P2P网中基于文件分片的副本建立策略

在大规模P2P网络中,为了提高数据的可用性,可以通过在系统中多个节点上建立数据副本的方法来增加数据的冗余度.为了减小副本建立的开销,可采用一种基于文件分片的副本建立策略,将需要复制的数据文件先进行分片,然后把这些分片在一组选取好的候选节点间进行分发复制.该方法能够充分利用网络带宽,明显减小建立副本所需的时间开销.     

结构化P2P系统中副本一致性管理的一种新算法

结构化P2P系统通常使用数据复制来提高数据可用性,但P2P环境中的节点搅动、多节点并发更新以及恶意节点的存在也为副本的一致性管理带来了新的挑战.基于协商的算法要求节点间以全交换的方式通讯,在P2P环境中其可伸缩性不够理想.本文针对结构化P2P系统提出一种基于Quorum的副本管理算法:使用混合失效模型降低容错开销,利用DHT服务处理节点搅动,将数据存储与其元信息管理分离,使数据可靠性和数据可用性得以独立调整.模拟实验表明该算法可以明显改善系统的可伸缩性,减少系统的容错开销.     

一种面向可用性的P2P数据分发方法

对等网络由高度动态的节点构成,节点间会话时间极端异构。对等节点频繁加入和退出导致对等网络维护开销增大,数据可用性降低。面向可用性的对等网络数据分发方法,针对热点数据和节点可用性的分析,通过增加系统中数据的副本数量,提高数据的可用性,同时减小消息扩散的范围,提高系统的效率,克服会话时间异构性。实验结果表明,该方法可以有效提高数据可用性,降低系统的维护开销。     

一种解决P2P网络路由热点问题的策略

提出了一种新的解决P2P网络路由热点问题的方法,它包括复制点选取策略和副本使用策略。复制点选取策略以节点的邻居节点为复制点选取对象,按照迭代算法,选取邻居节点中在线时间长、带宽大、网络延迟小的点作为放置副本复制点;副本使用策略提出一种重定向算法对热点进行流控,使得节点不会过载,副本被高效使用。实验采用Java语言模拟整个策略,实验结果表明该方法具有高效性,可靠性,值得在目前的P2P网络中加以推广。     

对等网络中一种优化的副本分布方法

数据复制技术是一种提高P2P系统中数据可靠性和可用性的常用策略.现有复制方法大多只考虑副本数量,副本数量越多就越能提高资源访问效率,但采用这样的数据复制方法将会带来高昂的副本一致性维护代价.为平衡副本一致性维护的开销和多副本带来的访问性能提升之间的关系,该文提出了动态副本分布方法.文中首先给出了副本目录的设计和副本信息的获取方法,能够获得某一逻辑资源的所有副本信息.然后,根据逻辑资源的全局副本信息,对访问频率高且平均响应时间长的数据资源进行复制,并给出副本数量的计算方法.最后,根据用户访问特征和节点实时带宽等信息计算放置副本的最佳地点,使副本分布能够适应数据访问请求和网络带宽的动态变化.模拟实验结果显示,该方法能够实现全局优化的副本分布,以少量数据副本提升资源访问的性能.     

P2P流媒体Cache的置换算法

P2P流媒体cache是一种有效减少带宽开销、提高对象利用率的技术,通常采用FIFO,LRU等算法置换内容.然而,流媒体不同于Web对象,P2P网络也有别于客户/服务器模式.在分布式应用中这些算法可能影响系统的性能,为此,分析了FIFO和LRU置换算法,提出了基于供求关系的SD算法,以及基于分片副本数量的REP算法,并对其进行评估和比较.针对不同的节点到达间隔,将SD和REP同FIFO,LRU进行比较,发现在启动延迟、媒体副本数量和根节点依赖度方面SD和REP几乎均优于FIFO和LRU.同LSB(least sent bytes)算法相比,某些场景中SD的启动延迟减少了约40%,而REP在副本数量方面远远超过LSB的结果,说明在P2P网络流媒体服务中使用SD和REP缓存置换算法有助于提高系统性能.     

P2P系统中基于副本链的一致性维护算法

提出一种无结构纯P2P的副本一致性维护算法。利用副本节点发起的第一次更新消息在P2P网络中的广播,由其他收到消息的副本节点给出响应,构建副本链。副本链建立后,更新消息在副本节点间进行传播,不再在网络中洪泛。副本链的维护通过记录首次发起更新的副本节点IP地址完成。仿真试验证明该算法是简单有效的。     

基于副本复制和Bloom Filter 的P2P 概率路由算法

非结构化P2P网络资源定位过程中的查询延迟、查准率和查询成本难以同时被优化,为此,提出一种基于副本复制和Bloom Filter技术的P2P概率路由算法DCBF(data copying and Bloom Filter).DCBF基于有向随机网络,对资源对象进行少量的复制,并将各个副本随机路由给网络中的节点;接收副本的节点,以分布式衰减Bloom Filter向邻近节点传递副本的成员资格信息.理论分析和实验结果均表明,DCBF仅需复制少量的副本,通过以分布式衰减Bloom Filter传递副本的成员资格信息,使得网络中的绝大多数节点能够感知到副本的成员资格信息,从而使得各个节点能够以极低的查询代价,在较低的路由延迟范围内,高概率地将查询路由到目标节点.     

基于时间间隔的P2P流媒体直播系统缓存算法

针对基于分片传输机制的P2P流媒体直播系统客户端缓存问题,为提高节点间请求数据分片的命中率和避免数据分片大量冗余,提出一种依赖邻居节点请求量的节点缓存替换算法.该算法将分片在节点的缓存时间进行等间隔划分,利用马尔可夫链转移概率矩阵计算理论,预测分片在下一时刻的缓存价值.并将该算法和传统算法FIFO及LRU算法进行了对比实验,实验结果表明,在同等条件下,该算法相较于传统算法能更好地提高数据的命中率.     

断续连接移动自组网络中的数据复制

在移动自组网络中,节点的移动或是无线连接的中断会引起频繁的网络分割.因此,访问节点并获取相应的数据是相当困难的.通过理论和统计分析得到特定运动模型对应的网络分割模式,建立了网络分割模式与数据复制有效性之间的联系,推导出了理想复制方法在特定网络环境下能够获得的数据可用性的上限,也指出纯随机复制方法可提高数据可用性.基于上述分析,提出了一种新的数据复制方法RICMAN(replication in intermittently connected mobile ad hoc networks)来提高断续性连接移动自组网络的数据可用性.该方法将所需数据以副本的形式复制到一系列拓扑结构相对稳定和资源充足的特定节点上,为处于同一分区的节点提供数据服务.副本的分布和更新基于半概率性数据分发协议实现.此协议能够识别可能的跨越多个网络分区的运动节点,由这些节点传播数据及其更新,从而在断续性连接网络中最大化数据传输.为了保持副本的一致性,该方法使用一种弱一致性模型——最终一致性模型,以确保所有的更新最终在有限的延迟内传送到所有的副本处.仿真结果显示,RICMAN方法能够以较小的开销获取较高的数据可用性,经过优化后,数据可用性仅比理想上限低10%～15%.     

非结构化P2P网络中的副本管理策略

为利用一种动态的副本管理机制,改善P2P网络中数据的可用性和可靠性,提出一种基于趋势预测的动态副本管理机制,通过引入经济学中的时间序列平滑算法预测热点文件,并使用3种不同的策略分别对副本的放置、删除、替换等操作进行动态管理。模拟实验和对相关数据的分析证明,该项研究能有效提高P2P网络中资源搜索的命中率,降低整个网络的开销,使网络中的各个节点达到负载平衡。     

User selfishness vs. file availability in P2P file-sharing systems: Evolutionary game theoretic approach

In a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file-sharing system, a node finds and retrieves its desired file. If multiple nodes cache the same file to provide others, we can achieve a dependable file-sharing system with low latency and high file availability. However, a node has to spend costs, e.g., processing load or storage capacity, on caching a file. Consequently, a node may selfishly behave and hesitate to cache a file. In such a case, unpopular files are likely to disappear from the system. In this paper, we aim to reveal whether effective caching in the whole system emerges from autonomous and selfish node behavior. We discuss relationship between selfish node behavior and system dynamics by using evolutionary game theory. Through theoretic analysis, we show that a file-sharing system can be robust to file disappearance depending on a cost and demand model for caching even if nodes behave selfishly. Furthermore, we also conduct several simulation-based analysis in terms of network structures, evolving network, load balancing, and system stability. As a result, we demonstrate that a file-sharing system with good properties, i.e., robustness to file disappearance, low search latency, well load-balancing, and high stability, can be achieved independent of network structures and dynamics.     

一种P2P环境下基于查询日志的查询路由策略

在P2P文件共享系统里,通过文件描述可以描述文件的集合并且可以用它来决定查询的路由。但在这种模型下,会出现虚假匹配的现象,从而导致网络带宽和计算资源的浪费。文章提出了一种基于查询命中日志方法来较精确地划分网络结点文件描述的策略来减小虚假同现的发生,来提高查询路由的效率。     

IRM: Integrated File Replication and Consistency Maintenance in P2P Systems

In peer-to-peer file sharing systems, file replication and consistency maintenance are widely used techniques for high system performance. Despite significant interdependencies between them, these two issues are typically addressed separately. Most file replication methods rigidly specify replica nodes, leading to low replica utilization, unnecessary replicas and hence extra consistency maintenance overhead. Most consistency maintenance methods propagate update messages based on message spreading or a structure without considering file replication dynamism, leading to inefficient file update and hence high possibility of outdated file response. This paper presents an Integrated file Replication and consistency Maintenance mechanism (IRM) that integrates the two techniques in a systematic and harmonized manner. It achieves high efficiency in file replication and consistency maintenance at a significantly low cost. Instead of passively accepting replicas and updates, each node determines file replication and update polling by dynamically adapting to time-varying file query and update rates, which avoids unnecessary file replications and updates. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of IRM in comparison with other approaches. It dramatically reduces overhead and yields significant improvements on the efficiency of both file replication and consistency maintenance approaches.     

基于层次信任模型的P2P文件污染防治

P2P网络能够高效地共享文件,但是必须控制污染文件的传播以促使文件有效分发。在分析各类信任模型的特点和节点行为特征的基础上,提出了基于局部和全局的层次信任模型。该模型采用邻近原则,把具有相似信任值的结点分组,按照信任度划分节点域并加入了奖励因子。仿真实验证明,该模型可以有效地降低污染的成功率,从而在一定程度上缓解了P2P网络中严峻的文件污染问题。     

通用P2P模拟器的构造技术研究

在分析了现有P2P网络模拟器特点的基础上,提出了一种新型通用P2P文件搜索模拟器,它能够读取互联网拓扑生成器生成的网络拓扑,同时支持仿真数据和真实数据的测试,并且能模拟多种搜索算法。     

A cache-based search algorithm in unstructured P2P networks

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network is an important component to implement next generation Internet, how to quickly and efficiently search the resources in P2P networks has become one of the most critical issues, at the same time, this is one of greatest concern to users. This paper describes the basic Flooding Peer-to-Peer network search method, followed by analysis of several new search methods pros and cons, and then further analysis of these algorithms is proposed based on a cache-based search algorithm: When a node of the remaining load capacity is high, it will become the center node, and form a joint topology area with the nearby nodes together, then the center node and ordinary nodes also need to store the index cache, at the local region the overheating resources will be copied to the local (that is, the contents cache). The simulation shows that the algorithm can effectively improve the hit rates of resources searching, reduce the query delay.     

A security monitoring method for malicious P2P event detection

Recently malicious code is spreading rapidly due to the use of P2P(peer to peer) file sharing. The malicious code distributed mostly transformed the infected PC as a botnet for various attacks by attackers. This can take important information from the computer and cause a large-scale DDos attack. Therefore it is extremely important to detect and block the malicious code in early stage. However a centralized security monitoring system widely used today cannot detect a sharing file on a P2P network. In this paper, to compensate the defect, P2P file sharing events are obtained and the behavior is analyzed. Based on the analysis a malicious file detecting system is proposed and synchronized with a security monitoring system on a virtual machine. In application result, it has been detected such as botnet malware using P2P. It is improved by 12 % performance than existing security monitoring system. The proposed system can detect suspicious P2P sharing files that were not possible by an existing system. The characteristics can be applied for security monitoring to block and respond to the distribution of malicious code through P2P.     

A study on hybrid trust evaluation model for identifying malicious behavior in mobile P2P

P2P network has been widely used because of advantages such as efficient use of network bandwidth, saving of computing resources, and quick information exchange. In particular, the infra that manages each nodes centrally in P2P network does not exist and each node is a structure performing the sender and receiver roles. The service applying P2P technique in MANET is increased because this structure is very similar to the structure of MANET. However, the reliability may be lower by providing an erroneous service from malicious nodes because the supervision of management for nodes participating in P2P does not perform. In this paper, we propose hybrid trust evaluation technique based on Trust Zone structure to improve the reliability between nodes. TZM node is elected for trust evaluation of member nodes internal each TrustZone. The certificate of member nodes is issued in the elected TZM and the information is stored in TZMT. The data transmission of malicious nodes is blocked by limiting the data transmission of nodes that do not issued the certificate. The reputation-based trust management technique was applied to perform the fair file transmission of nodes and block the behavior of selfish nodes. The excellent performance of the proposed technique in this paper was confirmed through experiments.