in organizational electronic monitoring policy making. Also, Perceived Task Satisfaction was negatively correlated to Job Satisfaction. This means that the software professionals, who thought that working in an electronically monitored environment makes their tasks more complex, are rather dissatisfied in the job. Also, it appeared that the impact of electronic monitoring at work place on the job satisfaction of software professionals becomes less significant along with higher professional experience.The findings of this research can be incorporated in IT security policy making in the software development organizations in Sri Lanka and in similar economics, with a special emphasis on the job satisfaction of their employees, which is the most valuable asset of the organization.     

Measuring and visualizing information transfer in networked collaboration

Networked operations are a reality as companies are exploiting the electronic medium to distribute, disseminate and communicate information in‐house and across the organizational boundaries. The article defines a set of metrics which enable to visualize the performance of the organization through its electronic communication and behaviour. Relying on document usage as the source of raw data the article presents a model to visualize the true communication network of the organization. A software application using this approach is presented and the experiences are documented. Main results strongly indicate that an analysis together with advanced visualization techniques provide management with a unique view on how the organization is performing and how its efficiency can be improved. Information networks are not only speeding up communication but also serve as a means to better understand how complicated and creative processes like product development and large‐scale software projects take place and how the traditional hazard‐driven management approach can become more proactive in nature. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Communicating for advantage in the virtual organization

The paper looks at the virtual organization in an electronic market environment and the different models of communication and management that may be required. The authors begin by providing some clear definitions of virtual cultures and different models of virtuality that can exist within the electronic market. Degrees of virtuality can be seriously constrained by the extent to which organizations have predefined communication linkages in the marketplace and the extent to which these can be substituted by virtual ones, but also by the intensity of virtual linkages which support the virtual model. Six virtual organizational models are proposed within a dynamic framework of change. In order to realize strategic advantage, virtual organizations must align their management models and communication processes with their virtual culture     

The development of a construct for measuring an individual's perceptions of Email as a medium for electronic communication in organizations

Several information systems and computer-mediated communication studies in the literature measure user's perceptions of E-mail. The user's perceptions of E-mail were used to develop and validate the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). While a user's perceptions of E-mail play an important role in the literature, very few studies have focused solely on developing a construct for measuring these perceptions. In this paper, we develop a construct to measure an individual's perceptions of E-mail as a medium for electronic communication in organizations. Using a survey of management and nonmanagement employees in northeastern USA, we empirically test our theoretical construct. The results of our research indicate that an individual's perceptions of E-mail are a multidimensional construct with two dimensions: the individual level dimension and the organizational level. At an individual level, a person's perceptions may be impacted by E-mail's role in improving productivity, supporting team work, and providing global reach. At an organizational level a person's perceptions may be impacted by E-mail's role in making an organization vulnerable to viruses, exposing proprietary information, and/or encouraging unprofessional and illegal behavior.     

电子通信技术中电磁场与电磁波的应用研究

电磁场与电磁波是现代电子通信技术的基础理论,人们通过对不同频段的电磁波的开发和利用,构建了不同类型的电子通信技术,如常见的移动通信技术、卫星通信技术以及微波通信技术等。现阶段,基于电磁场与电磁波理论的电子通信技术已深入应用到人类社会的各个领域,并在现代信息化社会的构建中发挥了不可替代的作用。文中对电磁场与电磁波进行了介绍,对电磁场和电磁波在电子通信技术中的应用进行了探讨,并由此引发了对电子通信技术中信号干扰问题的思考,旨在为相关领域的从业者提供参考。     

电子通信系统关键技术问题

本文主要根据电子通信系统的基本信息,对电子通信系统关键技术在各个领域当中的应用进行概括,了解电子通信技术基本运行状况。本文主要概括电子通信技术在移动通信和卫星通信当中发挥的作用,对人们生活和生产带来了重要影响,通过电子通信系统的研究可以为我国现代通信技术存在的问题进行分析,解决电子通信技术在运行中的阻碍因素,促进电子通信技术应用水平提升。     

IT infrastructure Construction： Based on Competitive Advantage

Information technology （IT） infrastructure is the foundation of information sharing, storage, and processing upon which the entire business depends and it changes not only inner organizational structures but also outer competitive conditions. An IT infrastructure that possesses elements unique to a particular organization and difficult to duplicate can produce competitive advantage. To achieve this advantage, not only the inner integration of technology, personnel and business process in a firm is needed, but also a platform for electronic commerce is required. The purpose of this study is to establish the whole concept framework for IT infrastructure, based on competitive advantage, and to propose ideas about the construction of IT infrastructure system.     

Unintended Consequences of Electronic Monitoring of Instant Messaging

Legislative requirements like those in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act have sharply increased the incidence of monitoring of electronic communications, but the consequences of this trend are little understood. This study examines the impact of organizational monitoring of sensitive instant message (IM) discussions with a designed experiment. When their IMs are known to be monitored, individuals are found to sharply curtail their discussion of personally incriminating information and to increase their spontaneous denials of knowledge of sensitive topics. Surprisingly, perhaps, they also increase their discussion of relayed information that may incriminate others or the organization. Qualitative analysis suggests that people are not aware they make these adjustments to their IM communication content when monitored. Given the legislative compliance motivations for some of the monitoring activity in companies, it is ironic that study findings suggest organizations may communicate less firsthand information about potentially curtailable legal liabilities and other sensitive incidents requiring corrective action when communication is monitored. Organizations enacting monitoring of IM should pay heed to the requirements as well as the discretion available to them within those requirements to enact monitoring in a way that suits their organizational goals.      

Organizational Media Affordances: Operationalization and Associations with Media Use

The concept of affordances has been increasingly applied to the study of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in organizational contexts. However, almost no research operationalizes affordances, limiting comparisons and programmatic research. This article briefly reviews conceptualizations and possibilities of affordances in general and for media, then introduces the concept of organizational media affordances as organizational resources. Analysis of survey data from a large Nordic media organization identified six reliable and valid organizational media affordances: pervasiveness, editability, self-presentation, searchability, visibility, and awareness. Eight media scales based on frequency of use of 10 media within each of three organization levels were differentially associated with these affordances. The conceptualization, measurement approach, and results from this study provide the foundation for considerable future organizational communication and ICT research.     

Organizational Website Design as a Rhetorical Situation

While a significant amount of attention and interest has been directed to investigate the communicative functions of organizational websites, little research has been done to examine how internal organizational communication shapes organizational website design. This study employs the theory of rhetorical situation to examine the impact of internal organizational communication on website design. Specifically, it has examined a few organizational website design case studies from the perspective of rhetorical situation and has analyzed a case about website design by a Chinese student organization on a US college campus. Both the examination and analysis show that organizations and designers must communicate effectively in the process of identifying and thereafter transforming organizational objectives into effective website features. Both theoretical and practical implications for organizational website design are addressed in the paper     

Transition and change during the implementation of a computer-basedmanufacturing process planning system: an analysis using the equityimplementation model

Implementing changes in technologies, systems, work practices and organizational structures is vitally important for the survival of organizations in today's competitive environments. However, introducing changes in organizations is not easy. Employees often resist changes. This paper presents a case study of the implementation of a computer-based manufacturing process planning system in an automotive assembly plant. The paper employs an equity implementation model to understand resistance to the system by zone supervisors and quick acceptance by plant engineers, two major employee groups who were affected by this change. Factors affecting employee reactions to the change are identified and analyzed on the basis of the equity implementation model. The paper concludes that the equity implementation model provides a useful framework for understanding and explaining resistance and acceptance behavior of employees. The model can also be useful in assessing the job-related impacts of a system or technology implementation. The paper also discusses suggestions for implementers in developing successful change implementation strategies     

Perceived Clarity of Individual Job Objectives and of Group Mission as Correlates of Organizational Morale

Based on experiments showing reactions to induced frustration, it was assumed that lack of clarity on the part of an employee regarding his own job or the overall mission of his location will have significant negative consequences. It was thus hypothesized that: (1) lack of clarity of individual job objectives would be negatively related to job satisfaction and overall satisfaction, and (2) that lack of clarity of location of mission would be negatively related to job satisfaction, overall satisfaction and perceptions of organizational cohesiveness (both intra- and inter-departmental). All six predicted relationships were obtained. Implications of these results, including those for organizational communication and personnel administration, are discussed.     

The case for organizational communication

Three books that provide an overview of current practice in organization communication, look into the future of the field, and a penetrating critique of key assumptions and definitions are reviewed. Several of the issues under consideration-especially organizational culture, generalisation conflicts, and the relationship between communication and productivity-are of special interest to the business community. It is concluded that the issues raised demand consideration by everyone in an organization who writes and speaks on the job, from engineers and managers to technical writers     

基于电子通信工程中的设备抗干扰方法分析

随着我国国民经济实力的不断增强,我国的科技产业也得到了极大的提升,在电子通信工程方面的很多现代化技术都被运用到各个领域当中。随着产品和科技应用的不断渗透,在航天科技、土木工程,以及智能AI等方向上都促使电子通信工程现代化技术不断提升。本文基于电子通信工程技术的特点进行剖析,将电子通信工程技术现代化运用在各个领域的应用进行阐述,探索电子通信工程的设备抗干扰方法,探索其未来发展趋势和发展策略。     

Theoretical perspectives on emergency communications

Communication during emergencies is examined. Relevant studies and theories from public relations, psychology, sociology, and management are identified and analyzed as they apply to organizational emergency communication situations. Strategies and tactics from these theoretical perspectives are suggested as a necessary supplement to those already available from first-hand experience. The framework used is strategic factors in the choice of a model of public relations, which suggests that the specific model(s) of public relations and organization practices is determined by the interactions of environmental independencies, organizational culture, power holders, schema for public relations, public relations potential, and the choice of strategic publics. It is suggested that these same strategic factors determine the type(s) of emergency communication response an organization makes. Theoretical constructs relevant to emergency communications within each factor are identified and examined     

Revisiting the Worksite in Worksite Health Campaigns: Evidence From a Multisite Organ Donation Campaign

This article advances the beginnings of a general theory of organizational features to aid in understanding why health campaigns that work well in one organization may be ineffectual in another organization. The physical, social, and information structures of organizations are theorized to create an interaction environment that is distinct to each organization and that influences health campaigns. To test this argument, an organ donation campaign was conducted in 46 organizations. Multilevel modeling yielded mixed findings. Physical structure was negatively associated with signing an organ donor card. Social structure and information structure were positively associated with communication with coworkers about donation and communicative peer influence. Industry type was positively associated with knowledge change.     

Ethics and diversity: a correlation enhanced through corporatecommunication

The application of work force diversity and business ethics to advance employee growth and satisfaction while improving production and profits for corporations is described. An ethics/diversity synergy model that involves accommodation of change and assimilation into the organizational environment is discussed. A comprehensive, targeted corporate communication program combining consistency, continuity, and content that serves as a vehicle for the ethics/diversity synergy model is described. Activities and communication channels that enhance the ethics/diversity synergy model are examined     

通信电子战系统的排队论建模及效能分析

从现代战争中的通信电子战系统指挥决策需求角度出发,给出了建立通信电子战系统模型的一种思路,为系统效能评估提供建设性的依据.通过分析通信电子战系统与通信组网目标特点,建立了基于随机服务系统理论(排队论)的不考虑复杂战术背景的通信电子战模型,并根据实际运用情况考虑串联型和协同型运用方式分别建模.随后,在对目标威胁分级的战术...     

On Radiated Emission Limits for Pulsed Interference to Protect Modern Digital Wireless Communication Systems

Present international standards for maximum levels of unintentional radiated emission from electronic devices are developed to protect analog communication services. In this paper, we propose a set of measurement bandwidths and electric field strength levels that could be used as radiated emission limits for future radiated emission standards, based on the RMS detector, in order to protect modern digital communication services. The emission limits determined fall below the present levels for commercial electronics but above the present limits for military-specified electronics. The results in this paper give a useful picture of the order of the size of radiated electric field limits to protect modern digital communication systems/services.     

电子装备综合一体化技术研究

通过对传统电子装备中各分系统共性结构的分析比较,提出了电子装备综合一体化设计思想,把不同类型、不同用途的电子设备进行有机结合,实现装备的多功能化、通用化、小型化。一方面可以构成综合性的电子作战装备,大大拓展装备的应用领域,同时也将形成强大的电子进攻力量和电子防卫力量,提高装备的作战效力。给出了通信与通信对抗一体化系统的详细设计。