油井腐蚀结垢原因及防治措施

由于油井属于深井作业,地质条件十分复杂,随着油井开采年限增加,油井腐蚀结垢问题越来越突出,油井免修期不断缩短,导致油井生产量下降,严重影响到油井开采效益,给开采企业造成巨大的经济损失。本文主要分析了油井腐蚀结垢的原因,并结合案例探讨了油井腐蚀结垢防治措施,希望改善油井腐蚀结垢问题,提高油井开采工作效率。     

高温下湿相CO_2腐蚀水泥石的评价方法

本文提出了CO2对油井水泥腐蚀的评价方法,并从分析不同养护条件下腐蚀产物的形貌及微观结构、主要腐蚀作用形式和腐蚀作用过程等方面,深入研究分析了CO2对油井水泥产生腐蚀作用机理,揭示CO2对油井水泥的腐蚀作用规律。     

HPNA抽油杆多功能防腐防磨器应用与实施

随着油田进入高含水开发阶段,油井腐蚀偏磨逐渐加剧,目前广泛采取的防腐措施主要采取周期套管加药的方法控制油井腐蚀,但是,有很多井单靠套管加药不能够很好的解决油井腐蚀问题,我们必须采用井下防腐防偏工具来缓解油井的腐蚀现状。     

汊涧地区油井腐蚀原因及预防措施

针对汊涧地区油井由于腐蚀结垢严重影响区块正常生产的问题,通过对油井采出液、腐蚀结垢产物、细菌含量进行分析,探讨了油井腐蚀结垢的机理、影响因素,在室内优选出适合本地区油井的杀菌剂,现场通过油套环空连续滴加杀菌剂的方法来防止油井管杆腐蚀,取得了很好的效果。     

孤东油田聚合物驱油井腐蚀原因浅析

通过查阅文献资料,初步得出可能造成孤东油井腐蚀的因素;通过室内实验分析了造成孤东油井腐蚀的原因,结合现场解剖情况最终确定了导致孤东油田聚合物驱油井腐蚀的原因。     

油管阴极保护器在腐蚀井中的应用

为了解决文卫濮结合部卫79断块区的油井腐蚀严重问题，通过对油井腐蚀的研究，发现油水井中由于使用的金属材料材质不同而引起电化学腐蚀，采用牺牲阳极阴极保护技术，进行现场使用，经济效益明显，利于治理改善油井的腐蚀状况。     

油井井下管柱腐蚀监测技术在中原油田卫79块的研究与应用

本文介绍了油井井下管柱腐蚀状况监测技术,技术原理是运用723分光光度计测定油井产出水中的铁离子含量,同时提供了腐蚀判断标准,它能很好地指导油井投加油井缓蚀剂治理腐蚀。本文介绍了该技术在卫79块的典型应用实例。结果表明该技术能节约50%缓蚀剂。     

油井常见的腐蚀形态特征分析

腐蚀是困扰人类生产和生活的一类普遍现象,石油行业的油井同样也不例外,仅靖边油田油井每年因腐蚀造成的直接经济损失就达3870万元,故油井腐蚀机理及防腐技术研究应是靖边油田管理的一项重要任务。本文在油田腐蚀类型研究的基础上详细介绍了不同腐蚀类型的形态特征,有助于研究其腐蚀机理,采取有针对性防治措施。     

赵凹油田油井腐蚀治理对策

本文对赵凹油田油井腐蚀进行全面介绍,摸清腐蚀原因并找到相应治理对策,从而减少油井腐蚀躺井作业,达到降低生产成本的目的。     

延长油田高含水油井井筒腐蚀影响因素分析及防护措施

针对延长油田高含水油井井筒腐蚀比较严重的问题,采用挂片失重法,以目标区块油井井筒钢材和采出液为研究对象,系统评价了油井采出液含水率、试验时间、试验温度、溶解氧(ρ)以及采出液pH值对井筒钢材腐蚀速率的影响,并有针对性地提出了适合延长油田高含水油井的缓蚀剂防腐蚀措施。试验结果表明：随着油井采出液含水率、试验温度以及溶解氧质量浓度的升高,延长油田高含水油井井筒钢材的腐蚀速率逐渐升高;而随着试验时间的延长和采出液pH值的升高,井筒钢材的腐蚀速率则逐渐降低。缓蚀剂HSR-2能够有效降低延长油田高含水油井井筒钢材的腐蚀速率,当其加量为800 mg/L时,缓蚀效率可以达到95%以上,缓蚀效果较好,能够显著降低油井井筒钢材的腐蚀速率,延长作业周期,提高油田的整体开发效率。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。