控制配水管网中细菌再生长的AOC浓度研究

研究了配水管网中AOC浓度与细菌再生长的关系,以确定控制细菌再生长的AOC标准.结果表明:最大AOC浓度与最大HPC呈线性关系,当AOC<57μg/L时,管网水中的营养基质难以维持悬浮菌的生长;最大AOC浓度与AOC最大消耗量也呈线性关系,当AOC<43.8μg/L时AOC没有被消耗,即细菌不生长.结合已有的AOC控制标准,推断在采用加氯消毒的管网中,控制AOC<40μg/L能够确保饮用水的生物稳定性.     

Investigation of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) in flemish drinking water

The aim of the study was to investigate the drinking water supplied to majority of residents of Flanders in Belgium. Over 500 water samples were collected from different locations, after particular and complete treatment procedure to evaluate the efficiency of each treatment step in production of biologically stable drinking water. In this study assimilable organic carbon (AOC) was of our interest and was assumed as a parameter responsible for water biostability. The influence of seasons and temperature changes on AOC content was also taken into account. The AOC in most of the non-chlorinated product water of the studied treatment plants could not meet the biostability criteria of 10 mug/l, resulting in the mean AOC concentration of 50 microg/l. However, majority of the examined chlorinated water samples were consistent with proposed criteria of 50--100 microg/l for systems maintaining disinfectant residual. Here, mean AOC concentration of 72 microg/l was obtained. Granular activated carbon filtration was helpful in diminishing AOC content of drinking water; however, the nutrient removal was enhanced by biological process incorporated into water treatment (biological activated carbon filtration). Disinfection by means of chlorination and ozonation increased the water AOC concentration while the ultraviolet irradiation showed no impact on the AOC content. Examination of seasonal AOC variations showed similar fluctuations in six units with the highest values in summer and lowest in winter.     

Mechanistic and kinetic evaluation of organic disinfection by-product and assimilable organic carbon (AOC) formation during the ozonation of drinking water

Ozonation of drinking water results in the formation of low molecular weight (LMW) organic by-products. These compounds are easily utilisable by microorganisms and can result in biological instability of the water. In this study, we have combined a novel bioassay for assessment of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) with the detection of selected organic acids, aldehydes and ketones to study organic by-product formation during ozonation. We have investigated the kinetic evolution of LMW compounds as a function of ozone exposure. A substantial fraction of the organic compounds formed immediately upon exposure to ozone and organic acids comprised 60-80% of the newly formed AOC. Based on experiments performed with and without hydroxyl radical scavengers, we concluded that direct ozone reactions were mainly responsible for the formation of small organic compounds. It was also demonstrated that the laboratory-scale experiments are adequate models to describe the formation of LMW organic compounds during ozonation in full-scale treatment of surface water. Thus, the kinetic and mechanistic information gained during the laboratory-scale experiments can be utilised for upscaling to full-scale water treatment plants.     

Assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC):: complementary measurements

The objective of this study was to evaluate the necessity of measuring both assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) as indicators of bacterial regrowth potential. AOC and BDOC have often been measured separately as indicators of bacterial regrowth, or together as indicators of bacterial regrowth and disinfection by-product formation potential, respectively. However, this study proposes that both AOC and BDOC should be used as complementary measurements of bacterial regrowth potential. In monitoring of full-scale membrane filtration, it was determined that nanofiltration (NF) removed over 90% of the BDOC while allowing the majority of the AOC through. Heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) remained low during the entire period of monitoring due to high additions of disinfectant residual. In a two-year monitoring of a water treatment plant that switched its treatment process from chlorination to chlorination and ozonation, it was observed that the plant effluent AOC increased by 127% while BDOC increased by 49% after the introduction of ozone. Even though AOC is a fraction of BDOC, measuring only one of these parameters can potentially under- or over-estimate the bacterial regrowth potential of the water.     

Formation of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and specific natural organic matter (NOM) fractions during ozonation of phytoplankton

Ozonation of natural surface water increases the concentration of oxygen-containing low molecular weight compounds. Many of these compounds support microbiological growth and as such are termed assimilable organic carbon (AOC). Phytoplankton can contribute substantially to the organic carbon load when surface water is used as source for drinking water treatment. We have investigated dissolved organic carbon (DOC) formation from the ozonation of a pure culture of Scenedesmus vacuolatus under defined laboratory conditions, using a combination of DOC fractionation, analysis of selected organic acids, aldehydes and ketones, and an AOC bioassay. Ozonation of algae caused a substantial increase in the concentration of DOC and AOC, notably nearly instantaneously upon exposure to ozone. As a result of ozone exposure the algal cells shrunk, without disintegrating entirely, suggesting that DOC from the cell cytoplasm leaked through compromised cell membranes. We have further illustrated that the specific composition of newly formed AOC (as concentration of organic acids, aldehydes and ketones) in ozonated lake water differed in the presence and absence of additional algal biomass. It is therefore conceivable that strategies for the removal of phytoplankton before pre-ozonation should be considered during the design of drinking water treatment installations, particularly when surface water is used.     

Investigation of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and bacterial regrowth in drinking water distribution system

This paper investigated the variation of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) concentrations in water from several typical water treatment plants and distribution systems in a northern city of China. It is concluded from this study that: (1) The AOC in most of the product water of the studied water treatment plants and the water from the associated distribution systems could not meet the biostability criteria of 50-100 microg/L. (2) Only 4% of the measured AOC concentrations were less than 100 microg/L. However, about half of the measured AOC values were less than 200 microg/L. (3) Better source water quality resulted in lower AOC concentrations. (4) The variation of AOC concentrations in distribution systems was affected by chlorine oxidation and bacterial activity: the former resulted in an increase of AOC value while the latter led to a reduction in AOC. (5) The variation of AOC concentration followed different patterns in different distribution systems or different seasons due to their respective operational characteristics. (6) Less than 30% of AOC could be removed by a conventional treatment process, whereas 30-60% with a maximum of 50-60% could be removed by granular activated carbon (GAC). (7) The observation via scanning electron microscope (SEM) on distribution pipe tubercle samples demonstrated that the pipe inner wall was not smooth and bacteria multiplied in the crevice as well as in the interior wall of distribution pipes.     

管网水中AOC、MAP与细菌再生长的关系研究

生物可同化有机碳（AOC）一直被认为是控制管网水中细菌再生长的主要因素,最近的研究表明磷也有可能成为限制因素.研究了配水管网中AOC含量（40.84～551.35μg/L）和微生物可利用磷（MAP）含量（0.69～8.01μg/L）均较高的情况下,它们对细菌再生长的影响.结果表明：AOC是控制细菌再生长的主要因素,管网水中的最大AOC浓度决定了细菌再生长能够达到的最大异养菌数（HPC）;磷不是控制管网中细菌再生长的主要因素.     

Flow cytometric examination of bacterial growth in a local drinking water network

Bacterial growth in drinking water networks can result in health‐based implications, affect network hydrology and induce customer complaints. In this study, cultivation‐based methods were compared to flow cytometric methods for the study of growth in a local drinking water network. Comparison of flow cytometric cell concentrations indicated growth in several samples, while further data analysis with fingerprinting algorithms showed the different origin of this growth; low similarity between samples with elevated cell counts indicated that growth occurred mainly in the sampled household plumbing installations instead of centrally in the water network. Fast obtained flow cytometric data made this thorough analysis possible, while cultivation‐based methods were yielding too scarce information. Flow cytometry showed to be more rapid, complete, and accurate than cultivation‐based methods for a network growth study. It is proposed as a future useful tool for the fast detection of microbial point contaminations in drinking water networks.     

Relating freshwater organic matter fluorescence to organic carbon removal efficiency in drinking water treatment

Monthly raw and clarified water samples were obtained for 16 UK surface water treatment works. The fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) technique was used for the assessment of total organic carbon (TOC) removal and organic matter (OM) characterisation. The impact of algae presence in water on TOC removal, and its relationship with fluorescence, was analysed. Fluorescence peak C intensity was found to be a sensitive and reliable measure of OM content. Fluorescence peak C emission wavelength and peak T intensity (reflecting the degree of hydrophobicity and the microbial fraction, respectively) were found to characterize the OM; the impact of both on TOC removal efficiency was apparent. OM fluorescence properties were shown to predict TOC removal, and identify spatial and temporal variations. Previous work indicates that the trihalomethane (THM) concentration of treated water can be predicted from the raw water TOC concentration. The simplicity, sensitivity, speed of analysis and low cost, combined with potential for incorporation into on-line monitoring systems, mean that fluorescence spectroscopy offers a robust analytical technique to be used in conjunction with, or in place of, other approaches to OM characterisation and THM formation prediction.     

Indigenous bacterial inocula for measuring the biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) in waters

A collaborative study was carried out in order to compare the biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) analysis using different indigenous mixed bacterial populations as inocula. The variables examined in the study were the laboratories, the water samples (raw, ozonated or finished water), the origin of the inoculum: suspended bacteria from river waters and attached bacteria onto sand taken from drinking water treatment plants. Variances associated with individual components of this study were isolated: the laboratories represented the highest source of variation (56.6–70.7%), while the inoculum origin contribution to the increase of variance is lower (12–26%). As a conclusion, indigenous mixed bacterial populations (suspended or attached bacteria) may be used reliably as standard inocula in BDOC determinations without introducing excessive variability.     

The quality of drinking water prepared from bank-filtered river water in the Netherlands

The quality of raw water and drinking water was analysed at 18 sites in the Rhine delta in an integrated program with hydrological,chemical and toxicological parameters. About 600 different organic compounds have been detected,of which about 200 could be identified,and 400 more have been classified on the basis of their mass spectra. Lipophilic compounds with a log P(octanol/water) greater than 3.2 are adsorbed during the first few meters of the bank infiltration. More hydrophilic compounds are often not adsorbed and not removed by the currently used water purification systems,such as aeration and sand filtration.The presence of organohalogens was demonstrated with surrogate parameters,such as extractable and adsorbable organohalogen. All the samples tested were mutagenic in the Ames test with strain TA98 + S9 mix. Only part of the mutagenic activity was related to compounds originating from Rhine water.     

臭氧-生物活性炭技术在饮用水处理中的应用

介绍了臭氧—生物活性炭技术的基本原理以及目前国内对该技术的研究情况,在此基础上,详细概括了臭氧—生物活性炭技术对饮用水处理后的效果,最后提出了臭氧—生物活性炭工艺当前所存在的一些问题。     

饮用水消毒剂及无机消毒副产物浅析

介绍了常用的消毒剂和消毒手段，对氯气、二氧化氯、氯胺臭氧等消毒剂逐一进行了阐述，指出对于供水企业，选择适当的消毒剂与消毒工艺，提供优质饮用水是该企业的宗旨与目标。     

生物测定饮用水中可同化有机碳(AOC)方法优化

在对可同化有机碳（AOC）生物测定中就测试菌的生长特性进行研究的基础上，对接种浓度、培养温度、培养时间与培养基种类等培养条件进行了比较，并确定了优化操作条件。提出了改进的产率系数计算方法，并测定了该AOC分析方法的适用范围（10～300μg乙酸碳／L）。对3种不同接种方法的比较研究发现，同时接种法试验时间短、操作简单，测定结果更接近实际值，是较为理想的方法。     

对发展小康住宅小区优质饮用水工程方案的探讨

本文根据目前社会的发展,人们对住宅小区供水系统要求的提高,对优质饮用水的制水系统、供水系统、控削系统的优化设计进行初步的研究探讨,并对如何发展小康住宅小区的优质饮用水工程提出一定的见解。     

供水管网枝状末端的水质变化规律研究

研究了某中等城市供水管网枝状末端水质指标的变化规律.结果表明,余氯是控制该管段细菌再生长的关键因素,沿管段余氯逐渐被消耗,细菌数量逐渐增加,水样中的HPC达到400～800 CFU/mL,存在威胁水质安全的风险.为保证饮用水的水质安全,必须采取有效措施来缩短管道的水力停留时间,避免水流长时间驻留在管道内而导致微生物滋生繁殖.     

谈我国直饮水行业的发展

对直饮水进行了较全方位的介绍,并从直饮水的定义出发,主要对直饮水的发展历程、现行的水质标准、供水方式、水质处理、生产工艺流程等问题进行了阐述,同时指出直饮水在国内具有广阔的发展前景。     

Development of biomass in a drinking water granular active carbon (GAC) filter

Indigenous bacteria are essential for the performance of drinking water biofilters, yet this biological component remains poorly characterized. In the present study we followed biofilm formation and development in a granular activated carbon (GAC) filter on pilot-scale during the first six months of operation. GAC particles were sampled from four different depths (10, 45, 80 and 115 cm) and attached biomass was measured with adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) analysis. The attached biomass accumulated rapidly on the GAC particles throughout all levels in the filter during the first 90 days of operation and maintained a steady state afterward. Vertical gradients of biomass density and growth rates were observed during start-up and also in steady state. During steady state, biomass concentrations ranged between 0.8-1.83 x 10⁻⁶ g ATP/g GAC in the filter, and 22% of the influent dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was removed. Concomitant biomass production was about 1.8 × 10¹² cells/m²h, which represents a yield of 1.26 × 10⁶ cells/μg. The bacteria assimilated only about 3% of the removed carbon as biomass. At one point during the operational period, a natural 5-fold increase in the influent phytoplankton concentration occurred. As a result, influent assimilable organic carbon concentrations increased and suspended bacteria in the filter effluent increased 3-fold as the direct consequence of increased growth in the biofilter. This study shows that the combination of different analytical methods allows detailed quantification of the microbiological activity in drinking water biofilters.     

Microscale fluctuation assay coupled with Sep-PakR concentration as a rapid and sensitive method for screening mutagens in drinking water

A sensitive short-term mutagenicity test, the microscale fluctuation test has been coupled with a concentration method based on adsorption on Sep-Pak^R C₁₈ cartridges as a method for screening drinking water mutagens. Comparison with XAD-2 concentration method showed that Sep-Pak adsorbed 5 times higher quantity of organics but was slightly less efficient for adsorbing TOX.Microscale fluctuation test was found to be more sensitive than Ames test by testing known direct-acting mutagens and concentrates of drinking water. Samples derived from conventional treatment including chlorination from eight surface water supplies in Norway were concentrated at pH 2 by adsorption on the disposable columns. The adsorbates were tested at different doses by the microscale fluctuation assay. The mutagenic properties of drinking water samples were also related to total organic carbon (TOC), total organic halogen (TOX) and trihalomethanes (THM) concentrations. Dose-related mutagenic responses were found for all the samples with S. typhimurium TA 100 and TA98 strains without metabolic activation. Good relationship was found between mutagenicity data and TOX and THM results. The method showed to be simple, rapid and suitable for routine screening of mutagens in drinking water.     

湖库型饮用水水源地水环境生态管理和保护

通过分析目前我国湖库型饮用水水源地保护中存在的问题,指出存在立法滞后、水源地功能退化、管理水平低下、缺失应急预警机制四个方面的不足,需要因地制宜及时立法、综合运用水体修复技术,同时改革管理思路、提高管理水平、健全应急预警系统。