致敏蛋白α亚基缺失型大豆氨基酸组成及营养评价

结合模糊识别方法评价的数学模型法和联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织（Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization,FAO/WHO）、鸡蛋蛋白两种模式下的化学分析法评价两个致敏蛋白α亚基缺失型大豆蛋白质氨基酸营养价值,解析α亚基缺失特性对大豆氨基酸组分及营养品质的影响。用氨基酸分析仪测定氨基酸的组分和含量,α亚基缺失特性用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis,SDS-PAGE）确认,蛋白和脂肪含量用Perten 8620近红外谷物分析仪测定。结果表明：1）致敏蛋白α亚基缺失型大豆的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、蛋白质、油分含量不因α亚基的缺失而降低;2）致敏蛋白α亚基缺失型大豆的11S/7S比值在4.65以上,高于目前普遍报道的2.0～3.0;3）致敏蛋白α亚基缺失型大豆必需氨基酸含量接近或高于FAO/WHO标准;两种模式下,α亚基缺失型大豆的5种化学评分及贴进度值都很高,接近标准蛋白。致敏蛋白α亚基缺失型大豆蛋白质氨基酸组分平衡,11S/7S比值更优,营养品质更高。     

套作大豆贮藏蛋白、氨基酸组成分析及营养评价

目的:分析不同品质类型套作大豆贮藏蛋白、氨基酸组分特征,对套作大豆蛋白质的营养价值进行评价。方法:使用近红外谷物分析仪、氨基酸分析仪等测定大豆蛋白质、氨基酸等指标。结果:套作大豆蛋白质平均含量48.71%,贮藏蛋白7S、11S相对含量分别为24.94%和67.57%,11S/7S比值高达2.74,高蛋白型套作大豆D3(中江+月黄)贮藏蛋白11S/7S高达3.08,比其净作(11S/7S比值为2.89)极显著升高0.19(P=0.001);套作大豆氨基酸总量达到37.3%,其中必需氨基酸含量占总氨基酸的38%以上,接近或高于FAO/WHO、全蛋参考模式同种氨基酸含量;FAO/WHO参考模式下套作大豆5种化学评分:氨基酸评分(AAS)、化学评分(CS)、必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)、氨基酸比值系数分(SRCAA)和必需氨基酸相对比值(EAARR)分别为64.34、76.82、82.10、83.06、78.06,与净作相比分别变化:2.38(P=0.002)、3.01(P=0.012)、0.03(P=0.209)、0.45(P=0.202)、-0.19(P=0.754)。结论:套作大豆具有与净作大豆一致甚至更高的氨基酸营养价值,11S/7S比值更合理,可保证大豆蛋白制品的品质。因此选择综合营养价值高的大豆品种与玉米进行套作种植。     

豆奶色泽变化的评价指标研究

豆奶是一种营养价值较高的植物蛋白饮料,其蛋白质含量在3.6%以上(固形物含量在8%以上时),蛋白质中必需氨基酸的含量除含硫氨基酸(蛋氨酸和胱氨酸)偏低外,其它必需氨基酸的比例均合乎FAO/WHO提出的理想蛋白质的要求.经常饮用豆奶,不但能增加蛋白质营养,而且     

薏米及薏米糠氨基酸组成分析及营养评价

在对薏米及薏米糠氨基酸含量及组成分析的基础上,应用氨基酸比值系数法,以全鸡蛋蛋白为标准蛋白,以WHO/FAO氨基酸参考模式为评价标准,对薏米及薏米糠中蛋白质营养价值进行了评价,并与其它高蛋白食物进行比较。结果表明,薏米及薏米糠蛋白含量与鸡蛋、核桃相当,高于牛乳;氨基酸种类齐全,包括8种人体必需氨基酸,各必需氨基酸含量和花生相当,高于核桃、大豆和鸡蛋;薏米中赖氨酸为第一限制级氨基酸,薏米糠中蛋氨酸+胱氨酸为第一限制级氨基酸;用必需氨基酸指数表征薏米为可用蛋白源,薏米糠为良好蛋白源;薏米氨基酸比值系数分为36.88,薏米糠氨基酸比值系数分为72.88,薏米糠中氨基酸较薏米中氨基酸更接近标准模式,营养价值更高,具有较大开发价值。     

八眉猪不同部位肌肉氨基酸组成分析及营养评价

为深入了解八眉猪氨基酸的营养价值,测定了八眉猪背肌、腹肌两个部位中的氨基酸含量,分析其氨基酸种类与比例,并基于FAO/WHO模式,对其营养价值进行了评价。结果表明,八眉猪背肌与腹肌两部位共检出17种氨基酸,除含量存在显著差异外,其分布、比例、构成表现出一致性。EAA/TAA、EAA/NAA完全符合FAO/WHO提出的理想蛋白的要求。蛋氨酸+胱氨酸为第一限制性氨基酸,赖氨酸含量高,氨基酸组成接近FAO/WHO模式,贴近标准蛋白模式,说明八眉猪有很高的营养价值。背肌、腹肌均含有丰富的风味氨基酸,占到氨基酸含量总量的近50%,腹肌较背肌味道更鲜美。青海八眉猪氨基酸种类齐全,营养价值高,且味道鲜美,作为地方优质猪种资源,具有开发潜力。     

发芽糙米蛋白质营养价值评价

通过对发芽糙米蛋白质和氨基酸组成特性变化的分析,评价了发芽糙米蛋白质的营养价值。发芽使糙米蛋白质、总氨基酸、必需氨基酸、支链氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸、抗氧化氨基酸的含量增加,必需氨基酸指数提高;增加的蛋白质主要是谷蛋白。发芽后赖氨酸和苏氨酸的含量增加较明显,但仍是限制性氨基酸;EAA组成模式更加符合FAO/WHO标准。发芽在一定程度上提高了糙米蛋白质的营养价值。     

不同品种马铃薯全粉蛋白质营养品质评价

为了解我国不同品种马铃薯全粉中蛋白质的营养品质,收集我国马铃薯主栽品种22个,分别制备成全粉,采用国际通用的WHO/FAO氨基酸评分模式及化学评分等评价方法对其蛋白质营养品质进行评价,并比较了不同品种间的差异。结果表明,22个品种马铃薯全粉粗蛋白含量范围为6.57~12.84 g/100 g DW,除色氨酸外,第一限制性氨基酸是亮氨酸;平均必需氨基酸含量占总氨基酸含量的41.92%,高于WHO/FAO推荐的必需氨基酸组成模式(36%),接近标准鸡蛋蛋白。从氨基酸评分、化学评分、必需氨基酸指数、生物价和营养指数可综合反映出大西洋蛋白的营养价值最高,夏波蒂、一点红次之;青薯9号、陇薯3号、中薯9号和中薯10号的蛋白营养价值较低,中薯11号最低。     

烘干对羊肚菌营养成分影响

分析烘干前后羊肚菌的粗多糖、粗纤维、蛋白质及氨基酸组成、营养元素含量等变化,采用国际通用营养评价标准评估二者蛋白质及氨基酸营养价值。结果表明:烘干后羊肚菌粗多糖增加,粗纤维下降,其它基本营养成分变化不大;烘干前后羊肚菌蛋白氨基酸比值系数分相对鸡蛋蛋白分别为82.49和74.72,相对FAO/WHO模式蛋白分别为87.21和79.82,烘干后氨基酸营养价值相对鸡蛋蛋白和FAO/WHO模式蛋白略有偏离;羊肚菌主要鲜味氨基酸谷氨酸和天冬氨酸分别增加了1.6倍和1.4倍;苦味和甜味氨基酸总含量不具显著性差异;主要的挥发性风味物质1-辛烯-3-醇含量降低了72%;苯乙醛和苯乙醇显著降低。结果表明,烘干对羊肚菌基本营养价值影响不大,但烘干前后风味各具特色。     

云南省野生牛肝菌与羊肚菌营养成分分析

分析了牛肝菌与羊肚菌的营养元素、多糖、蛋白质及氨基酸组成,采用国际通用营养评价标准评估二者蛋白质及氨基酸营养价值。结果表明:牛肝菌与羊肚菌均富含量磷、钾、铁、硒等营养元素,尤其是磷、钾,含量高达1.7 mg/g~4.8 mg/g、27.8 mg/g~35.4 mg/g。牛肝菌与羊肚菌的富含蛋白质和多糖,多糖与蛋白质含量分别为牛肝菌29.9%、12.35%;羊肚菌31.9%、8.35%。必需氨基酸占比,牛肝菌为49.59%、羊肚菌为49.64%。羊肚菌氨基酸评分、化学评分、必需氨基酸指数、生物价略高于牛肝菌,整体上牛肝菌评分接近联合国粮农组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,FAO)标准模式蛋白,而羊肚菌略高于联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization,FAO/WHO)标准模式蛋白,更接近鸡蛋蛋白。     

甲鱼蛋白质各组分的营养价值分析

根据溶解性质不同,将甲鱼蛋白质分为水溶蛋白、盐溶蛋白、醇溶蛋白和碱溶蛋白四种级分。分析各蛋白级分的含量、氨基酸组成,并对其营养价值进行评价。结果表明,甲鱼蛋白组分含量为:碱溶蛋白水溶蛋白盐溶蛋白醇溶蛋白。甲鱼蛋白粗粉及四种蛋白质组分中含有常见的17种氨基酸,其必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值和必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比值,均高于WHO/FAO的理想模式,其限制性氨基酸均为Met+Cys。其中,盐溶蛋白和碱溶蛋白组分的AAS值、CS值、EAAI值和PERⅠ值均接近或高于WHO/FAO推荐的理想模式,极具营养价值。     

Effect of soy addition on microwavable pocket-type flat doughs

Microwavable frozen baked goods are widely used by the food industry. However, the altered heat and mass transfer patterns associated with microwave radiation result in tough and rubbery baked products due to reduced plasticization of the polymers. Ingredients with high water-holding capacity and high content of polar lipids have been shown to enhance gluten plasticization and to improve water retention. Therefore, this study explored the physicochemical changes imparted by microwave baking of pocket-type flat doughs with and without soy added at 10%, 20%, and 26% and compared these to their conventionally baked counterparts. Microwave baking resulted in a soft, rubbery, and tough wheat product with increased "freezable" water. Soy was added to the formulation as a means to improve polymer plasticization. Conventional baking of soy doughs resulted in rubbery and tough products due to changes in water state and mobility (freezable water approximately 15 compared with 7.09 of the control). However, soy reduced the cohesiveness of the microwave baked products reaching the lowest value at 20% soy addition (cohesiveness 0.33 ± 1, comparable to that of the conventionally baked control). These data suggest that reduction of water mobility induced by soy proteins and polar lipids (confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis [TGA] and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance [1H NMR]) possibly plasticized the starch-gluten network of microwave baked soy doughs. Thus, soy was shown to improve the texture of microwave baked pocket-type flat doughs although further formula optimization is warranted. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Microwavable pocket-type flat doughs are used frequently by the food industry to enrobe meat, vegetable, and sweet items for convenient meal delivery. Microwave heating of such doughs induces the development of crustless products compared to conventionally baked products, resulting in a tough and rubbery texture. Partial substitution of wheat flour with soy, in the form of soy flour and soy milk powder, prevented the deleterious textural changes associated with microwave heating. These results suggest that soy is a functional ingredient for the textural improvement of microwavable pocket-type flat doughs.     

酱油中氨基甲酸乙酯形成机制、检测技术及控制研究进展

氨基甲酸乙酯是一种无色无臭的结晶体,且广泛存在于发酵食品中的水溶性“2A”级致癌物。该文阐述了氨基甲酸乙酯的致癌机理与形成机制,针对酱油中氨基甲酸乙酯的检测技术及控制措施的研究进展等方面进行综述,同时对其检测手段及减除技术的发展进行展望,以期为氨基甲酸乙酯在酱油制品中的深度研究提供参考。     

大豆蛋白凝胶制备及其影响因素的研究进展

大豆作为我国重要的粮食作物之一,具有较高的营养价值。凝胶性作为大豆分离蛋白重要的功能特性备受关注。大豆蛋白在产品中多用作多种配合物如水分子、糖类、脂质以及不稳定小分子活性物质的包埋载体,但大豆蛋白天然凝胶制品存在结构松散、成品率低等问题,极大地限制了其凝胶制品的应用与发展。本文从大豆分离蛋白凝胶形成机理进行解析,并对大豆蛋白构象及组成、多糖、脂质间的相互作用、离子强度等内在影响因素,以及物理、化学、生物等外部因素对凝胶形成产生的影响进行了深入探讨和系统分析,以期对今后大豆蛋白凝胶制品加工与利用提供理论依据。     

An in-house validated method for the determination of the dry matter content of soy sauce

European Legislation for the acceptable level of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in soy sauce specifies that the analytical result be normalised to a dry matter content of 40%. This paper describes the in-house testing and validation of a method for the determination of the dry matter content of soy sauces. The method is applicable to a wide range of soy sauces and similar products of varying thickness and water content. The dry matter content of 150 soy sauces and similar products was determined and was found to range from 13.6% to 77.2% with an average of 38.9%. Precision was determined to be to <0.2% and was independent of dry matter content over the range studied.     

Analysis of Lunasin in Commercial and Pilot Plant Produced Soybean Products and an Improved Method of Lunasin Purification

Abstract: Lunasin is a bioactive peptide present in soybean. It is important to quantify lunasin concentration in soy products to assess its potential impact as functional food. The objectives of this study were to analyze lunasin in commercial soymilk products and implement an efficient method to isolate and purify it from defatted soybean flour. Defatted soybean flour was suspended in water, and the extract was loaded in a pre‐equilibrated diethylaminoethyl column and bound proteins eluted using a step gradient of salt. Most lunasin was eluted from the column at 0.2 to 0.4M NaCl as quantified by immunoassays and purified using ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration techniques. Lunasin purity was ≥90% and a standard curve was used to quantify its concentration in soymilk products. Concentration of lunasin in soy products, including organic soymilk, soy protein shakes, and soy infant formulas, ranged from 1.78 to 9.26 mg lunasin/100 g product. The concentration per serving ranged from 1.59 ± 0.01 to 22.23 ± 0.74 mg lunasin with variability depending on brand and size per serving. Steam‐ground‐cooked soy had the highest concentration of lunasin (22.23 ± 0.74 mg/serving), similar to some commercial products. Ground‐cooked soymilk contained roughly half the concentration of lunasin (14.39 ± 1.4 mg/serving). Soy infant formulas that used soy protein isolate revealed lower concentrations of lunasin (P < 0.05). It was concluded that all soymilk products analyzed contained lunasin, and a more efficient method to isolate lunasin with higher purity was developed. Practical Application: Soy foods have shown to play a role in cardiovascular health prevention. The quantification of lunasin in commercially available soy products can add to the already existing health claim for soy foods and encourage consumers to include soy products in their diets.     

中国传统豆制品生产工业化过程中存在的问题

我国豆制品历史悠久,品种繁多,风味独特,营养丰富,因而成为东方传统食品中的一支奇葩。然而许多传统豆制品的生产工业化程度低,保质期短、卫生质量差,产品标准化程度低,品质不稳定。豆制品生产工业化、规模化是发展的必然趋势。从我国传统豆制品的现状看还存在着许多问题,制约着工业化生产。     

Evaluation of Sesame Flour as a Complementary Protein Source for Combinations with Soy and Corn Flours

Sesame products in combination with soy flour, were evaluated as a protein source. Proximate analyses, microbiological examination, determination of vitamins, minerals, selenium content, and nutritional evaluation were carried out. Monagas Aceitera variety flours are similar to other sesame proteins in composition but are higher in lysine and methioine. Enrichment with soy increased PER value for all sesame products. At commonly used fortification levels, sesame-soy blends may be as useful as soy alone for addition to corn-based foods. Some sesame flours and isolates might contain toxic amounts of selenium.     

Consumer acceptance of an extruded soy-based high-protein breakfast cereal

ABSTRACT:  Studies have shown the beneficial effects of soy and high-protein diets on weight loss. The objective of this study was to determine consumer acceptance of a soy-based high-protein breakfast cereal developed to be utilized for weight loss and control. Four formulations with soy flour content of 41%, 47%, 54%, and 60% (w/w) were processed by extrusion. The formulations met the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines to claim the role of soy protein in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and guidelines for high-protein and high-fiber foods. The effects of soy flour level, addition of cinnamon flavor, and evaluation with or without milk on acceptance were investigated. Overall acceptance of 3 of 8 cereal products was also compared to the acceptance of 5 commercial products in the "healthy" cereal category. Addition of up to 54% (w/w) soy flour resulted in comparable acceptance ratings to products with lower soy flour content. Addition of milk improved aroma and texture acceptance scores and addition of cinnamon flavor improved overall, aroma, and taste acceptance scores. Acceptance of the developed cereal products was not as high as the commercial products; however, it significantly increased when nutritional and cost information was presented. The results of this study demonstrated that with modification of the formulations, an acceptable high-protein soy-based cereal can be developed to increase protein consumption during breakfast meals, which can consequently aid in weight loss and control.     

The effects of soy on freezable bread dough: a magnetic resonance study

Hygroscopic soy ingredients were hypothesised to slow the rate of water migration in unleavened bread dough during frozen storage. Thawed soy (18% dry weight) and wheat dough samples were assessed using non-destructive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for up to 8 wks frozen storage time. MRI suggested a spatially homogeneous, net increase in proton mobility with frozen storage and, with solution state proton NMR, distinct "free" and "bound" states were discerned. T(2) relaxation times of the majority proton population suggested increased mobility with frozen storage time, and statistical difference from the fresh sample was seen later for the soy samples than the wheat samples. As seen by (13)C-solid state NMR, the crystallinity of the starch was not affected by either soy addition or frozen storage. In conclusion, addition of soy to bakery products led to slightly enhanced preservation of "fresh" characteristics of the dough during frozen storage.     

大力发展大豆制品的生产势在必行

<正> 在1993年,国务院颁布了《九十年代中国食物结构改革与发展纲要》,并批准成立国家食物与营养咨询委员会。根据我国人民的消费习惯和资源的供应情况,咨询委员会的专家提出了我国膳食结构的合理模式,即不提倡按照西欧主要增加动物蛋白的模式,而是在积极发展我国畜禽养植业的同时,增加动物蛋白质的供应,综合利用大豆等优质植物蛋白,实行两者并行的方针。因此提出实施“大豆行动计划”。 “大豆行动计划”的主要内容,是在肉、蛋、奶、鱼等动物一时难以大幅度