Untersuchungen der Auswirkungen eines Vollbrands auf eine Sporthalle

Research of Fire Effects on a Gymnasium An arson attack committed in August 2015 on the gymnasium of the Oberstufenzentrum Nauen school facility built in 2007 led to a full fire and to the complete destruction of the hall. The effects of this fire were recorded with measuring technologies as well as through sampling on‐site. In the course of this, the wooden roof structure was particularly examined and demonstrated a residual load‐bearing capacity in spite of the intensive fire exposure and the resulting significant damage. The remaining support structure of the hall was completely recorded by means of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and evaluated in September 2015. Inclinations, cross‐sectional shifts and deformations in the building were able to be calculated with the geodetic measurement method. The results from the laser scanning in combination with the sampling served as a comparison of the theoretical structural evidence with the effects of an actual fire event. In the case of the fire at the Nauen gymnasium, the damage to the load‐bearing capacity was particularly significant in the area of the joining means. The goal of the investigations is a comparison of the technical engineering fire prevention certifications and their theoretical protective effects with the effects of actual fires. This is also a subject of current research projects in the Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin, University of Applied Sciences.     

Die Rolle des Prüfingenieurs im System der vorbeugenden Gefahrenabwehr

The task of the check engineer in the preventative risk management system. The historical development of building regulations is characterised by the principle of preventative risk management. The current building regulation demands, that public safety and order, especially life, health and natural conditions are not endangered by buildings. The building control is the task of the state and shall be administered by the building authorities. Usually the building control of structural stability and fire protection is delegated by the authorities to state approved check engineers. It is of main importance, that check engineers are not dependent on the investor's economic interests. Up to now this independence has been ensured, because the check engineers are appointed directly by the building authorities. Due to deregulations in recent years some federal states changed their building regulations in such a form, that the risk management was not guaranteed completely. The independence of check engineers and thus the quality of risk management was severely weakened by allowing private commissions. In additon several structures were released from the obligation of checking. These changes disagree with the safety concept of DIN 1055‐100, which is adjusted wih the European Codes. The required safety level presupposes the independent checking of the structural design. Further risks of independence and quality of building checks by the check engineers can occur due to an uncritical use of the European Services Directive. In accordance with the experiences of the check engineers current risk analyses show, that it is essential for a modern preventative risk management system to align extent and intensity of authorized controlling to the hazard potential of the particular building project. Corresponding to the proposal of the German Association of Check Engineers on the IABSE‐Symposium 2007 the controlling measures should be graduated on the basis of Eurocode EN 1990 according to three hazard classes.     

Bemessung von Stahlbetonstützen im Brandfall: Absicherung der nicht‐linearen Zonenmethode durch Laborversuche

Die nicht‐lineare Zonenmethode kann für die Bemessung von Stahlbetonstützen im Brandfall verwendet werden. Sie bildet die wesentlichen mechanischen Auswirkungen einer Brandbeanspruchung ab und wurde durch einen Ergebnisvergleich nachgewiesen. Hierzu wurden Traglasten und Verformungskurven sowohl mit der nicht‐linearen Zonenmethode als auch mit den Allgemeinen Rechenverfahren bestimmt und beurteilt. In Ergänzung dieses Nachweises wird im vorliegenden Beitrag statistisch untersucht, ob eine Nachrechnung von Laborversuchen mit der nicht‐linearen Zonenmethode eine ausreichende Sicherheit nach DIN 4102‐2 erreicht. Die vorliegenden Laborversuche werden hierzu mit ihren Systemparametern dargestellt. Nicht genau bekannte Randbedingungen werden durch begründete Annahmen vervollständigt. Besonderheiten der Nachrechnung der Laborversuche mit der nicht‐linearen Zonenmethode werden beleuchtet. Die statistische Auswertung dieser Nachrechnung zeigt die relevanten Kennzahlen, mit denen im Ergebnis eine ausreichende Sicherheit nach DIN 4102‐2 nachgewiesen werden kann. Design of Reinforced Concrete Columns exposed to Fire: Validation of Simplified Method (Zone Method) by Tests The nonlinear zone method (simplified calculation method) can be used for design of reinforced concrete columns exposed to fire. The decisive action effects of a fire exposure on the structural behaviour are considered by this method and have been proofed by a comparison of ultimate loads and deformation curves computed by using nonlinear zone method as well as using advanced method. In addition, this article statistically evaluates how safe – according to DIN 4102‐2 – published full scale tests can be modelled by using nonlinear zone method. Information to mentioned tests is shown. Reasonable assumptions are given for not published boundary conditions. The application of nonlinear zone method is explained. The statistical evaluation leads to governing key data, which proof adequate safety according to DIN 4102‐2.     

Anwendung der Zonenmethode für brandbeanspruchte Stahlbetonstützen

Die Heißbemessung von Stahlbetonstützen mit der Zonenmethode (Vereinfachtes Verfahren) ist nach Eurocode grundsätzlich möglich und in verschiedenen europäischen Normen bereits eingeführt. In Deutschland wird das Verfahren für die Stützenbemessung in Zukunft jedoch voraussichtlich abgelehnt, da sich die Ergebnisse teilweise nicht mit denen der anerkannten Allgemeinen Verfahren decken. Ein Grund für die Diskrepanz der Ergebnisse der verschiedenen Methoden liegt nach Einschätzung der Autoren in der teilweise nur unzureichenden Dokumentation bzw. Regelung der Zonenmethode. Dass z. B. die Zonenmethode als Verfahren der Plastizitätstheorie angelegt ist, jedoch als nichtlineares Verfahren verwendet wird, führte bereits zu wesentlichen Fehlinterpretationen bzw. Missverständnissen. Dieser Aufsatz zeigt daher eine kurze Darstellung der ursprünglichen Annahmen sowie eine Herleitung der Zonenmethode nach Hertz. Im Hauptteil des Aufsatzes wird anhand von dokumentierten Eichbeispielen gezeigt, wie die Zonenmethode für Druckglieder in der Praxis anzuwenden ist, damit die Traglast und das Last‐Verformungsverhalten bezogen auf die Allgemeinen Verfahren ausreichend genau bestimmt werden können. Use of a Simplified Method (Zone Method) for Concrete Columns Exposed to Fire Eurocode 2 provides a fire resistance check for concrete columns called zone method (simplified calculation method). Some European countries already allow this check. Germany will probably reject this method for concrete columns, as the results from the zone method partly differ from the accepted advanced method. In the authors' opinion, one reason for the differences might be lack of documentation or lack of detailed rules for the zone method. Using the zone method as a nonlinear method – even though it is based on the assumptions of plastic theory – already lead to decisive misinterpretations or misunderstandings. Hence, this article shows briefly the original assumptions and derivation of basic formulas for the zone method according to Hertz. The use of the zone method for compression members is demonstrated with documented calibrating examples. It is displayed, how to calculate the ultimate load and the load‐bearingbehaviour with adequate accuracy.     

Sonderlösungen bei der brandschutztechnischen Bewertung von Konstruktionsdetails

Special‐purpose solutions in the fire‐protective evaluation of construction details Very often components or construction details in existing buildings but also in new buildings cannot be evaluated with regard to its fire resistance ability considering established technical building regulations. There are no regulations for the evaluation of such components or construction details as these specific construction details have not been evaluated by a certified test authority. However, these components and construction details very often can be classified in fire resistance classes e. g. by evaluating fire tests, with regard to DIN 4102‐4, on the basis of similar proof of usability or only by pragmatic considerations. Since introducing the technical approval of the fire protection Eurocodes more often engineering methods of fire protection are used based on these Eurocodes by using temperature assessment in order to secure the evaluation results. Within this essay we show methods and ways of fire‐protective evaluation for components and construction details. The approach of proof including dimensions of possible upgrade measurements if necessary are being illustrated by examples of use out of practical experience. At the same time different materials such as steel, concrete and wood will be treated with different fire‐proof products. The essay is to explain ways of evaluation of components and construction details involving fire‐proof requirements including upgrade measurements also especially for existing buildings.     

粉刷层对混凝土遭受高温作用后抗压性能的影响

对27个高温作用后常规混凝土试块和带混合砂浆粉刷层的混凝土试块的抗压性能进行了试验。通过对高温作用后试件损伤形态的分析和高温损伤试件的抗压性能试验,探讨了混合砂浆粉刷层对高温作用后混凝土抗压性能的影响,得到了高温作用后无粉刷层试块和带粉刷层试块的强度折减经验计算公式。试验研究表明,粉刷层对遭受火灾高温作用的混凝土构件有较好的保护作用,在混凝土结构火灾损伤鉴定中应加以考虑。