西北铅锌冶炼厂硫酸生产的实践及设计评述

西北铅锌冶炼三利用锌精矿烟气制硫酸，干吸塔设计首次采用球形塔底，取消了塔平台，转化器采用大蓄热量结构，保温效果好，介绍了硫酸系统的流程及运行情况，评述了硫酸系统的设计，探讨了干吸塔循环泵，耐腐蚀材料的选择问题。     

低浓度冶炼烟气制酸转化热平衡问题探讨

从增强转化器的蓄热作用、增加催化剂用量、采用高效换热器及选择合适的保温材料等方面，就低浓度烟气两转两吸制酸实现转化自热平衡的可行性进行了探讨。此外，提出了解决烟气浓度波动问题的设计意见。     

西北铅锌冶炼厂硫酸系统的设计与生产实践

西北铅锌冶炼厂２００ｋｔ／ａ硫酸装置是我国第一套完全自行设计、利用本国技术建设的大型两转两吸冶炼烟气制酸系统。设计采用了多项新技术，如绝热蒸发净化，并流洗涤塔，上进气电除雾器，碟形底球拱干塔，无支柱和隔板、大蓄热量拱形转化器等。实践证明这个设计基本是成功的。对某些不足之处提出了相应改进措施。     

金川开发大型二氧化硫转化器

近日气世界级规模的二氧化硫转化器在金川集团公司安装成功，其中运用了该公司自主研发的多项实用新型专利技术。 二氧化硫转化器作为金川集团公司重点建设项目70万吨／年硫酸工程的重要子项，是该公司新建镍熔炼系统配套的烟气处理环保项目，也是冶炼烟气制酸系统的核心设备之一。该设备坐落在系统的中心位置，外观呈圆柱形，高22米，直径15米，每小时可处理烟气28万标准立方米。其外观尺寸和烟气处理量堪称世界之最。     

红透山矿业冶炼烟气制酸装置的技术改造

针对密闭鼓风炉加连续吹炼炉混合烟气SO2浓度低且波动大的特点,红透山矿业通过采用大蓄热量转化器、增加催化剂装填量、采用高效换热器、加强设备和管道保温等措施实现了两转两吸制酸装置转化系统的自热平衡运行。目前装置运行平稳,正常情况下进转化器烟气φ（SO2）4．85％～6．95％、φ（CO）0．4％-0．5％、φ（O2）7．0％～9．31％,转化率99．63％,吸收率99．97％,尾气ρ（SO2）733mg／m^3,酸雾（ρ）40mg／m^3。     

低浓度SO2烟气制酸转化系统设计及实践

介绍了φ(SO2)3．01％-4．90％的冶炼烟气制酸转化系统的设计。为使转化系统维持自热平衡,采用了紧凑的平面配置、较低的烟气流速及合理的催化剂分配,并借鉴大蓄热量转化器的结构,增大催化剂装填定额,使用了高效碟环式气气换热器及冷、热副线调节等措施。生产实践证明,系统达到了自热平衡并获得了高转化率。     

白银有色三冶铅锌烧结烟气制酸改造工艺设计

介绍了白银有色三冶170 kt/a铅锌烧结烟气制酸装置技术改造情况.净化工序采用一级动力波洗涤器-气体冷却塔-两级玻璃钢电除雾器工艺流程,转化工序采用ⅣⅠ-ⅢⅡ"3+1"两次转化换热流程,干吸工序采用低位高效干吸塔、三塔三槽配置.通过采用大蓄热量转化器和高效气体换热器、提高催化剂装填定额、加强转化器及管道保温、用电炉补热等措施,保证了该硫酸装置的正常运行.设计进转化器气体ψ(SO2)4.82%,转化率大于99.5%,吸收率大于99.95%,尾气p(SO2)≤740mg/m3,硫酸产量510t/d.     

韶关冶炼厂低浓度烟气两转两吸制酸工艺的设计及生产实践

介绍了铅锌烧结机低浓度二氧化硫烟气两转两吸制酸工艺,该工艺采用了大型耐火砖球形拱转化器,Ⅳ Ⅰ-Ⅲ、“3＋1”2次转化流程,干吸工序采用高温吸收工艺,对生产过程中出现的问题及采取的措施作了较详细的介绍。     

某铝用炭材料厂烟气脱硫工艺路线分析

某铝用炭材料厂现有2台焙烧炉和4台煅烧炉,烟气中二氧化硫、粉尘、氟化物、焦油等不能满足国家最新的超低排放标准,为此对其进行净化处理,烟气经过净化后二氧化硫、粉尘、氟化物、焦油的排放浓度分别低于35、10、3、10mg/nm~3。净化工艺采用半干法脱硫系统,脱硫塔内实现二氧化硫、焦油、氟化物等物质的协同处理;附属低压旋喷布袋除尘器实现粉尘的超净排放。但由于焙烧炉和煅烧炉烟气量和二氧化硫浓度存在大的差异,其中煅烧炉烟气量小但二氧化硫浓度极高,焙烧炉烟气量相较煅烧炉大且二氧化硫浓度低,针对上述情况可采用两种烟气方案:烟气混合后处理和独立处理,就这两种方案进行讨论比较。     

铜冶炼厂硫酸转化器烧毁倒塌事故剖析

介绍了铜冶炼厂硫酸转化器烧毁倒塌事故，并对事故进行了剖析。焦炭不完全燃烧产生的大量一氧化碳进入转化器，在转化器中燃烧致使温度升高，引起大量沉积在转化器中的焦炭燃烧，导致事故发生。对于铜冶炼烟气制酸系统，在控制烟气一氧化碳含量的同时，选用合适的净化工艺，以保证系统安全、稳定运行。     

Axial characterization of oxygen storage capacity in close-coupled lightoff and underfloor catalytic converters and impact of sulfur

The oxygen storage capacity of a 56,000 mile aged warmup and underfloor converter system was characterized as a function of axial location along the converters and compared with fresh samples having the same formulation. Measurements of oxygen storage were made using a titration technique and at conditions expected to be commonly encountered during OBD-II diagnosis of catalyst performance. Vehicle aging resulted in a dramatic loss of oxygen storage in the warmup converter presumably due to the severe thermal sintering, but the significant amount of phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) poison accumulation on this converter was found to impact oxygen storage minimally. This is in contrast to the measured impact of P and Zn deposition on warmed-up hydrocarbon conversion, which was found to be significant relative to the impact of thermal sintering. The underfloor converter was found to have retained nearly all of its original oxygen storage after vehicle aging, consistent with operation of this converter at moderate temperatures which do no result in severe thermal sintering of the noble metals and the ceria.

The impact of sulfur on the oxygen storage of both warmup and underfloor converter sections was dramatic. Sections in the forward part of the warmup converter and in the front brick of the underfloor converter had relatively modest oxygen storage capacity which was almost completely blocked as the sulfur concentration reached 75–150 ppm (equivalent in gasoline). Other sections such as the rear of the warmup converter and the rear monolith of the underfloor converter had more oxygen storage capacity, which was significantly decreased as the sulfur concentration reached 150 ppm equivalent in fuel, and was approached complete loss near 500 ppm sulfur equivalent in fuel.     

基于增压吸收的吸收式蓄能装置的性能分析

吸收式蓄能技术具有蓄能密度高、热损失小等特点,是一种具有发展潜力的蓄能技术,但目前的技术尚存在吸收效果差、效率不高等问题。提出基于增压吸收的吸收式蓄能方法,并阐述其装置的工作原理和特点,通过数学模型研究在不同工况下增压对其热力学性能的影响规律。结果表明：当蒸发温度与发生温度越低、冷凝温度越高时,增压器改善吸收式蓄能循环的性能系数（COP）越明显;与无增压吸收式蓄能循环相比,蓄能密度（ESD）得到提高,当增压比为3时,其ESD可提高30%～295%。     

基于蓄电池储能的直流微网惯性控制

为提高直流微网抗干扰能力,改善系统暂态运行特性,提出了一种基于自适应下垂系数的储能变流器惯性控制方法。基于Matlab/Simulink仿真平台对所提方法进行了对比仿真分析,结果表明:在该控制策略下,直流微网具有较强的抗扰动能力,储能单元能够及时进行功率补给避免了负荷减载,系统供电可靠性和运行稳定性得到了提高。     

C/C-SiC component for metallic phase change materials

Thanks to their high energy density and thermal conductivity, metallic Phase Change Materials (mPCM) have shown great potential to improve the performance of thermal energy storage systems. However, the commercial application of mPCM is still limited due to their corrosion behavior with conventional container materials. This work first addresses on a fundamental level, whether carbon-based composite-ceramics are suitable for corrosion critical components in a thermal storage system. The compatibility between the mPCM AlSi₁₂ and the Liquid Silicon Infiltration (LSI)-based carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (C/C-SiC) composite is then investigated via contact angle measurements, microstructure analysis, and mechanical testing after exposure. The results reveal that the C/C-SiC composite maintains its mechanical properties and microstructure after exposure in the strongly corrosive mPCM. Based on these results, efforts were made to design and manufacture a container out of C/C-SiC for the housing of mPCM in vehicle application. The stability of the component filled with mPCM was proven nondestructively via computer tomography (CT). Successful thermal input- and output as well as thermal storage ability were demonstrated using a system calorimeter under conditions similar to the application. The investigated C/C-SiC composite has significant application potential as a structural material for thermal energy storage systems with mPCM.     

Characterization of the Thermal Response of Munitions in Storage Exposed to Real and Arbitrary Weather Conditions

The objective of this investigation is to characterize the thermal response of stored munitions exposed to real weather conditions in order to validate current test procedures as well as develop the ability to provide an estimate of the thermal exposure over the lifecycle of a munition. Currently, the thermal history of munitions in storage cannot be determined without continuous monitoring of individual items and there is no method to provide a detailed estimate of the exposure by analyzing existing data when continuous data was not collected. This work describes the experimental and initial numerical investigations of instrumented munitions in storage to characterize their thermal response. The numerical model has the capability to validate broad trends observed from the experimental data. For this investigation, data is being collected through field experiments of inert munitions instrumented with thermocouples that are collocated near a weather station. Data from field experiments are used to develop and validate the numerical model. The numerical model will save time and resources in future investigations of the thermal exposure of munitions in storage as well as advance the understanding of the implications of selecting a long term storage environment. At a fundamental research level, this work contributes to the advances in combined heat transfer by natural convection and radiation inside a 3D enclosure combined with external forced convection and radiation. The numerical model includes several features including heat transfer to the enclosure by solar radiation, conduction, and forced convection, heat transfer between the enclosure container walls and the projectiles by radiation, conduction, and natural convection, heat transfer within the projectile by conduction, distributed thermal energy storage in projectiles, and transient temperature boundary condition at the enclosure walls.     

蓄热过程强化技术的应用研究进展

蓄热技术可以有效克服供能端与用户端在时间和空间上的不匹配问题,是提高能源利用率的重要手段之一,但是当前的蓄热技术存在蓄、放热速率较低等问题。鉴于此,本文综述了过程强化技术在蓄热中的应用。首先介绍了各类蓄热技术,包括显热蓄热、潜热蓄热以及热化学蓄热,并且从蓄热密度、蓄放热速率以及技术可行性上对各类蓄热技术的优缺点进行了比较;其后,重点回顾了代表性过程强化技术在蓄热系统中的应用,包括结构优化、材料改性以及梯级蓄热;通过分析可以看出,过程强化技术可以对蓄热过程中的传热传质进行强化,极大地提高蓄热系统的蓄放热效率。最后,本文就蓄热技术发展趋势进行了展望,蓄热系统将朝着紧凑、高效的方向发展;在未来的发展中,蓄热技术与能源互联网的结合是应用研究的重点之一。     

Polymer-derived silicon nitride aerogels as shape stabilizers for low and high-temperature thermal energy storage

This work presents a new skeleton material for thermal energy storage (TES), a silicon nitride aerogel obtained through the pyrolysis of a pre-ceramic polymer. Silicon nitride offers a good combination of thermal conductivity, high-temperature resistance, and chemical inertness. The aerogel porosity can be spontaneously infiltrated with molten NaNO₃, which is a typical phase change material (PCM) in high-temperature TES. The Si₃N₄/NaNO₃ composite exhibits excellent thermal properties with a thermal energy storage efficiency of 82 %, a limited molten salt leakage, and good stability to thermal cycling. The aerogel withstands oxidation up to high temperature and is chemically inert even in contact with salts. This novel aerogel shows also a notable paraffin absorption ability (used in room temperature TES) with negligible leakage even when in contact with absorbent paper. The so-obtained composite reached ≈ 82.4 vol % of organic PCM and a thermal energy storage efficiency of ≈ 62 % compared to neat paraffin.     

Reliable phase-change polyurethane crosslinked by dynamic ionic-bond crosslinking for thermal energy storage

The fabrication of phase-change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage is of great significance, since they combine the sustainable development of energy and human comfortable. Herein, a dynamically crosslinked PCM was successfully fabricated by the blending of complementary polyurethanes bearing carboxylic acid and tertiary amine through reversible ionic bonds via the acid–base reaction. The resultant PCM exhibited good crystalline property, which was confirmed by wide-angle X-ray diffraction and polarizing optical microscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry characterizations suggested that the prepared PCMs could reversibly store and release latent heat during heating and cooling process. The presence of physical crosslinks in PCM could maintain shape stable and had no deteriorate effect on the value of latent heat. Therefore, a high latent heat of 70 J/g was obtained within the temperature range of 13.2–45.4 °C. This good thermal storage ability remained constant even after 100 consecutive heating/cooling cycles. Thermogravimetric analysis results provided distinct evidence that the prepared PCM has an outstanding thermal stability with the onset decomposition temperature higher than 250 °C. The combined thermal storage ability and thermal reliability endow the PCM promising application as solar energy storage, waste heat utilization, and thermal protection coatings or adhesives. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 48213.