固溶时间对半固态挤压成形Al-17Si-4Cu-0.5Mg合金组织及力学性能的影响

采用半固态挤压成形工艺制备过共晶Al-17Si-4Cu-0.5Mg合金,研究固溶时间对过共晶Al-17Si-4Cu-0.5Mg合金组织及性能的影响.结果表明,随着固溶时间的增加,Si相出现球化,固溶时间为10 h时,共晶Si的圆整度为0.72.铸态下Si相周围富集较高浓度的Cu元素,固溶1 h后,Cu元素快速固溶到基体中.固溶时间从1 h增加到16 h,在XRD曲线上的θ(Al2 Cu)和Q(Al5 Si6 Cu2 Mg8)相的衍射峰强降低,合金基体中的位错密度大量减少.经180℃,时效处理12 h后,组织中析出针状的θ'相和短棒状的Q'相.随着固溶时间的增加,合金强度值呈现"双峰"现象.固溶1h后,合金的抗拉强度为269 MPa,屈服强度为233 MPa,与未热处理合金相比,抗拉强度和屈服强度分别提高了43.3％和42.7％,合金强度的提高是由于在固溶初期基体中仍有较大的位错密度,时效处理后析出相对位错有较强的钉扎阻碍作用.固溶时间为10 h时,合金的抗拉强度为311 MPa,屈服强度为263 MPa,达到第二个强度峰值,Si相的圆整化和细小析出相的弥散强化作用是形成第二个强度峰的主要原因.     

Mn、Fe含量对3003铝合金铸锭均匀化行为的影响

通过电导率测试、扫描电子显微镜等观察分析,研究了不同Mn、Fe含量对3003合金铸锭和均匀化组织的影响。3003合金铸锭中有明显的波纹状Mn偏析,晶界处有粗大的α-Al(Fe,Mn)Si或Al₆(Fe,Mn)初生相。Fe含量由0.12%(质量分数)升高至0.30%,铸锭平均晶粒尺寸由257 μm减小为108 μm,初生相面积分数由1.28%升高至3.75%;Mn含量越高,合金电导率值越低。均匀化升温阶段,析出相主要受形核和长大过程控制,并伴随较高温度下析出相的部分回溶;600 ℃保温阶段,析出相以Ostwald熟化和原子长程扩散两种机制发生粗化,尺寸不断增大,数量减少;合金均匀化晶界附近有无析出带形成。合金Mn含量由1.15%升高至1.60%,析出相回溶温度由500 ℃升高至550 ℃,600 ℃保温12 h完成后,析出相尺寸也由149.0 nm升高至342.5 nm;高Fe低Mn(0.30%Fe,1.15%Mn)合金晶内析出相分布均匀,而低Fe高Mn(0.12%Fe,1.60%Mn)合金晶内析出相呈不均匀分布,晶粒心部及枝晶干处贫Mn区析出相数量较少。     

1973铝合金铸态组织及均匀化退火组织研究

采用光学金相显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线、DSC等分析手段研究了1973高强铝合金铸态和均匀化态的显微组织和成分分布.结果表明:合金铸态组织为枝晶结构,主要存在α-Al,MgZn2(η相)和Al2CuMg(S相),还存在少量的Al13(FeCu)4相.其中MgZn2相中固溶部分Al原子和Cu原子,Al2CuMg相中固溶分布Zn原子.该合金合适的均匀化处理工艺为470℃/24h.均匀化后,原铸态合金中的MgZn2(η相)和Al2CuMg(S相)回溶到基体,仅残留少量Al13(FeCu)4相和Al7Cu2Fe相,晶内析出大量弥散分布的球形Al3Zr粒子.     

强磁场对Fe65Co10Nd8B17非晶合金薄带晶化行为的影响

通过X射线衍射和透射电镜手段研究了强磁场对Fe65Co10Nd8B17非晶合金晶化行为的影响。结果显示：在Fe65Co10Nd8B17非晶合金的晶化过程中,磁场抑制Nd2Fe23B3相的析出,促进Nd2Fe14B和α-Fe相的析出。通过对显微结构的分析,发现在晶化过程中,磁场起到了细化晶粒的作用,同时使晶粒分布更加均匀。通过考虑强磁场对晶化过程中体系自由能的影响,探讨了强磁场抑制晶粒尺寸长大的机理。     

强磁场对Al-7%Si合金凝固过程中初生α-Al枝晶分布的影响

采用超导强磁场装置研究了磁场强度对有、无细化剂颗粒Al-7%Si(质量分数)合金凝固组织的作用效果。研究发现,施加强磁场使无细化剂颗粒合金中的初生α-Al枝晶转变为发达枝晶形貌,二次枝晶生长充分,三次枝晶分支明显,枝晶尖端清晰可见;晶粒细化,且枝晶主轴与磁场方向呈30°规则排列。施加强磁场后初生α-Al枝晶数量和Si在α-Al中的溶解度都有少量增加。强磁场抑制添加细化剂合金熔体中的对流,加剧了Ti的重力偏析,使初生α-Al相出现明显枝晶化趋势,方向性增强,枝晶臂粗化明显。     

均匀化处理对Cu-20%Fe复合材料组织与性能的影响

Cu-Fe复合材料具有低廉的成本、良好的变形能力和优异的强化效果,从而得到国内外研究者广泛的关注,但Fe在Cu基体中有很高的固溶度,且在低温下很难析出。研究了1 000℃均匀化热处理对Cu-20%(质量分数)Fe复合材料微观组织、力学和导电性能的影响规律。均匀化热处理使发达Fe枝晶发生断裂和球化,这使得在随后的形变过程中Fe纤维的尺寸减小,纤维间距细化14%~24%。经均匀化热处理的试样的强度和导电率都比未经处理的试样高4%~10%,这主要是由于均匀后热处理使得Fe枝晶球化并促进了Fe的析出。     

长时间热暴露对Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金微观组织的影响

采用透射电镜观察、能谱分析等手段,研究了经多级断续时效处理后的高纯Al-4.5Cu-0.4Mg-0.4Ag合金在不同热暴露条件下的微观组织演变。结果表明：在不施加应力条件下,晶内主要强化相Ω能够在150℃长期稳定存在,但θ′相有所长大且析出数量明显增加;提高热暴露温度至200℃,Ω相和θ′相均发生明显长大,部分Ω相向平衡相θ转变,同时晶内析出一定数量的新相σ相;在较高热暴露温度200℃施加恒应力200MPa时,将促进θ′相和尺寸较小的Ω相向晶内回溶,并加速尺寸较大Ω相的粗化。此外,平衡相S相在晶内优先析出。     

铸造Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr-Sc合金热处理析出相转变及其对力学性能的影响

目的 为满足高速列车关键部件的轻量化需求,开发高性能铸造铝合金。方法 熔炼铸造了低锌、低镁且含微量钪的Al-5.78Zn-1.63Mg-1.75Cu-0.17Zr-0.22Sc(质量分数)合金,对合金实施了双级均匀化处理及“固溶+时效”(T6)工艺,结合光镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)及透射电镜(TEM)多种分析测试手段,对比研究合金在铸态、均匀化态及T6处理态下的微观组织特征,重点关注了析出相的演变,并通过室温拉伸性能实验测试合金的力学性能。结果 铸态合金中的析出相以粗大的Mg(Zn,Cu,Al)₂相为主,且分布于晶界或枝晶界,在室温拉伸过程中粗大的Mg(Zn,Cu,Al)₂相割裂基体,造成合金在弹性变形阶段的脆断,基本无伸长率;双级均匀化处理后,晶界及枝晶间的第二相明显减少,晶内析出了大量的针状相Mg(Zn,Cu,Al)₂,而T6处理后,晶内针状相基本消失,时效过程中析出以η’-MgZn₂相为主的高密度弥散分布纳米析出相,其平均尺寸为(9.2±0.9)n...     

碳含量对Ti-60合金时效过程中硅化物的影响

Ti-60合金在β和α β相区固溶处理后空冷,形成的片状组织和双态组织中没有硅化物析出.随后在700～800℃时效处理168 h,在α/β片层界面、α片层内及初生α相内析出S2类型的硅化物(Ti,Zr)6Si3.C的加入阻碍硅化物在界面处和基体中的形核和长大,降低硅化物的析出速率.随着合金中C含量的增加,显著减小时效过程中硅化物的析出尺寸,这是由于C的加入,基体中固溶Si的能力增加及Zr原子扩散速度降低所导致的结果.相同温度下时效处理,双态组织中析出的硅化物尺寸比片状组织大.时效温度升高,硅化物的析出直径增大.     

微波场作用下非晶合金Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9的纳米晶化

研究了微波场对晶化的影响.结果表明,将非晶合金Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13 5B9在微波场作用下在480℃短时间(5 min)晶化处理,形成体积分数为80%、尺寸约15nm的α-Fe(Si)相;适当延长晶化时间(30 min)使非晶合金完全晶化,α-Fe(Si)相的晶粒不再长大,原子层之间的距离降低至0.2461 nm,磁体具有最大Ms为1.79 T.与激光、激波、脉冲电场和脉冲磁场晶化处理相比,微波场晶化处理可同时获得单一的、更小晶粒尺寸和更高体积分数的α-Fe(Si)晶化相,使合金具有高的饱和磁化强度和优良的软磁性能.微波场有利于非晶合金中的硼原子向空位跃迁,使基体金属相α-Fe(Si)相的形核率增大,促进非晶合金的纳米晶化.     

Copper–Iron Filamentary Microcomposites

The Cu–Fe system is of particular interest because of the relatively low cost of Fe compared to other insoluble BCC phases such as Nb, Mo, Cr, and Ta. The relatively high solubility of Fe in Cu at high temperatures, coupled with the slow kinetics of Fe precipitation at low temperatures is, however, known to reduce electrical conductivity. The key to improving strength/conductivity properties is to reduce the initial dendrite size and to precipitate Fe effectively in the Cu matrix. Thermomechanical treatments have been employed by some investigators to optimize the strength and conductivity of Cu–Fe microcomposites. The study also shows that refinement of dendrites and easier nucleation of precipitates by the addition of third alloying elements can lead to improved strength/conductivity properties of Cu–Fe microcomposites.     

Microstructure Evolution of the Proeutectic Cu Dendrites in Diamagnetic Cu-Ag Alloys by Electromagnetic Suppressing Convection

The influence of a 12 T high static magnetic field on microstructures of the proeutectic Cu dendrites in the diamagnetic Cu-Ag alloy has been investigated. Our experimental results show that the length of the Cu dendrites arm is decreased by 10 % and the dendrite arm spacing is increased when the Cu-25 %Ag alloys are solidified in a 12 T static magnetic field. The applied magnetic field also enriches the average weight percent of Ag in Cu dendrites. Our analysis demonstrates that these effects are essentially attributed to the solute redistributions and temperature gradients of the convection suppression by the electromagnetic forces.     

Effects of high magnetic fields on solidification microstructure of Al–Si alloys

The effects of high magnetic fields on the solidification microstructure of Al–Si alloys were investigated. Al–7.2 wt%Si and Al–11.8 wt%Si alloys were solidified in various high magnetic fields at different cooling rates. The secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) of the primary Al dendrites and the lamellar spacing (LS) of the eutectics were measured. It was found that the application of a high magnetic field could decrease the SDAS of the primary Al dendrites in Al–7.2 wt%Si alloys and the LS of the eutectics in Al–11.8 wt%Si alloys. The effects of the high magnetic field on the SDAS decreased with increasing cooling rate. The decrease in the SDAS and LS can be attributed to the decrease of the solute diffusivity in the liquid ahead of the solid/liquid interface during the growth of the dendrite and eutectic. This decrease is caused by the high magnetic field which can damp the convection and avoid its contributions to the diffusion.     

Cu2Fe2Ag 原位复合材料的组织和性能

系统研究了合金元素Ag 对Cu2 Fe 原位复合材料微观组织、力学性能和导电性能的影响规律。采用熔铸2 形变法分别制备了Cu2 12 wt%Fe、Cu214 wt%Fe2 1 wt%Ag、Cu2 14 wt%Fe2 3 wt%Ag 和Cu2 11 wt%Fe2 6 wt%Ag4 种原位复合材料。测试了不同应变下材料的抗拉强度和电阻率。采用扫描电镜(SEM) 观察了材料的微观组织演变和拉伸断口形貌, 用能谱仪( EDS) 分析了Fe 和Ag 在Cu 基体中的分布。结果表明, 添加Ag 可以细化初生的Fe 枝晶, 强化Cu 基体, 降低高温下Fe 在Cu 中的固溶度, 材料的强度和电导率同时得到提高。但添加Ag 后, 材料的塑性变形能力降低, 在较低的应变下, 拉伸试样的断口就表现出剪切断裂特征。      

磁性纳米制冷剂冷却回路热磁对流特性研究

建立磁性纳米制冷剂Fe3O4-R600a冷却回路的热磁对流特性实验系统,研究了磁场分布、磁场强度、加热功率、冷却温度等对热磁对流特性的影响。结果表明：外磁场对磁性纳米流体热磁对流过程的影响非常明显,可无须机械泵驱动而实现能量的自主传递过程,冷却回路中的磁流体循环流动和传热性能取决于外磁场与温度的协同作用,应用外磁场有效可控制冷却回路的运行特性。     

Effect of cooling rate on dynamic magnetization of Fe86Zr7B6Cu nanocrystalline alloy

The complex permeability spectra in Fe₈₆Zr₇B₆Cu nanocrystalline alloy are studied by varying ac field amplitude and the cooling rate after annealing. It is shown that the initial permeability and the relaxation frequency strongly depend on the extent of domain wall pining. Slow cooling may result in the nucleation of the short-range atomic ordering in domain walls, whereas fast cooling may induce internal stress. Both the too slow cooling and the too fast cooling would make the additional pinning sites form in domain walls, which may strengthen the domain wall pining and make the permeability decrease and the relaxation frequency increase. The control of cooling rate is one of most important factors to improve the soft magnetic properties of Fe₈₆Zr₇B₆Cu nanocrystalline alloy.     

Computer Modeling of the Evolution of Dendrite Microstructure in Binary Alloys During Non-isothermal Solidification

Two-dimensional simulations of the evolution of dendrite microstructure during isothermal and non-isothermal solidifications of a Ni-0.41Cu binary alloy are carried out using the phase-field method. The governing evolution equation for the phase field variable, the solute mole fraction and the temperature are formulated and numerically solved using an explicit finite difference scheme. To make the computations tractable, parallel computing is employed. The results obtained show that under lower cooling rates, the solidification process is controlled by partitioning of the solute between the solid and the liquid at the solid/liquid interface. At high cooling rates, on the other hand, solute trapping takes place and solidification is controlled by the heat extraction rate. An increase in the cooling rate is also found to have a pronounced effect on the dendrite microstructure causing it to change from poorly developed dendrites consisting of only primary stalks, via fully developed dendrites containing secondary and tertiary arms to the diamond-shaped grains with cellular surfaces. These findings are in excellent agreement with experimental observations.     

Effects of supercooling and cooling rate on the microstructure of Cu–Co–Fe alloys

The effects of supercooling and cooling rate on the microstructure of ternary Cu–Fe–Co alloys were investigated. Electromagnetic levitation was used to supercool the liquids down by 180 K. Alloys with 11 at.% Cu and less than 19 at.% Fe contained fcc (Fe, Co) and fcc Cu phases; those with 19 to 23 at.% Fe contained bcc (Fe, Co), fcc (Fe, Co) and fcc Cu; those with more than 23 at.% Fe contained bcc (Fe, Co) and fcc Cu. The primary dendrites contained 10 to 20 at.% Cu, with Fe and Co contents depending on the alloy composition. Supercooling the melt below a certain temperature resulted in metastable separation of the melt into two liquids, one (Co + Fe)-rich, the other Cu-rich. The metastable phase separation temperatures and the two liquid compositions were determined experimentaly, and compared with calculated ones. Isothermal cross-sections at various temperatures were constructed for stable and metastable cases based on thermodynamic and experimental data of the Cu–Co, Cu–Fe, and Co–Fe systems. A peritectic reaction for the ternary alloys was found at approximately 1100°C.     

铜离子印迹磁性复合吸附剂的制备

为了有效地提高废水中吸附剂对铜离子的吸附性能,降低重金属离子对水体的污染,以Cu(Ⅱ)为印迹离子,壳聚糖为印迹母体材料,青霉属菌丝体为核心,纳米Fe3O4为磁组分,制备了铜离子印迹磁性复合吸附剂(Cu(Ⅱ)-IMB).研究了复合吸附剂的制备方法及制备条件与Cu(Ⅱ)吸附性能的关系,并通过响应面分析法(Response Surface Methodology,RSM)优化确定了复合吸附剂制备的最佳工艺条件.实验表明,以硫酸铜中Cu(Ⅱ)为印迹模板,2g菌丝体/0.2gCS,交联剂环氧氯丙烷加入2.99g,Fe3O4加入0.505g,印迹铜离子质量为25.245mg时,所制备Cu(Ⅱ)-IMB对铜离子去除率达82.85%(质量分数),吸附容量33.8mg/g,可重复使用5次以上.用铜离子印迹磁性复合吸附剂物理吸附方法去除水体中重金属离子成本低廉,磁性回收方便,选择吸附性能好、无污染,在废水处理中具有广阔的应用前景.     

Nanogranular Fe-Cu-Ag thin films: structure, microstructure and giant magnetoresistance

Fe(x)Cu(y)Ag(z) granular thin films with several compositions were prepared by dc magnetron sputtering. These films consist of small Fe magnetic particles embedded in a nonmagnetic CuAg matrix. Structure, microstructure, morphology and magnetotransport properties were studied. The compositions of these samples were determined by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. X-ray diffraction results showed strong Ag(111) peaks and broad Cu(111) peaks in all the samples. The variation of the (111) lattice spacings indicates a partial intermixing of Fe, Cu and Ag atoms. Microstructural studies using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on a selected sample showed only Ag reflections and no reflection from Cu and Fe. Both XRD and TEM studies did not reveal any diffraction peak due to Fe and Cu for this sample. The fitting of the experimental grain size data obtained from TEM micrograph to the lognormal distribution function has allowed an estimation of the average grain diameter of 3.7 nm. The surface image of the Fe22Ag78 film observed using a scanning electron microscope showed the presence of droplet like Ag particles on the film surface. The Cu substitution results in smooth films without any Ag particles on the surface. Surface morphology by atomic force microscopy shows that the Fe39Cu13Ag48 film has a surface roughness of 0.75 nm. Finally, we have obtained a maximum giant magnetoresistance ratio of 3.2% in these films measured at 300 K for an in-plane magnetic field of 20 kOe.