由柠檬醛合成柠檬腈的工艺研究

从山苍子提取出的柠檬醛 ,与硫酸羟胺反应生成柠朦肟 ,脱水后可得到柠檬腈。通过正交实验确定了柠朦肟合成的最佳工艺条件是 :n(柠檬醛 )∶n(硫酸羟胺 ) =1∶ 1 .5 ,p H=6～ 7,反应温度为 45°C,反应时间 3 .5 h。柠朦腈合成的最佳工艺条件是 :n(柠檬肟 )∶ n(乙酸酐 ) =1∶ 5 ,反应温度为 1 2 5～ 1 3 0°C,反应时间 1 h。柠檬腈的产率约为 89.7%。     

由山苍子油合成甲基紫罗兰酮

研究用山苍子油提取得到的柠檬醛和 2 -丁酮等为主要原料在季铵碱存在下合成假性异甲基紫罗兰酮 ,以固载强酸 Ti O2 /SO2 -4作催化剂 ,用假性异甲基紫罗兰酮合成甲基紫罗兰酮的新方法。提高了 α-异甲基紫罗兰酮的收率 ,获得了最佳反应条件 :投料比 n(假性异甲基紫罗兰酮 )∶n(二甲苯 )∶ n(硫酸 ) =1∶ 3.5∶ 0 .0 4 ,控制反应温度 1 5～ 2 5°C,反应时间 1 .5 h。该优化条件下 ,合成收率为 92 %～ 93% ,产物中α-异甲基紫罗兰酮质量分数为 77%左右。     

正交法优化柠檬醛合成紫罗兰酮工艺

以柠檬醛和丙酮为原料,在氢氧化钠催化条件下,经羟醛缩合反应先制备假性紫罗兰酮,再在磷酸催化条件下,经环化反应制备紫罗兰酮。采用正交法研究了一锅法条件下,柠檬醛合成紫罗兰酮工艺条件。合成假性紫罗兰酮优化工艺条件是:物料比n(柠檬醛)∶n(丙酮)=1∶6,催化剂用量比w(10%NaOH)∶w(柠檬醛)=4%,反应温度60℃,反应时间3 h。合成紫罗兰酮优化工艺条件:物料比n(柠檬醛)∶n(H_3PO_4)=1∶1,反应温度40℃,反应时间3 h。     

β-紫罗兰酮的合成工艺研究

从山苍子油出发 ,经缩合、环化两步反应 ,直接合成 β 紫罗兰酮。研究了催化剂、溶剂的种类和用量、反应物配比、反应温度等因素对体系的影响。最佳合成工艺条件为 :缩合反应 :C -1作助催化剂 ,n(丙酮 )∶n(柠檬醛 ) =9∶1,n(主催化剂 )∶n(柠檬醛 ) =0 5 0∶1 0 0 ,主催化剂(NaOH水溶液 )质量分数 5 % ,反应温度 35℃ ,缩合转化率可达 98 4 % ;环化反应 :以氯仿作溶剂 ,H - 1作催化剂 ,m(催化剂 )∶m(假性紫罗兰酮 ) =2 0∶1 0 ,m(氯仿 )∶m(假性紫罗兰酮 ) =2 0∶1 0 ,反应温度 - 10℃ ,环化转化率可达 99 7%。产品总收率达 4 7 5 % ,w(β 紫罗兰酮 )≥92 %。     

SO42-/TiO2-La2O3催化合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛

以稀土改性固体超强酸SO42 -/TiO2 La2 O3 为催化剂 ,通过苯甲醛和乙二醇反应合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛 ,探讨了SO42 -/TiO2 La2 O3 对缩醛反应的催化活性 ,较系统地研究了醇醛物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明 :SO42 -/TiO2 La2 O3 是合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的良好催化剂 ,在n(醇 )∶n(醛 ) =2 .0∶ 1,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的 0 .5 % ,环己烷为带水剂 ,反应时间 5 0min的优化条件下 ,苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛收率可达 90 %。     

SO~(2-)_4 /TiO_(2-)MoO_3催化合成异丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛

以固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2 MoO3为催化剂,对以异丁醛(Ⅱ)和1,2 丙二醇(Ⅲ)为原料合成异丁醛1,2 丙二醇缩醛(Ⅰ)的反应条件进行了研究。实验表明:SO2-4/TiO2 MoO3是合成异丁醛1,2 丙二醇缩醛的良好催化剂,较系统地研究了醛醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对收率的影响。最佳反应条件为:n(异丁醛)∶n(1,2 丙二醇)=1∶1 3,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的1 0%,环己烷为带水剂,反应时间1 0h。上述条件下,异丁醛1,2 丙二醇缩醛的收率可达82 5%。     

丙酮醛的合成研究

分别用丙酮和 1,2 丙二醇做原料合成了丙酮醛。n(丙酮 )∶n(溴 ) =1 0 0∶0 79,加入 3 0～4 0g氯酸钾做催化剂 ,水和冰醋酸做溶剂 ,水浴温度为 6 0～ 75℃ ,回流 4h ,制得产率为 6 3 5 %的溴丙酮。V(二甲亚砜 )∶V(溴丙酮 ) =11 9∶1 0 ,通入空气 ,在 6 5～ 70℃反应 5～ 8h ,制得产率为 5 9 6 %的丙酮醛。丙酮醛的总收率达 37 8%。n(重铬酸钾 )∶n(硫酸 )∶n(1,2 丙二醇 ) =1 0∶4 0∶(1 5～ 2 5 ) ,以水为溶剂 ,在 6 0～ 70℃间歇通入氮气 1 5h ,边加原料边蒸馏 ,制得产率为5 0 %的丙酮醛。后者为一步法 ,操作简便 ,产品纯度较高 ;产率比前法提高 12 %。     

山苍子油直接合成柠檬腈

用山苍子油直接同硫酸羟胺反应生成柠檬肟,再加入乙酐和相转移催化剂脱水得到柠檬腈。通过正交实验确定了柠檬肟合成的最佳工艺条件为:n(山苍子油)∶n(羟胺)=1∶1·5,pH=5·5~6·0,反应温度45~50℃,反应时间3·5h,柠檬肟的产率为90·1%。柠檬腈合成工艺为:n(柠檬肟)∶n(乙酸酐)=1∶4,反应温度125~130℃,反应时间1·0h,柠檬腈的产率为78·0%。最后用IR、UV、GC谱对产品做了分析。     

异烟酸乙酯的相转移催化合成

以 BTEAC(苄基三乙基氯化铵 )为相转移催化剂合成了异烟酸乙酯。无水乙醇既为溶剂又为反应物 ,所以固定无水乙醇与异烟酸的比例为 1∶ 1 7(摩尔比 ) ,即异烟酸 4.9g( 0 .0 4 mol) ,无水乙醇 40 m L,使无水乙醇大大过量。利用正交实验考察浓 98%H2 SO4(质量分数 ,下同 )用量 ,BTEAC用量 ,反应液最终温度对产率的影响。实验确定了最佳反应条件 :H2 SO45 .5 g,相转移催化剂 0 .3g,最终反应温度 1 0 5°C,收率 82 .6%。在其他条件相同而不加相转移催化剂时收率只有44.6%,实验结果表明相转移催化剂的使用可以提高异烟酸乙酯的产率。     

SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2-MoO_3催化合成苹果酸酯-B

以固体超强酸SO2 -4/TiO2 MoO3 为多相催化剂 ,对以乙酰乙酸乙酯和 1,2 丙二醇为原料合成苹果酸酯 B的反应条件进行了研究。实验表明固体超强酸SO2 -4/TiO2 MoO3 是合成苹果酸酯 B的良好催化剂 ,最佳反应条件为∶n(乙酰乙酸乙酯 )∶n( 1,2 丙二醇 )为 1∶1.5 ,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的1.5 % ,环己烷为带水剂 ,反应时间 1.0h ,反应温度 88～ 116℃ ,苹果酸酯 B收率达 74 .0 %。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。