某口服液促进泌乳作用的人体试食试验研究

为了解我国传统配方口服液促进乳汁分泌的保健作用 ,对 70例缺乳志愿者进行了人体试食观察。每日服用以白毛乌骨鸡、猪蹄为主要原料的口服液 ,日服 3次 ,每次 1支 ,每支 10mL ,连续15d。结果表明试食者乳房胀度增加 ,其有效率为 73 5 %;泌乳量的增长值为 39 8± 2 8 0mL ;有 16人从混合喂养转变为全母乳喂养 ,转变率为 4 8 5 %;对照组和试食组比较 ,差异有极显著性(P <0 0 1)。对乳汁蛋白的含量无影响 ,对试食者健康无损害。本试验结果显示 ,该保健食品有促进泌乳作用     

初为人母应知应会

母乳是婴儿最理想的天然食品,乳母摄入的营养素是合成乳汁的原料,乳母的营养需要,实际上包括了乳母本身的营养需要和哺乳期间婴儿的营养需要;因此,乳母的膳食营养要注意以下几点: (1)增加热能摄入量。哺乳期母亲的热能消耗除婴儿所需外,还包括乳汁分泌活动消耗、基础代谢增加所需和哺育婴儿劳动消耗等,需要量增加,但乳母的热能供应比平时增加多少,应根据泌乳量及乳母体重来定。我国营养学会推荐乳母每日热能供给量比平时多增加3.3兆焦耳(802千卡)。     

黄酮对人体的美容作用研究

为了解黄酮对人体的美容祛斑作用 ,选取部分以黄酮为功效成分的保健食品为试验样品 ,选择具有黄褐斑或痤疮的适龄人群为受试对象 ,按照保健食品功能评价方法进行人体试验研究 ,结果显示受试物能显著降低黄褐斑色度 (P <0 0 1) ,减小黄褐斑的面积 (P <0 0 1) ,并且未观察到新的黄褐斑产生 ;受试者痤疮数量较试食前显著减少 (P <0 0 1) ,皮损程度较试食前显著减轻 (P <0 0 1) ,表明黄酮的祛黄褐斑作用和祛痤疮作用明显。     

蓝莓绿茶雪莲冲剂抗氧化作用的研究

目的:研究蓝莓粉、绿茶提取物、雪莲培养物、迷迭香提取物、樱桃粉复合物抗氧化的功效作用。方法:通过动物试验和人体试食试验研究蓝莓绿茶雪莲冲剂的抗氧化功效。动物试验设3个剂量组(按人体推荐剂量的30、20、10倍剂量设计)给予小鼠连续灌胃30 d后进行各指标测定。人体试验采用自身与组间两种对照设计服用3个月。结果:(1)动物试验:未发现受试物对生长发育有不良影响,蓝莓沙棘雪莲冲剂能显著降低肝匀浆中丙二醛含量,降低蛋白质羰基含量,增加还原型谷胱甘肽含量;(2)人体试验:试食组试食前后自身比较,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)平均升高(27.75±23.91)U/mL(P0.001),升高22.25%;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)平均升高(2.64±6.6)U/mL(P0.01),升高4.04%;试食后试食组与对照组组间比较,GSH-Px活性升高(P0.001)、SOD活性升高(P0.001)。样品对受试者身体健康无不良影响,试食过程中未观察到过敏及不良反应。结论:蓝莓绿茶雪莲冲剂具有抗氧化功能。     

左旋肉碱绿茶粉减肥功能研究

【目的】研究左旋肉碱绿茶粉对人体的减肥功能。【方法】106名志愿者随机分为对照组和试食组,采用自身对照及组间对照法对受试者进行60d的人体试验。【结果】试食组试食后体脂总重、体脂百分率、二处皮下脂肪厚度(三角肌处、髂棘处)及腰围与对照组试验后及自身试验前比较均有显著性差异(P0.05)。脐旁处、肩胛下处脂肪厚度与对照组试食后及自身试食前比较差异均无显著性(P 0.05)。试食组试验后体重及臀围指标无显著变化(P 0.05)。【结论】左旋肉碱绿茶粉对人体具有减肥作用。     

催乳中药组方对产后缺乳模型大鼠的催乳作用研究

目的 探讨一种催乳中药组方的催乳效果,研究其作用机制.方法 取产仔时间前后相差不超过24 h的50只母鼠,按母鼠体重随机分为正常组、模型组、催乳药物高、低剂量组和阳性对照组,每组10只母鼠.自分娩第2日起每天上午腹腔注射左旋多巴2 mg/kg,连续注射7d.于造模当日开始,每日下午给药,正常组蒸馏水灌胃,每日1次,连续给药14d.从给药第2日开始,每日测定母鼠泌乳量,并于给药14d后,处死动物,酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA法）检测血清泌乳素（PRL）和下丘脑5-羟色胺（5-HT）水平,同时取乳腺福尔马林固定,并进行病理形态学观察.结果 造模后正常组单次泌乳量和总泌乳量均显著高于模型组,表明产后缺乳大鼠造模成功.催乳药高、低剂量组的单次泌乳量、总泌乳量和血清PRL含量均显著高于模型组.催乳药高剂量组下丘脑5-HT含量高于模型组.结论 该催乳中药组方具有促进哺乳大鼠泌乳的作用,催乳机制可能是通过提高产后缺乳模型大鼠的血清PRL及下丘脑5-HT水平,使乳腺组织呈高度泌乳状态,从而促进乳汁分泌.     

雪莲培养物保健食品的抗氧化功能研究

对雪莲培养物与海洋鱼胶原蛋白、针叶樱桃果粉和透明质酸钠组成的保健食品的抗氧化功能进行研究。动物实验证明,该保健食品能降低大鼠血清和肝组织中过氧化脂质(lipid peroxide,LPO)含量,提高超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的活性,提高血清和脑组织中的谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)的含量。人体试食试验证明,试食组人群连续服用雪莲培养物抗氧化保健食品3个月后,血液过氧化脂质(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量平均下降13.93%,血液超氧化物歧化酶活性平均升高10.39%,血液谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)活性平均升高9.92%。试食组的以上3项指标均极显著高于对照组(P0.01),且试食组自身前后比较及试食后与对照组的组间比较差异均有极显著性(P0.01)。据此判定,该保健食品具有抗氧化功能。     

康奥牌黑谷道康奥黑谷粥人群食用减肥效果分析

本文主要探究康奥牌黑谷道康奥黑谷粥的减肥功效。方法:选取105例肥胖者,将其随机分为对照组和试食组,对照组54人,试食组51例,对照组采取空白对照,试食组服用康奥牌黑谷道康奥黑谷粥,连续服用60天。60天后对两组受试人员和受试组实验前后的体重减少量、体脂减少量、体脂百分含量、臀围减少量、BMI减少量、右三角肌下缘臂外侧正中点皮下脂肪厚度减少量以及右肩胛下角皮下脂肪厚度减少量进行比较。结果:60天后试食组自身比较体重平均下降(3.68±1.90)kg(P0.01),体脂肪量下降(2.04±3.14)kg(P0.01),体脂百分含量下降(2.36±2.54)%(P0.01),臀围减少(2.41±2.50)cm(P0.01),BMI下降(P0.01),右三角肌下缘臂外侧正中点皮下脂肪厚度减少(P50.01),右肩胛下角皮下脂肪厚度减少(P0.01);试食后与对照组比较,试食组体重下降(P0.05)、体脂肪量下降(P0.05)、体脂百分含量下降(P0.05)、臀围减少(P0.05)、右三角肌下缘臂外侧正中点和右肩胛下角皮下脂肪厚度也减少(P0.05)。所有结果比较差异均具有统计学意义,具有可比性。结论:康奥牌黑谷道康奥黑谷粥能够有效减少人体内脂肪,且对人体无明显的副作用,对促进人体健康具有积极的作用。     

叶黄素对母鼠乳腺分泌IgA的促进作用

为明确叶黄素对母鼠乳腺分泌IgA能力的影响,本实验对妊娠母鼠添加饲喂叶黄素,检测母鼠血清中IgG、IgA和IgM含量变化,母鼠乳腺组织中IgA mRNA表达量和IgA抗体分泌细胞数量变化,以及仔鼠胃内容物中IgA浓度变化。结果表明：在妊娠21 d和分娩后7 d时,实验组血清中IgG和IgA浓度显著高于正常对照组（P＜0.05）,IgM含量虽有升高,与正常对照组相比,无显著性差异（P＞0.05）;乳腺组织中IgA mRNA表达量无显著变化（P＞0.05）;分娩后14 d IgA抗体分泌细胞数量显著增加（P＜0.05）;仔鼠胃内容物中IgA含量极显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）。说明给妊娠母鼠添加饲喂叶黄素可以增强乳腺分泌IgA的能力。     

番茄红素软复合胶囊抗氧化人体试验研究

目的探讨番茄红素软复合胶囊对人体的抗氧化作用。方法将116例符合要求的健康志愿者按丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)水平随机分为试食组和对照组,试食组连续服用样品120 d,测定两组人群血清中MDA、SOD、GSH-Px水平和安全性指标。结果试食组试食后血清中MDA、SOD和GSH-Px水平与试食前和对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组人群的各项安全性指标试验前后均无明显改变。结论番茄红素软复合胶囊对人体具有抗氧化作用。     

我国南北城市0～12 月不同泌乳阶段母乳蛋白质和氨基酸构成的纵向研究

目的：比较我国北京（北方）和深圳（南方）两城市0～12 月不同泌乳阶段母乳蛋白质和氨基酸含量差异。方法：于北京市和深圳市各招募30 名足月分娩健康婴儿的健康乳母,纵向采集10 次母乳,包括初乳（3～5 d）、过渡乳（13～15 d）和成熟乳（3、4 周和2、3、4、6、9、12 月）,检测蛋白质和氨基酸含量并作比较分析。结果：北京和深圳母乳中蛋白质含量均为初乳中最高,随泌乳时间的延长而逐渐降低：其中,前3 周急速降低,之后降低速度减缓,但仍有显著差异（P＜0.05）,到3 月时达到稳定;两城市母乳在各泌乳阶段中均无显著差异（P＞0.05）。母乳氨基酸含量也随着泌乳时间的延长呈显著下降趋势（P＜0.05）,到12 月时总氨基酸含量、总必需氨基酸含量和总非必需氨基酸含量均下降了约58%。母乳中含量最丰富的单体氨基酸为谷氨酸、亮氨酸和天冬氨酸,含量最低的是蛋氨酸和色氨酸,两城市母乳单体氨基酸的绝对含量在除初乳和4 月成熟乳以外的其他各月均有种类和数量的差异,但随泌乳时间的延长,各单体氨基酸在总氨基酸中的比例保持稳定,必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸分别占总氨基酸的42%和58%左右;而深圳母乳中苯丙氨酸在总氨基酸中的比例在除3～5 d以外的其他9 个时间点均高于北京母乳。结论：初乳中蛋白质和氨基酸含量均最高,随着泌乳时间的延长均呈逐渐下降趋势;蛋白质含量不受地区差异的影响,而两城市母乳中氨基酸含量及其在总氨基酸中的比例具有一定程度的差异。     

Effects of mixture of fermented whey SGOL-1-40 ("Sgidolac") and sterilized milk on the course of experimental tuberculosis

The effect of enzymolic whey SGOL 1-40 ("Sgidolac") and sterilized milk mixture on experimental tuberculosis process with mice has been investigated. The mice of CBA line infected with tuberculosis (Type H37Rv) and been given this mixture (rate SGOL 1-40 to milk 1:5) per os immediately after the infection at the amount of 0.5 g/Kg body weight per day every day, perished on 42-nd day, meanwhile the mice that had received the mixture 3 weeks before the infection and all the period after it, died on 46-th day he mice in the control group (infected and untreated) died on the 38-th day. The positive treatment and prophylactic effect of the SGOL 1-40 and milk mixture on the tuberculosis process has been stated and morphologically proved.     

Perfluorinated compounds in human milk from Massachusetts, U.S.A

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), notably perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), have been reported in human blood. Furthermore, the occurrence of PFCs in the blood of newborn babies, coupled with the need to study the potential association of PFC exposure with birth outcomes in neonates, suggests the need for determining the sources and magnitude of exposure in infants. In this study, nine PFCs were measured in 45 human breast milk samples collected in 2004 from Massachusetts, U.S.A. PFOS and PFOA were the predominant PFCs found at mean concentrations of 131 and 43.8 pg/mL, respectively. Comparison of the ratio of PFOS to PFOA in human milk with the ratios published for human serum from the U.S. female population suggested preferential partitioning of PFOA to milk. Concentrations of PFOA were significantly higher in the milk of mothers nursing for the first time (n = 34) than in the milk of mothers who have previously nursed (n = 8). Based on the estimated body weight and milk intake, the average and highest daily intakes of total PFCs by infants were 23.5 and 87.1 ng/kg bw, respectively. We found that the daily ingestion rates of PFOS and PFOA did not exceed the tolerable daily intake recommended by the U.K. Food Standards Agency. This is the first study to measure the occurrence of PFCs in human milk from the U.S.A.     

The carbohydrate composition of human milk

The carbohydrate content of breast milk was investigated by capillary gas liquid chromatography. The milk samples obtained from 16 normal lactating mothers contained glucose, galactose, lactose, and 3-fucosidolactose. The content of monosaccharides in breast milk was 2-12 times higher than that in cow's milk. The lactose content amounted to 84-95%, whereas the ratio of alpha- tox beta-froms was within 0.92-0.95%. Breast milk was found to contain alpha- and beta-forms of 2- and 3-fucosidolactose which do not occur in cow's milk. The content of these forms accounted for 3%. The biological role of breast milk carbohydrates is discussed.     

Hydrolase composition and activity of human milk in the antimony subregion of the Fergana Valley

Examination of 112 women living in the antimonic subregion of the Fergana valley has shown that the composition of breast milk and enzymatic activity of its hydrolases depend not only on the period of lactation but also on the features of the antimonic biogeochemical regions where lactating mothers live. Iodine prophylaxis of the endemic goiter among women, promoting the improvement of the biological value of breast milk should be carried out with regard to the antimony content in the environment.     

Determinants of aflatoxin M1 in breast milk in a selected group of Egyptian mothers.

In Egypt, there is a paucity of biomarker data on aflatoxin (AF) exposure. The study assessed the level and frequency of breast milk AFM1 as a biomarker of maternal exposure. Breast milk samples were collected from a selected group of 388 Egyptian lactating mothers of children attending the New El-Qalyub Hospital, Qalyubiyah governorate, Egypt, during May-September 2003. Following aflatoxin extraction, AFM1 levels were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Approximately 36% of mothers tested positive for AFM1 (median 13.5 pg ml-1, interquartile range (IQR) 10.27-21.43). Non-working status (p = 0.018, odds ratio (OR) = 2.87), obesity (p = 0.004, OR = 3.01), high corn oil consumption (p = 0.002, OR = 2.21), number of children (>1) (p = 0.025, OR = 1.99), and early lactation stage (<1 month) (p = 0.028 OR = 3.57), contributed to the occurrence of AF in breast milk. AFM1 contamination of breast milk was frequent, albeit at moderate levels. Growth and development of the infant is rapid and thus it is possible that AF exposure through breast milk has a significant health effect.     

Comparative dry matter intake and nutrient utilisation efficiency in lactating cattle and buffaloes

An attempt was made to assess the comparative dry matter intake and nutrient utilisation efficiency of lactating buffaloes and cows based on results obtained from experimental feeding trials conducted in India. Data on dry matter (DM) intake, total digestible nutrient (TDN) intake, digestible crude protein (DCP) intake, body weight or metabolic body size (MBS), body weight change, milk yield or 4% fat‐corrected milk (FCM) yield, milk fat percentage and roughage/concentrate ratio in the diet of lactating buffaloes and cows were collected from published reports. The data were processed and analysed to assess the comparative dry matter intake and nutrient utilisation efficiency using suitable statistical analysis models. DM intake was significantly (P < 0.01) lower in buffaloes (2.57 kg DM per 100 kg body weight or 119.2 g kg^?1 MBS) than in cattle (3.09 kg DM per 100 kg body weight or 132.0 g kg^?1 MBS). Mean gross energetic efficiency (30.53 versus 27.83%; P < 0.01), gross protein efficiency (45.48 versus 37.06%; P < 0.01), net energetic efficiency (69.16 versus 64.10%; P < 0.05) and net protein efficiency (80.15 versus 59.59%; P < 0.001) were significantly higher in buffaloes than in cattle. Lactating buffaloes consumed significantly less (P < 0.001) protein (75.69 g DCP) and less (P < 0.01) energy (695.9 g TDN) than cows (93.89 g DCP, 774.8 g TDN) for production of 1 kg of 4% fat‐corrected milk. Buffaloes had higher energy and protein utilisation efficiencies as compared with cattle at similar fat‐corrected milk production level, plane of energy and protein nutrition, body size and body weight change. Buffaloes (1.189 kg DM kg^?1 4% FCM) consumed a similar (P > 0.05) amount of feed dry matter to that of cows (1.267 kg DM kg^?1 4% FCM). However, when DM intake kg^?1 FCM (4%) was compared at constant levels of metabolic body size, fat‐corrected milk, body weight change, dietary energy concentration and green forage percentage in the diet, lactating buffaloes consumed significantly less DM kg^?1 FCM yield as compared with cattle. It was concluded that DM intake was lower in lactating buffaloes. Moreover, lactating buffaloes utilised dietary dry matter, energy and protein for milk production more efficiently than cattle. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Addition of protected and unprotected fish oil to diets for dairy cows. I. Effects on the yield,composition and taste of milk

Thirty Holstein cows in mid-lactation (158+/-20 DIM) were given a total mixed ration based on grass silage, maize silage and rolled barley. After a preliminary period of 1 week, this diet was supplemented with nothing (control), unprotected fish oil (3.7% of dry matter, DM), or two levels of glutaraldehyde-protected microcapsules of fish oil (1.5% and 3.0% of DM, respectively). Unprotected and protected supplements contained, respectively, 74% and 58% of DM as lipids. Cows given the unprotected supplement reduced their feed intake by > 25%. Consequently, these cows lost body weight and produced less milk. DM intake, body weight, and milk yield were unaffected by protected fish oil. Fish oil reduced both milk fat and protein percentages, and decreased the proportion of short-chain fatty acids, stearic, and oleic acids in milk fat. Milk trans C18:1 fatty acids increased in cows given both unprotected and protected fish oil. Milk fat content of very-long-chain n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, including C20:5 and C22:6, increased with fish oil in the diet. Accordingly, the peroxide index increased and a taste panel was able to detect unusual taste in milk from cows consuming the higher level of protected fish oil and disliked the milk from cows given unprotected fish oil. In conclusion, when lactating cows consumed fish oil, milk concentration of long-chain n3 fatty acids increased and mammary de novo synthesis of fatty acids decreased, but milk yield and milk protein content were reduced, and the milk was more susceptible to oxidation and its taste was adversely affected.     

Cadmium, lead and mercury in human milk from Slovakia

The objective of this study was to investigate Cd, Pb, and Hg levels in the breast milk of 158 lactating healthy women who were not occupationally exposed and living in eight environmentally different polluted locations of the Slovak Republic. Levels of these metals were examined in relation to selected parameters, such as: location, mother's age, parity, number of mother's teeth fillings, newborn's gender and birth weight, and smoking habits in the family. Cd and Pb levels in human milk and reconstituted infant formula were determined by GFAAS. Hg levels were measured by amalgamation technique AAS. The average concentrations of Cd, Pb and Hg in breast milk samples, taken on the 4th postpartum day, were 0.43, 4.7 and 0.94 µg/kg, respectively, and those in infant formula (n = 10) were 0.40, 5.0 and 0.25 µg/kg, respectively. Dietary weekly intakes of Cd, Pb, and Hg from breast milk and infant formula in newborn babies were also estimated. Whereas the calculated average dietary intakes of Cd, Pb, and Hg in newborn babies from breast milk and infant formula were all far lower than the appropriate PTWI values recommended by WHO/FAO, two individual breast milk samples for Pb and one breast milk sample for Hg exceeded the PTWI values. Regarding the studied parameters, only the active/passive smoking of the mother at home significantly increased Pb levels in breast milk and amalgam teeth fillings increased Hg levels in breast milk.     

Effect of somatotropin on kinetics of nonesterified fatty acids and partition of energy, carbon, and nitrogen in lactating dairy cows

The utilization of energy, carbon, and nitrogen, and irreversible loss rates of nonesterified fatty acids were examined in lactating cows during treatment with bovine somatotropin. Six multiparous Holstein cows at approximately 62 d postpartum received daily intramuscular injections of somatotropin (29.4 mg/d) or excipient during two 21-d treatment periods in a crossover experimental design. Milk yield was increased 11% (37.1 versus 41.3 kg/d), whereas intake and digestibility of DM, energy, nitrogen, and carbon were not affected. Cows remained near zero net energy balance during both treatments (1.31 versus -1.52 Mcal/d for control and somatotropin, respectively). The major effect of somatotropin was to partition net energy into milk while tissue energy accretion was reduced. Postabsorptive use of nitrogen and carbon was altered by somatotropin as reflected by greater secretion in milk. Urinary losses of nitrogen and tissue use of carbon were reduced. Plasma concentrations and irreversible loss rates of nonesterified fatty acids did not differ between treatments. Somatotropin treatment of lactating cows results in partitioning of nutrients away from tissue deposition toward milk synthesis. The extent to which different metabolic processes are altered depends upon the energy balance of the somatotropin-treated animal.