纵向磁场对Al-40%Cu过共晶合金定向凝固显微组织的影响

研究了纵向磁场对Al-40%Cu(质量分数)过共晶合金定向凝固显微组织的影响.结果表明,在温度梯度G_L=42.6K/cm,生长速率R=2μm/s,施加弱磁场时,Al_2Cu初生相由规则小平面状逐渐变得不规则,并趋向于非小平面方式生长,热电磁对流效应在不同尺度下影响界面前沿溶质分布及各相生长温度,微观尺度下影响初生相形貌,宏观尺度下改变糊状区长度,引起宏观偏析;施加较强磁场后,初生相呈现不规则胞状组织并紧密定向排列,这一现象主要归因于内生热电Lorentz力及磁晶各向异性.     

侧向凝固通道偏析的数值模拟

建立了二元系凝固过程通道偏析形成的数学模型,给出了描述焓与温度及固相分数耦合关系的表达式.在实验验证的基础上,对亚共晶与过共晶成分的NH4Cl-H2O侧向凝固通道偏析的形成位置与生长方向进行了数值模拟研究.模拟计算结果表明,偏析通道起源于糊状区,偏析通道中的富集溶质从糊状区流向液相区.为了维持偏析通道中的液体流动,枝晶间液体可通过糊状区从液相区得到补充.糊状区中富集溶质的流动方向取决于析出溶质的密度.NH4Cl-70%H2O侧向凝固时,析出的溶质密度较小,偏析通道倾斜向上生长,在糊状区上部形成A偏析.NH4Cl-90%H2O侧向凝固时,析出的溶质密度较大,在糊状区下部偏析通道倾斜向下生长.     

一种Ni-Fe-Cr基合金的凝固特征和偏析行为研究

采用定向凝固技术结合液淬法研究了一种Ni-Fe-Cr基合金平界面和枝晶生长条件下的凝固特征和溶质偏析行为。结果表明,合金的组成相为γ基体、MC型碳化物和γˊ沉淀强化相,凝固顺序为L→L+γ→L+γ+MC→γ+γˊ+MC。平界面生长条件下淬火界面两侧溶质含量测定结果表明, Ti、Nb和Mo元素富集于液相,溶质分配系数小于1。Fe元素富集于固相,溶质分配系数大于1。Al和Cr元素在液固两相中浓度差别较小,溶质分配系数接近1。此外,固/液界面前沿存在溶质边界层,边界层内溶质原子通过扩散传输,边界层外主要借助流动传输。枝晶与平界面生长的溶质偏析行为基本一致,然而,枝晶生长时糊状区残余液相中溶质浓度与平界面生长时固/液界面前沿溶质浓度存在显著差别。枝晶生长条件下糊状区溶质偏析程度显著高于稳态生长区,固相反扩散和MC型碳化物的析出显著降低枝晶偏析程度。     

横向静磁场对激光熔化增材制造Al-12%Si合金凝固组织的影响

利用送粉式激光熔化3D打印工艺,研究了外加横向稳恒磁场对3D打印Al-12%Si合金构件凝固组织的影响。结果表明,在有/无横向稳恒磁场下,激光熔化单道薄壁试样的宏观凝固组织未发生明显改变,其主要以白亮带(以α-Al相为主)和灰暗区(以Al-Si共晶相为主)为基本单元叠加构成。而微观组织分析表明,无磁场时灰暗区内的初生α-Al相呈柱状枝晶形态,施加了0.35 T横向稳恒磁场后,试样灰暗区内的初生α-Al相全部转变为等轴枝晶形态,且枝晶臂发达。基于热电磁力及其Hartman无量纲数(用于表征稳恒磁场对金属熔体流动抑制作用的参数)估算分析表明,0.35 T稳恒磁场下,作用于初生α-Al枝晶上的热电磁力可达10~5N/m~3量级;Hartman数远大于10,表明激光熔化微小金属熔池中强烈的Marigoni以及热溶质对流一定程度上被抑制。分析认为,稳恒磁场下凝固组织灰暗区内α-Al相柱状枝晶向等轴枝晶的转变是固相中热电磁力(约10~5N/m~3)对枝晶的破碎作用导致,而等轴枝晶发达的枝晶臂则是横向稳恒磁场抑制熔体流动的结果。     

一种亚共析铀铌合金的凝固特点及显微偏析研究

分析了一种亚共析U-Nb合金的凝固过程,获得了该合金的固相线、液相线温度和固-液两相区的残余液相体积。发现凝固末期残余液体不能形成液体网,凝固枝晶很快互相连接,形成一些较大的孤立的液体池。凝固末期这种不能补缩的液体池易形成严重的疏松,理论初步计算合金的显微疏松量约为1.6%。发现合金中铌是严重的负偏析合金元素,凝固中期和凝固末期偏析系数k仅为0.16和0.11,极易在枝晶干偏聚造成枝晶偏析。     

固溶处理参数对一种单晶高温合金微观偏析的影响

采用液态金属冷却法,对一种含4wt.％Re的单晶高温合金进行高温度梯度定向凝固试验,并通过改变固溶处理温度和时间对其进行多步固溶处理.结果表明:高温度梯度定向凝固可以显著地细化枝晶,降低Re、W、Ta等难熔元素的枝晶偏析;溶质的特征扩散距离也随枝晶的细化而减小,经多步固溶处理后,合金各组元的残余偏析程度显著降低;此外,适当提高固溶热处理温度,可以起到减轻枝晶偏析的作用.     

电磁搅拌对GH3030高温合金铸态组织的影响

通过试验研究了电磁搅拌对高温合金GH3030铸坯的凝固组织及凝固过程中溶质分布的影响。GH3030合金的凝固微观组织为单相奥氏体,电磁搅拌可以打碎枝晶、促进形核,明显细化其晶粒,得到组织致密,晶粒细小的凝固组织。没有电磁搅拌的情况下,铸坯的宏观偏析和微观偏析都比较严重。通过施加电磁搅拌,熔体的流动使得熔体内的传热得到改善,凝固前沿温度梯度变小,同时促进溶质富集区液体与熔体其他部分的混合,从而减轻了Cr元素在铸坯中的宏观偏析和微观偏析,使Cr元素分布的更加均匀,铸坯质量得到提高。     

横向磁场对镍基高温合金定向凝固组织的影响

研究了横向磁场对镍基高温合金DZ417G定向凝固显微组织的影响. 在较低生长速率条件下, 磁场显著影响合金的枝晶生长和宏观偏析. 施加磁场后一次枝晶间距减小并在沿磁场方向试样的左侧出现了“斑状”偏析. 随着生长速率的增加, 磁场的影响减弱. 从磁场在合金熔体中诱发热电磁对流, 并影响枝晶生长的角度对实验结果进行了分析.     

Pb-Sn合金凝固通道偏析的实验与数值模拟研究

通过实验和数值模拟研究了Pb-19%Sn合金侧向凝固过程中的通道偏析.结果表明:铸锭侧向冷却时,糊状区中的富集溶质(Sn)由于密度小而向上运动.固相分数愈大,枝晶间流动强度愈小.偏析通道中的富集溶质相对于周围凝固时间长;通道由糊状区向最后凝固区域生长.侧向凝固的铸锭在顶部形成正偏析,在底部形成负偏析,在表面形成"沟槽"偏析,在铸锭内部形成A形偏析.基于本文数学模型的数值模拟结果与实验模拟结果一致,可反映侧向凝固与通道偏析的形成规律.     

磁场对Zn-35％Al-2.5％Cu-1.5％Mn合金显微组织演化的影响

研究了直流横向稳恒磁场对Zn-35％Al-2.5％Cu-1.5％Mn合金凝固显微组织演化的影响.磁感应强度通过回路中励磁电流(60A、80 A、100 A、120 A)进行控制,定向凝固的牵引速度R分别取50 μm/s、100 μm/s、150μm/s和200 μm/s.保持定向凝固温度梯度不变,使用自制Bridgman定向凝固设备进行实验.结果表明,因磁场的存在,产生热电磁流体动力学(TEMHD)效应,促进凝固界面糊状区熔体流动,有利于原子扩散,显微组织粗化.在某确定的定向凝固工艺参数下,随着磁感应强度增加,即励磁电流逐渐增大,TEMHD效应增强,显微组织粗化显著;恒定磁感应强度下,随着牵引速度增加,凝固时间缩短,磁场促进熔体流动作用被抑制,显微组织细化.理论分析表明,磁场对熔体具有促进流动、抑制流动的双重作用.     

Grain Refinement During Directionally Solidifying GCr18Mo Steel at Low Pulling Speeds Under an Axial Static Magnetic Field

The present work investigates how axial static magnetic field affects the solidification structure and the solute distribution in directionally solidified GCr18Mo steel. Experimental results show that grain refinement and the columnar to equiaxed transition is enhanced with the increases in the magnetic field intensity(B) and temperature gradient(G) and the decrease in the growth speed. This phenomenon is simultaneously accompanied by more uniformly distributed alloying elements.The corresponding numerical simulations verify a thermoelectric(TE) magnetic convection pattern in the mushy zone due to the interaction between the magnetic field and TE current. The TE magnetic convection in the liquid should be responsible for the motion of dendrite fragments. The TE magnetic force acting on the dendrite is one of the driving forces trigging fragmentation.     

Phase-field-lattice Boltzmann simulation of dendrite growth under natural convection in multicomponent superalloy solidification

The thermosolutal convection can alter segregation pattern,change dendrite morphology and even cause freckles formation in alloy solidification.In this work,the multiphase-field model was coupled with lattice Boltzmann method to simulate the dendrite growth under melt convection in superalloy solidification.In the isothermal solidification simulations,zero and normal gravitational accelerations were applied to investigate the effects of gravity on the dendrite morphology and the magnitude of melt flow.The solute distribution of each alloy component along with the dendrite tip velocity during solidification was obtained,and the natural convection has been confirmed to affect the microsegregation pattern and the dendrite growth velocity.In the directional solidification simulations,two typical temperature gradients were applied,and the dendrite morphology and fluid velocity in the mushy zone during solidification were analyzed.It is found that the freckles will form when the average fluid velocity in the mushy zone exceeds the withdraw velocity.     

Tailoring Microstructure and Microsegregation in a Directionally Solidified Ni-Based SX Superalloy by a Weak Transverse Static Magnetic Field

A weak transverse static magnetic field (WTSMF, 0-0.5 T) is applied to the directional solidification process of a DD3 Ni-based SX superalloy, aiming to tailor the microstructure and microsegregation of alloys. The mechanisms of microstructural refinement and microsegregation distribution caused by a WTSMF during directional solidification are discussed. It is shown that the primary dendrite arm spacing is rapidly reduced from 181 to 143 μm, and the average size of γ′ phase is significantly refined from 0.85 to 0.25 μm as the magnetic field increases from 0 to 0.5 T. At the same time, the volume fractions of γ/γ′ eutectic and the segregation coefficient are also gradually decreased. The 3D numerical simulations of the multiscale convection in liquid phase show that the modifications of the microstructure and microsegregation in DD3 are mainly attributed to the enhanced liquid flow caused by thermoelectric magnetic convection (TEMC) at dendrite/sample scale under the WTSMF. The maximum of the TEMC increases with increasing the magnetic field intensity. This work paves a simple way to optimize the microstructure and microsegregation in directionally solidified Ni-based SX superalloys without changing the processing parameters and composition.     

行波磁场对定向凝固Pb-Sn合金枝晶生长的影响

在1g的重力加速度条件下,研究熔体对流对向上生长的定向凝固Pb-33%Sn合金枝晶生长行为的影响。熔体对流由行波磁场进行调制。当行波磁场方向由向上转变为向下时,一次枝晶间距逐渐增大,一次枝晶间距的分布更加紧凑,且峰值趋于降低。分析表明：行波磁场对熔体对流的调制作用与改变重力加速度的效果类似,当抽拉速率为50μm/s,行波磁场强度为1mT时,在向上和向下的行波磁场作用下有效重力加速度分别为3.07g和0.22g。     

Effect of Transverse Static Magnetic Field on Microstructure of Al-12% Si Alloys Fabricated by Powder-Blow Additive ManufacturingEI北大核心CSCD

Due to the great advantage in manufacturing component with complex structures, additive manufacturing (3D print), essentially the rapid solidification of tiny metallic molten pool (hemisphere like with diameter ranging from dozens of microns to several millimeters) has become an important formation technique. Using powder laser melting, the effect of transverse static magnetic field on the solidified structure of additive manufactured Al-12% Si alloy was studied. The macrostructure was formed by white band (mainly primary alpha-Al phase) and dark grey area (mainly eutectic phase) and no obvious influence was presented with or without static transverse magnetic field of 0.35 T. However, for the microstructure, the primary alpha-Al in dark grey area formed as columnar structure without magnetic field was found to transform to dendritic like with developed dendrite arms when under a static transverse magnetic field. The analysis on thermoelectricity and dimensionless Hartman parameter which used to characterize the restriction of static magnetic field on molten flows show that under a static transverse magnetic field of 0.35 T, the thermoelectric magnetic force can be as high as a magnitude of 10(5) N/m(3), and Hartman values is far more than 10. The results indicate that the Marigoni and thermosolutal convection in laser melting pool was restricted. The transform from columnar to equiaxed dendrite of primary alpha-Al in dark grey area under static magnetic field was attributed to the fragmentation by thermoelectric magnetic force (10(5) N/m(3)) in solid phase. In addition, the formation of high order dendrite arms was supposed to be caused by the restriction of static magnetic field on the melt.     

纵向磁场对不同尺寸定向凝固高温合金DZ417G组织的影响

进行了外加纵向静磁场下高温合金DZ417G的定向凝固实验,考察了纵向磁场对不同尺寸试样凝固组织形貌的影响.结果显示,在温度悌度为70℃/cm,抽拉速率为5μm/s时,施加磁场后一次枝晶间距减小,并在试样边缘出现等轴晶组织;随着试样尺寸的增大,在试样边缘和中心的柱状枝晶组织遭到破坏,形成等轴晶组织,且出现"斑状"偏析.这些现象可归结为磁场在固/液界面前沿合金熔体中诱发的热电磁对流(TEMC)所致.     

Effect of Gravity on Directionally Solidified Structure of SuperalloysEI北大核心CSCD

分别利用常规下抽拉法与新型上提拉法进行不同方向的高温合金定向凝固实验,对比研究重力对单晶铸件凝固组织的影响。结果表明,在常规下抽拉法实验的向上凝固过程中,容易出现雀斑、γ/γ’共晶上聚和籽晶回熔紊乱等问题。原因是糊状区内液体由于元素偏析引起密度减小,在重力作用下形成了上重下轻的失稳状态并引起对流。而通过新型上提拉法实现的顺重力凝固过程中,密度减小的液体处于糊状区上端,形成上轻下重的稳定状态,使重力的作用由失稳因素转化为维持稳定的因素,抑制了液体对流的产生与发展。采用新型上提拉法制备的单晶铸件中彻底消除了雀斑缺陷,抑制了γ/γ’共晶组织的向上聚集,也保证了低密度籽晶稳定的回熔和外延生长。顺重力定向凝固技术从根本上消除了重力对高温合金定向凝固的不良影响,有希望发展成为新一代的先进单晶叶片成型技术。     

磁场对偏晶合金定向凝固组织的影响

横向均匀静态磁场可以有效地抑制定向凝固过程中熔体中的对流;磁场的作用使偏晶系 Ａｌ６ ．５ Ｂｉ 合金纤维组织间距和纤维直径减小,而且组织分布更加均匀。     

磁场类型对金属凝固机理的影响研究综述*

利用磁场辅助制备的合金综合性能优异,广泛应用在工业生产、交通运输、航空航天等领域。不同磁场参数环境下合金硬度、耐磨性等服役性能有所差异,作用机理复杂多变。对新工艺驱动下不同磁场对金属凝固过程的作用规律进行总结, 弥补目前磁场辅助金属表面加工方法的研究短板,对金属表面工程发展有重大意义。归纳科研人员在不同磁场环境对金属表面加工的研究探索,分析对比金属材料在不同类型磁场环境下的晶核形核和生长过程差异,总结金属凝固过程在不同磁场下的变化规律,如晶界形貌改善、形核率提高、晶粒细化等。从晶粒微观形貌和合金宏观性能表现两方面出发,分析磁场作用下熔体内部传热传质变化,揭示稳恒磁场、脉冲磁场和交变磁场对金属凝固影响的作用机理,讨论不同参数的磁场对熔体作用效果差异,如磁场对熔池内部流动扰动、熔体内带电粒子受到的洛伦兹力等。综上,晶粒细化、合金性能提高是磁场作用下熔池传热传质变化和磁场作用力的综合体现。综合研究对比稳恒磁场、脉冲磁场和交变磁场对金属凝固的作用特点和作用机理,综述金属凝固领域当前热点问题,有助于统一磁场环境下金属凝固机理的争论,填补磁场环境下金属表面加工工艺的空白,对推进高性能金属表面制备研究有借鉴意义。     

Microstructure refinement of AZ91D alloy solidified with pulsed magnetic field

The effects of pulsed magnetic field on the solidified microstructure of an AZ91D magnesium alloy were investigated. The experimental results show that the remarkable microstructural refinement is achieved when the pulsed magnetic field is applied in the solidification of AZ91D alloy. The average grain size of the as-cast microstructure of AZ91D alloy is refined to 104 μm. Besides the grain refinement, the morphology of the primary α-Mg is changed from dendritic to rosette, then to globular shape with changing the parameters of the pulsed magnetic field. The pulsed magnetic field causes melt convection during solidification, which makes the temperature of the whole melt homogenized, and produces an undercooling zone in front of the liquid/solid interface by the magnetic pressure, which makes the nucleation rate increased and big dendrites prohibited. In addition, primary α-Mg dendrites break into fine crystals, resulting in a refined solidification structure of the AZ91D alloy. The Joule heat effect induced in the melt also strengthens the grain refinement effect and spheroidization of dendrite arms.